运用伊氏锥虫抗原变异规律进行免疫的初步研究

为了克服锥虫抗原变异对宿主免疫反应的干扰，探索伊氏锥虫病高效保护性抗原，根据伊氏锥虫在宿主体内第一次发生变异产生的变异抗原免疫原性相同的规律，设计了伊氏锥虫变异前抗原（VSG1）和第二次变异所产生的抗原（VSG2）复合物作免疫原，对小鼠进行免疫与单用变异前抗原免疫鼠相比较，两组鼠都用带变异前抗原的虫攻击，另以未免疫的鼠作对照，结果VSG1＋VSG2免疫组小鼠8只全部获得保护，单用VSG1免疫组小鼠10只和未免疫组小鼠10只血中全部出虫而死亡，前者比后者出虫时间和存活时间延长，提示运用伊氏锥虫抗原变异这一规律设计的这种免疫复合物，能激收缩主克服虫体抗原变异对免疫保护的干扰。     

伊氏锥虫单一或混合抗原免疫小鼠保护性试验

采用广东克隆（广东水牛伊氏锥虫单虫克隆）、安徽克隆１（安徽水牛伊氏锥虫单虫克隆）、安徽克隆２、新疆克隆（新疆骆驼伊氏锥虫单虫克隆）作单一抗原或混合抗原免疫小鼠试验。用安徽克隆１和新疆克隆单一抗原免疫小鼠,再用相应同株克隆攻击,其保护率在８０％以上,而用异株克隆攻击（安徽克隆１、新疆克隆或广东克隆）,保护率低于１７％,表明安徽、新疆和广东伊氏锥虫各株间免疫原性存在差异。用新疆克隆抗原和安徽克隆２抗原混合免疫,再用新疆克隆和安徽克隆２攻击,保护率在８０％以上,用新疆克隆抗原和广东克隆抗原混合免疫,再用新疆克隆和广东克隆攻击,保护率亦在８０％以上,且在免疫后１～２个月仍有效。对新疆克隆抗原和广东克隆抗原混合免疫小鼠脾细胞作体外增殖试验,用不同抗原按５００ｍｇ／Ｌ和１２５ｍｇ／Ｌ高低２种剂量刺激,均产生明显增殖,表明各锥虫抗原存在免疫交叉,但在高剂量组,用同株克隆的刺激增殖效果（ＳＩ）高于异株克隆。     

应用单克隆抗体检查伊氏锥虫抗原变异

用广西骡株伊氏锥虫可溶性抗原免疫的BALB/C小鼠脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞(SP_2/O)融合,获得了在ELISA中能与广西骡株伊氏锥虫可溶性变异表面糖蛋白反应的2个分泌IgG_1的单克隆抗体(McAb)。用McAb于ELISA抑制试验对四份不同期的广西骡株伊氏锥虫阳性血清的抗体成分进行了分析,结果四份锥虫阳性血清对于McAb与相应抗原决定簇的结合均未出现明显的抑制作用。表明血清样本间很少或完全没有与McAb相类似的抗体。这证明伊氏锥虫存在多个血清型亦即变异抗原型。     

接种泰氏锥虫及其抗原使家兔和小鼠产生抗伊氏锥虫的交叉免疫力

用培养的泰氏锥虫制备的死、活两种虫体抗原,接种于家兔和小鼠,一定时间后用伊氏锥虫强毒株攻击,观察其血清抗体的变化及交叉免疫保护能力。试验表明,泰氏锥虫虫体抗原可刺激机体产生较高的体液抗体;免疫动物有一定的抵御伊氏锥虫攻击的能力,与对照组相比,免疫动物血液中虫体出现的时间较迟,最初的数量少,临床症状轻。死虫抗原组的交叉免疫保护能力较活虫抗原组强。     

低温状态下伊氏锥虫的放射性核素标记及测定

为了明确伊氏锥虫在低温状态下是否仍有代谢活动，在-20℃和-80℃条件下，在伊氏锥虫保存液中添加3H-TdR活锥虫样品和未添加3H-TdR活锥虫样品，用液闪计数器测定保存的锥虫体内CPM值。结果，添加3H-TdR的活锥虫样品与未添加3H-TdR的活锥虫样品CPM值差异非常显著（P＜0．01），在保存液中添加3H－TdR的活锥虫样品与死锥虫样品的CPM值差异也非常显著。说明3H-TdR渗入到活锥虫体内，在低温条件下伊氏锥虫仍有代谢活动。     

伊氏锥虫新疆株在动物体内抗原变异程序的观察

为了探明伊氏锥虫在动物体内抗原变异,以伊氏锥虫新疆株克隆感染兔,每３天采兔血１次,共采血５次,并用环磷酰胺处理的小白鼠对各分离期锥虫予以克隆,获得５个锥虫克隆群体,经ＡＢＣ－酶标试验和间接免疫荧光试验,对各克隆锥虫抗原进行鉴定,结果：获得５个表面抗原性互不相同的克隆群体,说明伊氏锥虫新疆株第１次抗原变异发生在４－６日内,以后每３天变异１次,本研究为进一步探明伊氏锥虫抗原变异规律打下了基础。     

伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性机制的初步探讨

选用克隆伊氏锥虫的安锥赛敏感株 C0 1、C0 3和 5个不同程度抗药株 C1、C2、C4、C6、C7,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离它们的己糖激酶 (HK)、6 -磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶 (G6 PDH)、丙氨酸转氨酶 (AL AT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶 (ASAT)同功酶 ,并测定胆碱酯酶活性。结果 ,这 5种酶与伊氏锥虫对安锥赛产生抗药性无关。用 SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离和测定这 7个样品的粗蛋白质 ,结果相对分子质量为 15 790带在抗药株 C1、C2、C4、C6和 C7含量较高 ,这表明它可能与安锥赛抗药性的产生有一定关系 ;相对分子质量为 1976 0带在高抗药株 C4、C6和 C7的含量很高 ,这表明它可能也与抗药性的产生有一定关系     

Enzootiology of Trypanosoma evansi in Pantanal, Brazil

In order to better understand the enzootiology of trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in the Brazilian Pantanal we examined domestic and wild mammals by microhematocrit centrifuge technique (MHCT), immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). T. evansi infection was detected in all species sampled with exception of the sheep and the feral pig. High parasitemias were observed in capybaras (5/24), coatis (18/115), horses (31/321) and dogs (3/112). Among these species, only the capybaras did not develop anemia. Low parasitemias, only detected by PCR, were found in buffaloes (18/43), bovines (29/331), marsupials (1/4), small rodents (14/67), bats (7/18), and one armadillo (1/8). The highest prevalence of T. evansi infection was recorded in horses (73%), although no neurological signs in infected horses were observed. Diagnosis through standard parasitological tests and IFAT should be used with caution since they may overlook comprovedly infected horses. The relationship between ranch management and T. evansi infection in horse was investigated. The importance of other transmission mechanisms apart from the tabanids and reservoir hosts are discussed.     

克隆伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性的培育

为了深入观察伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性的形成,将伊氏锥虫浙江水牛株克隆,克隆繁殖后的虫体一部分作为原种对照组,即C01组;一部分虫体连续经环磷酰胺免疫抑制的小鼠,再用安锥赛亚治疗剂量治疗该小鼠,使其伊氏锥虫对安锥赛产生7个不同程度的抗药性组,即C1～C7组;另一部分虫体也连续经环磷酰胺免疫抑制的小鼠,作为伴随C7的同步繁殖组,即不用药物的C02组.结果C01、C02、C1～C7组所用安锥赛剂量依次为0、0、6、16、40、80、196、406、638mg/kg,它们经小鼠传代数依次为0、28、1、3、6、9、15、22、28代.用体外生长繁殖抑制法测得它们的ICs0值依次为0.015 50、0.016 87、0.082 60、0.102 37、1.409 29、1.922 90、9.923 30、23.563 00、43.84000.结果表明,安锥赛亚治疗剂量与伊氏锥虫抗药性的IC50值呈曲线关系,从C1到C4的IC50值上升较缓慢,从C4后的ICs0值上升较快,并且几乎呈直线上升;伊氏锥虫所经小鼠的代数与它们的IC50值的关系呈抛物线型,从C1到C4的ICs0值上升很慢,C4以后的IC50值上升很快.用体内试验测试C01～C4组的CD100值,每个组感染35只小鼠,每只小鼠接种1.0×104条锥虫,其中30只小鼠分为安锥赛的3个剂量治疗小组,另5只小鼠为不治疗对照组.结果C01组和C1组的CD100值分别为7.0、13.0 mg/kg,这表明C1组只经1代免疫抑制小鼠,注射安锥赛剂量3×2 mg/kg,就使该组伊氏锥虫对安锥赛的抗药性提高了6 mg/kg,并且它们的IC50值C1是C01的6.6倍.C2、C3和C4组由于抗药性程度过高均不能治愈,因此尚未测到它们的CD100值.这些结果表明,伊氏锥虫经免疫抑制小鼠对安锥赛产生抗药性的速度是非常快的.     

Direct and sensitive detection of Trypanosoma evansi by polymerase chain reaction.

The mechanically transmitted haemoflagellate, Trypanosoma evansi causes 'surra', a wasting disease of domestic animals and is highly endemic in distribution in Southeast Asia. The detection of T. evansi is important for improving the epizootiological and animal health status of the region. The specificity and sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers constructed from T. evansi repetitive DNA sequences were studied in the present investigation. Using the assay, it was possible to amplify template DNA of T. evansi derived from buffaloes, camels and horses to a threshold sensitivity level of 0.5 pg and to detect DNA from as few as five organisms in 10 microliters crude blood samples. Following experimental infection of calves with 5 x 10(5) T. evansi, positive signals could be observed as early as 12 h post-infection. DNAs from two common haemoflagellates of cattle, Babesia bigemina and Theileria annulata were not amplified with the primers.     

伊氏锥虫HGPRT基因cDNA的克隆及其在E.coli中的表达

根据引物设计的一般原则，参照伊氏锥虫HGPRT基因的核苷酸序列设计、合成一对引物，PCR扩增伊氏锥虫HGPRT基因cDNA。低熔点琼脂糖回收：PCR产物，并将其克隆至pGEM—T Easy载体中，经酶切、PCR鉴定和序列分析，获得重组中间质粒pGEM／HGPRT。重组中间质粒pGEM／HGPRT经Nco I和Sal I双酶切，回收目的片段HGPRT，以非融合形式插入原核表达质粒pBV220构建表达质粒pBV／HGPRT，转化大肠杆菌DH5a，42℃诱导表达，聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和薄层扫描分析，表达产物HGPRT的分子量约为23kD，与理论推算值相符，表达率占总菌体蛋白的19％，经间接ELISA检测，表达产物能被伊氏锥虫阳性血清所识别。     

Identification of the surface components of Trypanosoma evansi.

125I-labelling was used to characterise the surface components of five stocks of Trypanosoma evansi. Two components of 67 and 60.5 kD were labelled in two of the stocks, a single 60.5 kD component in two other stocks and no components in the remaining stock. These differences are probably related to the labelling method and biochemical differences between the stocks.     

Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA Fingerprinting of Trypanosoma evansi

The total genomic DNAs from Trypanosoma evansi isolates of bubaline, equine and cameline origin were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using eight arbitrarily selected 10-base primers. Informative band patterns were obtained for all isolates analysed. Depending upon the T. evansi isolate–primer combination, between 1 and 11 reproducible DNA fingerprints of 205 to 3016 bp were amplified, suggesting minor and major differences in their RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) profiles.