Evaluation of tongue as a complementary sample for the diagnosis of parvoviral infection in dogs and cats.

Diagnosis of canine parvovirus type 2 and feline panleukopenia virus infection in dogs and cats may be hampered by the severity of enteric lesions, secondary bacterial overgrowth, and rapid onset of autolysis. In contrast to small intestine, tongue epithelium is less sensitive to postmortem changes. Sections of tongue and small intestine from 11 dogs and 11 cats with a clinical history and gross and microscopic lesions compatible with canine and feline parvoviral infection were examined for parvoviral infection using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and direct fluorescent antibody testing (FA). Parvoviral DNA was detected by PCR in both small intestine and tongue of all but 1 dog. Nineteen of 22 animals (86%) with suspect or positive FA staining in the small intestine also had positive FA and IHC staining in the tongue. Three of 3 dogs (100%) whose carcasses had been frozen and thawed prior to necropsy had more consistently positive staining in tongue than in small intestine by FA and IHC. These data confirm tongue as an excellent complementary sample for parvoviral testing in dogs and cats, especially in cases in which postmortem autolysis has occurred.     

Response of mink, skunk, red fox and raccoon to inoculation with mink virus enteritis, feline panleukopenia and canine parvovirus and prevalence of antibody to parvovirus in wild carnivores in Ontario.

Mink virus enteritis, feline panleukopenia and canine parvovirus-2 were inoculated separately into groups of raccoon, mink, red fox and striped skunk. Raccoons were highly susceptible to mink virus enteritis and feline panleukopenia, with animals developing clinical illness, and several dying within six to ten days of inoculation with lesions typical of parvovirus infection. Both viruses were shed in high titre in the feces of infected raccoons, and high antibody titres were stimulated. Raccoons inoculated with canine parvovirus-2 showed no signs; shedding of virus was sporadic though moderate titres of antibody developed. Mink inoculated with mink virus enteritis and feline panleukopenia developed signs and lesions of early parvovirus infection. No signs or significant lesions followed canine parvovirus-2 inoculation. Shedding of virus was heavy (mink virus enteritis) or sporadic (feline panleukopenia and canine parvovirus-2), though good serological responses were elicited to all three viruses. Red fox showed no signs of infection, shed all three viruses only sporadically, and the serological response was strong only to feline panleukopenia. Skunks developed low antibody titres, but no signs, and did not shed virus. Antibody to parvovirus was found in 79.2% of 144 wild red foxes; 22.3% of 112 wild raccoons; 1.3% of 157 wild skunks and 6/7 coyotes in southern Ontario. The likely significance of these viruses to wild and captive individuals and populations of these carnivores is discussed.     

Feline leukemia virus-associated enteritis--a condition with features of feline panleukopenia

Infection with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was demonstrated immunohistologically in 218 necropsied cats suffering from enteritis. The animals were divided into three groups according to histopathological criteria. The first group exhibited the signs of feline panleukopenia in intestine, lymphoid tissues, and bone marrow. Only 1.6% of these animals were FeLV-infected. The animals of the second group had histopathological alterations as seen in cats suffering from feline panleukopenia, but these were found only in the intestine and not in lymphoid tissues or bone marrow. Of these 71.9% were infected with FeLV. The third group consisted of all other cats suffering from enteritis of which 6.3% were FeLV-positive. The association between FeLV infection and the lesions seen in the animals of group 1 (feline panleukopenia) and group 3 (other types of enteritis) is statistically not significant whereas the alterations exhibited by the cats of group 2 are significantly FeLV-associated. Cats with FeLV-associated enteritis (group 2) are of a mean age of about 2.5 years and are significantly older than animals with feline panleukopenia which are of a mean age of about half a year. Thus a FeLV-associated enteritis exists as a histopathologically recognizable condition which sometimes might be mistaken for feline panleukopenia in routine post-mortem investigations.     

Feline Panleukipenia. I. Pathogenesis in germfree and specific pathogen-free cats.

Germfree and specific pathogen-free cats were inoculated panleukopenia vivus. Total leucocyte counts decreased significantly in both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. Clinical illness was not seen in any germfree cat. Specific pathogen-free cats had anorexia and slight diarrhea 5-6 days after inoculation. None of the cats died. Both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats had thymic involution. No other gross lesions were seen. Tissues for histological virus isolation and immunofluorescence studies were taken daily from days 2 through 6 after inoculation. Virus-infected cells and lesions of panleukopenia were seen in the small intestine of both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. The incidence of virus-infected cells and lesions was greater in specific pathogen-free cats than in germfree cats.     

Enterocolitis associated with dual infection by Clostridium piliforme and feline panleukopenia virus in three kittens

Dual infection by Clostridium piliforme and feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) was found in three kittens. In all cases, we found focal necrosis and desquamation of epithelial cells with occasional neutrophil infiltration in the large intestine. Large filamentous bacilli and spores were observed in the epithelium by using the Warthin-Starry method. Electron microscopy revealed the vegetative forms with characteristic peritrichous flagella and spore forms. Immunohistochemically, these bacilli showed a positive reaction with mouse antisera against the RT and MSK C. piliforme strains. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using cecum specimens demonstrated the 196-bp band specific to C. piliforme 16S rRNA. All three kittens were also diagnosed as FPLV-infected on the basis of the characteristic mucosal lesions, including intranuclear inclusions and PCR study for the FPLV genomic DNA. The PCR techniques are useful for confirming the C. piliforme and FPLV infection in spontaneous cases.     

Lesions of spontaneous canine viral enteritis

Spontaneous enteric disease characterized by hemorrhagic diarrhea and high mortality occurred in puppies from commercial kennels in three midwestern states. Microscopic lesions resembling those of panleukopenia in cats were seen in the intestines. The predominant features were necrosis of crypt epithelium, collapse or dilation of crypt lumina and villous atrophy. Viral particles morphologically resembling parvovirus were found in the feces by direct electron microscopy. The canine virus reacted with antibody to feline panleukopenia virus by immunoelectron microscopy and fluorescent antibody technique. Fluorescent antibody was used to detect virus in the crypt epithelium of affected dogs. Feline kidney cells inoculated with fecal preparations had cytopathic effect and positive fluorescence by fluorescent antibody technique.     

Comparisons of feline panleukopenia virus, canine parvovirus, raccoon parvovirus, and mink enteritis virus and their pathogenicity for mink and ferrets

Parvoviruses from mink (mink enteritis virus [MEV]), cats (feline panleukopenia virus [FPV]), raccoons (raccoon parvovirus [RPV]), and dogs (canine parvovirus [CPV]) were compared. Restriction enzyme analysis of the viral replicative-form DNA revealed no consistent differences between FPV and RPV isolates, but CPV and MEV isolates could be distinguished readily from other virus types. Feline panleukopenia virus, RPV, and MEV, but not CPV, replicated to high titers in mink. However, on the first passage, disease and microscopic lesions were observed only in mink inoculated with MEV. Feline panleukopenia virus and RPV isolates replicated in ferrets, but disease or microscopic lesions were not observed. Feline panleukopenia virus and RPV isolates could be passaged repeatedly in mink and ferrets. Virulence of FPV and RPV isolates was low compared with that of MEV, and only a single mink inoculated with FPV or with RPV developed clinical disease on the sixth passage of virus.     

Serologic survey of domestic felids in the Petén region of Guatemala.

Blood samples were analyzed from 30 domestic cats (Felis domesticus) from the Petén region of Guatemala to determine the seroprevalence of common pathogens that may pose a potential risk to native wild felids. Eight of the cats had been vaccinated previously; however, owners were unable to fully describe the type of vaccine and date of administration. In addition, blood samples were obtained from two captive margays (Leopardus wiedii). Samples were tested for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus, Dirofilaria immitis, feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, feline coronavirus, canine distemper virus, and Toxoplasma gondii and for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen. Fifty percent or more of the cats sampled were seropositive for feline herpesvirus (22 of 30), feline panleukopenia (15 of 30), and T. gondii (16 of 30). Five cats were positive for FeLV antigen. Both margays were seropositive for feline coronavirus and one was strongly seropositive to T. gondii. All animals were seronegative for D. immitis. This survey provides preliminary information about feline diseases endemic to the Petén region.     

Virucidal disinfectants and feline viruses

Thirty-five commonly used commercial disinfectants (disinfectants, antiseptics, sanitizers, and detergents) were evaluated for their virucidal activity against three feline viruses; feline viral rhinotracheitis virus (a herpesvirus), feline calicivirus, and feline panleukopenia virus (a parvovirus). Disinfectants were diluted as recommended by the manufacturer and were reacted with virus for 10 minutes at room temperature. Viruses were separated from disinfectants by gel filtration in special centrifuge tubes, and were assayed for infectivity in feline cell cultures. All 22 products tested were virucidal for feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, 11 of 35 were virucidal for feline calicivirus, but only 3 of 27 tested were effective against feline panleukopenia virus. A 0.175% sodium hypochlorite solution was the most effective and practical broad-spectrum virucidal product used alone or in combination with other disinfectants/detergents.     

Feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus antibody responses in seronegative specific pathogen-free cats after a single administration of two different modified live FVRCP vaccines

Two groups of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) seronegative cats (five cats per group) were administered one of two modified live feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus (FVRCP) vaccines and the serological responses to each agent were followed over 28 days. While all cats developed detectable FPV and FCV antibody titers; only two cats developed detectable FHV-1 antibody titers using the criteria described by the testing laboratory. For FPV and FHV-1, there were no differences in seroconversion rates between the cats that were administered the intranasal (IN) FVRCP vaccine and the cats that were administered the parenteral FVRCP vaccine on any day post-inoculation. For FCV, the cats that were administered the IN FVRCP vaccine were more likely to seroconvert on days 10 and 14 when compared to cats that were administered the parenteral FVRCP vaccine.     

Fluorescence serologic and histologic studies of antigen distribution in parvovirus infections in dogs and cats]

In organs known as replication sites of parvovirus and additionally in stratified squamous epithelia from different regions of 35 dogs with lethal parvovirus enteritis and 19 cats with lethal panleukopenia the distribution of antigen and the prevalence of histologic lesions were studied by immunofluorescence and histologic techniques. The findings showed no striking differences between dogs and cats. Antigen was found in the epithelia of the dorsal side of the tongue (96.3%), pharynx (81.0%), esophagus (50.0%), ventral side of the tongue (20.4%) and planum nasale (5.6%). The epithelia of the skin and the mucous membranes of the male and female genital organs never contained antigen. Moreover antigen was detected in the mucosa of the small intestine (85.2%), bone marrow (81.6%), spleen (79.6%), thymus (66.7%), mesenteric lymph nodes (60.4%), tonsilla palatina (58.5%), smooth muscle cells of the tunica muscularis of the small intestine (9.3%) and myocardium (1.9%). The histologic lesions found in intestinal mucosa, lymphatic tissues, bone marrow and myocardium are in accordance with literature. The tunica muscularis of the small intestine and the epithelium of tongue, pharynx and esophagus contained intranuclear inclusion bodies, the epithelium of tongue and pharynx showed necroses additionally. Tongue- and esophagus-erosions as well as -ulcers reported mainly in panleukopenia according to our results may be explained as a sequel of parvovirus infection of the epithelia of these organs. The prevalence of antigen and intranuclear inclusion bodies in the myocardium and smooth muscle cells of the small intestine--tissues with low or no mitotic activity,--allows to question the postulate of the parvoviruses' exclusive affinity to rapidly dividing cells.     

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒的分离与鉴定

应用猫肾传代细胞(FK),采用同步接毒的方法,从8份狮、虎、豹病料中分得6株病毒,经与标准病毒作交叉免疫电镜等系统鉴定,证明与猫泛白细胞减少症病毒的特性基本相符,从而首次证实在我国动物园狮、虎、豹等猫科动物中存在猫泛白细胞减少症。     

Antibody response to vaccines for rhinotracheitis, caliciviral disease, panleukopenia, feline leukemia, and rabies in tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions (Panthera leo)

This article presents the results of a study of captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions (Panthera leo) vaccinated with a recombinant vaccine against feline leukemia virus; an inactivated adjuvanted vaccine against rabies virus; and a multivalent modified live vaccine against feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus. The aim of the study was to assess the immune response and safety of the vaccines and to compare the effects of the administration of single (1 ml) and double (2 ml) doses. The animals were separated into two groups and received either single or double doses of vaccines, followed by blood collection for serologic response for 400 days. No serious adverse event was observed, with the exception of abortion in one lioness, potentially caused by the incorrect use of the feline panleukopenia virus modified live vaccine. There was no significant difference between single and double doses for all vaccines. The recombinant vaccine against feline leukemia virus did not induce any serologic response. The vaccines against rabies and feline herpesvirus induced a significant immune response in the tigers and lions. The vaccine against calicivirus did not induce a significant increase in antibody titers in either tigers or lions. The vaccine against feline panleukopenia virus induced a significant immune response in tigers but not in lions. This report demonstrates the value of antibody titer determination after vaccination of nondomestic felids.     

猫鼻气管炎病毒、怀状病毒、泛白细胞减少症病毒的分离及其其形态学观察

根据病毒的理化特性，从猫三联活疫苗中分离出猫鼻气管炎、猫西洋太和猫泛白细胞减少症病毒；筛选出每种病毒敏感的细胞，并将该3种病毒分别分别在其中传代与扩增；通过电镜观察此3种病毒的形态学特征及其在宿主细胞内增殖部位、分布情况等，并以此对猫3种病毒进行了初步鉴定。     

Idiopathic eosinophilic colitis lesions of the equine small (descending) colon

Five horses with a primary surgical lesion of the small (descending) colon were diagnosed with eosinophilic colitis based on visual and histopathological examination. These were evident as visibly striking, hyperaemic, focal lesions of the small colon, with serosal petechiation, oedema and marked thickening of the intestinal wall at the site. Areas of focal necrosis were also evident. The gross appearance of the lesions were considered to be sufficiently severe in all cases to merit resection, due to concerns about intestinal necrosis and septic peritonitis. An inability to fully exteriorise the affected portion of intestine to perform a resection and anastomosis necessitated intraoperative euthanasia of one horse. A total of three horses survived to hospital discharge. Eosinophilic colitis lesions are a rare cause of severe small colon disease, but should be considered in cases with similar visual characteristics.     

Characterisation of canine parvovirus strains isolated from cats with feline panleukopenia

Unlike the original canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), CPV-2 variants have gained the ability to replicate in vivo in cats but there is limited information on the disease patterns induced by these variants in the feline host. During 2008, two distinct cases of parvoviral infection were diagnosed in our laboratories. A CPV-2a variant was identified in a 3-month-old Persian kitten displaying clinical sign of feline panleukopenia (FPL) (acute gastroenteritis and marked leukopenia) and oral ulcerations, that died eight days after the onset of the disease. Two pups living in the same pet shop as the cat were found to shed a CPV-2a strain genetically identical to the feline virus and were likely the source of infection. Also, non-fatal infection by a CPV-2c strain occurred in a 2.5-month-old European shorthair kitten displaying non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea and normal white blood cell counts. By sequence analysis of the major capsid protein (VP2) gene, the feline CPV-2c strain showed 100% identity to a recent canine type-2c isolate. Both kittens had been administered multivalent vaccines against common feline pathogens including FPL virus. Whether and to which extent the FPL vaccines can protect cats adequately from the antigenic variants of CPV-2 should be assessed.     

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒的分离与鉴定

从临床表现有体温升高、呕吐、血样腹泻、脱水等症状的疑似猫泛白细胞减少症感染的病例采取粪样28份。从粪便样品中成功分离获得了7株猫泛白细胞减少症病毒（FPV）：JX-1、JX-2、JX-3、JX-4、JX-5、JX-6和JX-7;应用F81细胞增毒,盲传至3代时在F81细胞上产生细胞病变(脱落、变形、游离等);核酸型鉴定证明,FPV毒株的代谢可被5-IUDR所抑制,其核酸属于DNA型;所分离的病毒培养物能凝集猪的红细胞（凝集效价达2⁶～2⁸）,并能被标准FPV阳性血清所抑制;电镜观察病毒粒子外观呈圆形或六边形,直径20～30 nm;该病毒耐酸、耐热、耐乙醚;动物致病性试验,经口感染分离细胞培养毒1 ml,试验组幼猫第7 d发病,采集病猫粪样做HA试验为阳性反应,做HI试验,其凝集猪红细胞的能力被抑制。     

Bilateral juvenile renal dysplasia in a Norwegian Forest Cat

Renal dysplasia is defined as a condition of disorganised development of renal parenchyma due to abnormal differentiation. The case of a 5-month-old intact male Norwegian Forest Cat with a history of polyuria and polydipsia is reported. Ultrasonographic examination showed a slight enlargement of kidneys. Biochemical parameters, haematological examinations and clinical signs were compatible with chronic renal failure (CRF). Histological examination was correlated with a primary tubular disorganisation and modification of glomerular compartment. The clinical history together with the histological lesions is consistent with bilateral juvenile renal dysplasia in this cat. To our knowledge, feline renal dysplasia has been reported in fetal infections with panleukopenia virus; no reports indicate the idiopathic origin in feline dysplastic lesions.     

虎源猫瘟热病毒VP2蛋白特异性单克隆抗体的制备

以原核表达的虎源猫瘟热病毒(FPV)VP2蛋白作为免疫抗原,免疫6周龄BALB/c小鼠,用FPV全病毒作为筛选抗原,采用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,经过有限稀释法获得了1株可稳定分泌抗虎源FPVVP2蛋白的杂交瘤细胞株3C4。间接ELISA方法测定3C4株单抗腹水效价为1∶12800,亚类鉴定为IgG2a类型,间接免疫荧光试验显示该株单抗能与虎源FPV发生反应,而免疫印迹试验该株单抗未见特异性反应带。     

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒的血凝及血凝抑制试验检测

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒是由细小病毒引起的传染病,能感染各种猫科动物。通过血凝及血凝抑制试验(HA/HI),检测猫细小病毒的抗原和抗体效价,从而确定一种简易、快速操作简单、敏感、准确的诊断方法,并为免疫程序提供可靠依据。