粗酶制剂添加于大麦日粮中对鸡生长和血液生化值的影响

选择７日龄蛋用雏鸡和１日龄肉用仔鸡,研究大麦日粮中添加粗酶制剂对鸡生长和血液生化值的影响。结果表明：（１）添加粗酶制剂于大麦日粮可明显提高鸡的增重（Ｐ＜０．０５）和饲料转化率;（２）大麦日粮添加粗酶制剂可提高鸡血清总蛋白水平（Ｐ＜０．０５）,同时可提高肉用仔鸡血清甘油三酯水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）;（３）大麦日粮,添加酶制剂使蛋用雏鸡尿酸水平明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,却使肉用仔鸡尿酸水平明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。此结果提示,粗酶制剂可提高鸡对大麦日粮的营养吸收能力,促进鸡的生长,但蛋用雏鸡和肉用仔鸡对蛋白质或氨基酸的利用率不同。     

半胱胺对小鹅血浆中β-END和某些激素的影响

选用２４只二月龄的杂交鹅（川白×太湖）,随机分成对照组（１２只）和试验组（１２只）。试验组于日粮中一次性添加半胱胺（１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ＢＷ）。处理后第三天从翅静脉采取血样。用ＲＩＡ双抗法测定其中的β－ＥＮＤ、ＩＧＦ－Ｉ和各种激素的含量。结果表明：试验组的ＳＳ含量较对照组低１９．６４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、而ＧＨ、ＩＧＦ－Ｉ和β－ＥＮＤ含量较对照组分别高５０．００％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、６２．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和４４．５５（Ｐ＜０．０５）;与对照组相比较,试验组的ＴＳＨ低３２．３２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,Ｔ４下降１４．７２％（Ｐ＞０．０５）,而Ｔ３升高２６．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。以上结果提示：半胱胺可能是通过降低鹅血液中ＳＳ含量,使β－ＥＮＤ、ＩＧＦ－Ｉ、ＧＨ和Ｔ３水平升高,从而促进了鹅的快速生长。     

日粮烟酸水平对肉鸭后期生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响

７２只２１日龄樱桃谷鸭平均分成４组,分别添加０、３０、６０、９０ｍｇ／ｋｇ烟酸进行３周饲养试验。测定平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）、平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）、料重比（Ｆ／Ｇ）、血清总胆固醇（ＴＣＨ）、血清总甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）。结果表明：①日粮烟酸水平不影响ＡＤＦＩ、ＡＤＧ、Ｆ／Ｇ（Ｐ＞０．０５）,但与ＡＤＦＩ、ＡＤＧ、Ｆ／Ｇ存在显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著二次曲线关系（Ｐ＜０．０１）。②日粮烟酸水平可能影响ＴＣＨ、ＴＧ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ、ＨＤＬ－Ｃ,但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。当基础日粮烟酸和色氨酸水平分别为３５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和０．１６％时,建议肉鸭后期烟酸添加水平为６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

肉鸡饮服“必补-18”的抗应激效果研究(Ⅱ)

本文研究了“必补＿１８”对应激条件下肉鸡的影响。结果表明：“必补＿１８”显著改善了０～３周龄肉鸡的增重、饲料转化率，显著提高了血清γ＿球蛋白水平和成活率，采食量未见有显著改变。５～８周龄肉鸡经历高温３２℃一周，其增重、饲料转化率和采食量均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），饮服“必补＿１８”显著提高了增重和饲料转化率（Ｐ＜０．０１），采食量未见有差异，高温一周过程中，３２℃１６小时血浆皮质酮，Ｔ３先显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）、Ｔ４显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），３２℃１２０小时时，血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３回升且显著高于常温组（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｔ４较１６小时显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）但仍高于常温组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在高温条件下饮服“必补＿１８”血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３和Ｔ４呈现与高温对照组同样规律的变化，但这种变化得到显著缓解（Ｐ＜０．０５）     

高碘日粮对蛋鸡生产性能,体内代谢和蛋品质的影响

日粮加碘６５ｐｐｍ饲喂蛋鸡，破壳率减少（Ｐ＜０．０５），饲料消耗降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），采食量、产蛋量和蛋重无明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５），肝中ＧＯＴ和ＧＰＴ酶活性显著上升（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＡＫＰ明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），血清中ＡＫＰ明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＳＯＤ提高显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），而肝中ＣＤＨ和ＣＫ，血清中ＬＤＨ，ＧＯＴ、ＧＰＴ和ＣＫ无显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＳＯＤ提高显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），     

半胱胺引起绵羊外周血液β－内啡肽和几种主要代谢激素的变化

在４头装置长久性胃肠道瘘管和临时性颈静脉血管插管公绵羊研究表明，经十二指肠瘘管灌注半胱胺（８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重）后５ｄ内外周血液的血浆ＳＳ浓度降低３３．６８％（２３３．１±４．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ对１５４．６±＋５．２ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１）；胃泌素水平升高２３．９％（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＧＨ、胰岛素分别升高１２４．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和１４４．０８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｔ３、Ｔ４水平分别增加７１．８％（ｐ＜０．０１）和１７．５５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；β－ＥＮＤ水平第３天升高５８．１１％（５７．２９±１．６９ｐｇ／ｍｌ对３２．４４±２．５０ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１），第５天回落（Ｐ＜０．ｍ）。本实验证明半胱胺可抑制反刍动物ＳＳ水平，使外周血液ＧＨ、胃泌素、胰岛素、Ｔ_３、Ｔ_４和β－ＥＮＤ水平均相应升高，提示促进了反刍动物的消化代谢水平。     

不同剂量半胱胺对肉用仔鸡增重及血液生长抑素、生长激素含量的影响

将８０只３０日龄红布罗鸡随机分为４组，半胱胺（ｃｙｓｔｅａｍｉｎｅ，ＣＳ）的添加量分别为０（对照）、１００、１５０、２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重。至５８日龄称重、宰杀、颈静脉采血，并用放免法对血液生长抑素（ＳＳ）和生长激素（ＧＨ）含量进行分析。结果：（１）与对照组相比，ＣＳ１００组净增重提高６．２％（Ｐ＜０．０５），其它剂量组增重无明显变化；（２）口服ＣＳ不改变仔鸡采食量，但饲料转化率ＣＳ１００、ＣＳ１５０、ＣＳ２００组分别提高５．７％、３．３％、６．３％；（３）与对照组相比，ＣＳ１００、ＣＳ１５０、ＣＳ２００组的血液ＳＳ含量分别下降７０．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、７６．２％（Ｐ＜０．０２５）和７６．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１），但ＧＨ水平只在ＣＳ１００组有明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），结果提示ＣＳ对仔鸡的作用同哺乳动物一样也呈现剂量依赖性     

高温条件下复合抗应激剂对肉鸡的影响

本文研究了高温条件下复合抗应激剂对肉鸡的影响。结果表明：经历３２ ℃一周的５ ～８ 周龄肉鸡采食量、增重、饲料转化率均显著下降（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ，饮服复合抗应激剂显著改善增重和饲料转化率（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ， 采食量未见明显改变，饲料转化率达到常温水平。３２ ℃１６ 小时血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３ 显著下降（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 、Ｔ４ 显著升高（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ；３２ ℃１２０ 小时血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３ 升高并超出常温组（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 、Ｔ４ 较１６ 小时下降但仍高出常温组（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。饮服复合抗应激剂时血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３ 、Ｔ４ 显现相同变化规律，但这种变化得到显著缓解     

添加粗酶制剂对喂大麦基础日粮的雏鸡生产性能、血清T_3水平及食糜排空速度的影响

在北京白鸡公雏大麦基础日粮中添加粗酶制剂进行两系列试验。系列一试验表明不同种粗酶制剂不同程度地提高雏鸡的体增重，其中两种国产试验粗酶制剂分别比对照用提高１０．０８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和９．９１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；系列二试验重复了系列一试验的增重趋势。同时表明，日粮中添加两种粗酶制剂，雏鸡血清中Ｔ３水平分别比对照组提高２２．０９％（Ｐ（０．０５）和３５．１３％（Ｐ＜０．０１），食糜排空速度也有相应提高。     

硒增强雏鸡对IBD抵抗力机制的细胞免疫研究

为了解硒对雏鸡传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）抵抗大的影响及其细胞免疫机制，自１日龄起给雏鸡分别饲喂基础（含硒０．０８６ｍｇ／ｋｇ）、补硒０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ和０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ的不同日粮，于４９日龄采用微量全血培养￣３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法测定其中自然发生ＩＢＤ后第１０天和正常对照雏鸡的Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率，并计算ＩＢＤ鸡死亡率。结果，两补硒组ＩＢＤ雏鸡死亡率显著低于基础日粮组ＩＢＤ雏鸡（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＩＢＤ明显抑制雏鸡Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率（Ｐ＜０．０５；Ｐ＜０．０１）；补硒的正常对照雏鸡和ＩＢＤ雏鸡Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率分别高于各自基础日粮雏鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５；Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果显示补硒可提高雏鸡细胞免疫功能，从而增强雏鸡对ＩＢＤ抵抗力，降低雏鸡死亡率。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -