山羊内毒素休克诱发脂质过氧化作用及山莨菪碱对其影响的研究

本文将３０头杂交山羊分成３组,第１组（ｎ＝６）为对照组,第２组（ｎ＝１２）静注大肠杆菌内毒素复制休克模型,第３组（ｎ＝１２）在第２组基础上提前１０ｍｉｎ静注山莨菪碱性注射液,检测１２ｈ内不同时间血清丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量,总ＳＯＤ,Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ,ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ,ＣＡＴ和血液ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性,结果表明,第２组血清ＭＤＡ含量明显增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）,血清Ｔ－ＳＯＤ,Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ,ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ,ＧＳ     

山莨菪碱对内毒素诱导山羊弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)的影响

３０头杂交山羊随机分成３组，第Ⅰ组（ｎ＝６）作为对照组；第Ⅱ组（ｎ＝１２）静注大肠杆菌内毒素（１８００ＥＵ／ｋｇ）两次，间隔２４小时；第Ⅲ组（ｎ＝１２）在第Ⅱ组处理基础上提前１０分钟静注山莨菪碱（２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ），于处理后第１、３、５、７、９、１２小时分别检测血小板数、血浆纤维蛋白原含量、血浆凝血酶原时间（ＰＴ）、血浆凝血酶时间（ＴＴ）、副凝试验３Ｐ和ＥＧＴ指标。结果表明：第Ⅱ组迅速发生ＤＩＣ，表现血小板减少、纤维蛋白原含量下降、ＰＴ和ＴＴ延长、３Ｐ和ＥＧＴ阳性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而第Ⅲ组血小板数在１３小时明显高于第Ⅱ组，纤维蛋白原含量于第５小时后高于第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＴ和ＴＴ亦比第Ⅱ组显著缩短（Ｐ＜０．０１），３Ｐ和ＥＧＴ的阳性检出率低于第Ⅱ组，结果提示应用山莨菪碱能明显抑制血小板减少，阻止ＤＩＣ的发生     

山莨菪碱对内毒素诱导山羊肺脂质过氧化损伤的影响

本文探讨内毒素诱导肺脂质过氧化损伤机制及山莨菪碱（６５４－２）对其保护作用。将３６头杂交山羊随机分为３组。第１组作为对照,第Ⅱ组和第Ⅲ组静注大肠杆菌内毒素两次,间隔２４ｈ,第Ⅲ组于第二次注射内毒素前１０ｍｉｎ静注６５４－２,各组于５ｈ,１２ｈ剖杀６头,检测肺组织抗氧化系统功能。结果表明：第Ⅱ,Ⅲ组肺组织ＭＤＡ含量明显增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）,Ⅲ组肺组织ＭＤＡ含量明显增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）,Ⅲ组显著低于Ⅱ     

内毒素休克时山羊血液流变性的变化及山莨菪碱对其影响

本文通过给山羊静注大肠杆菌内毒素诱导内毒素休克,探讨内毒素休克时血液流变性的变化规律,并观察山莨菪碱（６５４－２）对其影响。结果表明,山羊内毒素休克时,低切率全血比粘度（ＬＢＶ）和低切率全血还原比粘度（ＬＢＲＶ）明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,血浆比粘度（ＰＶ）和红细胞聚集指数（ＡＩ）均显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．０５）,红细胞变形能力（ＲＣＤ）显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,当静注内毒素前１０ｍｉｎ给予６５４－２（２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）山羊的ＬＢＶ和ＬＢＲＶ在１～５ｈ显著高于对照组,５ｈ前ＰＶ和ＡＩ值比对照组有明显升高,第７ｈ后与对照组间无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,且显著低于休克组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其ＲＣＤ亦趋于正常。提示山羊内毒素休克时血液流变参数明显改变,血液粘度增加,红细胞聚集加剧,而应用６５４－２具有显著改变血液状态,缓解微循环障碍发生。     

内毒素休克山羊NO代谢的变化及山莨菪碱对其影响

为了探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在内毒素休克病理发生中的作用,将３６头杂交山羊随机分成３组,每组１２只,第Ⅰ组作为对照,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组颈静脉注射大肠杆菌内毒素２次,间隔２４ｈ,第Ⅲ组于第２次注射内毒素前１０ｍｉｎ静脉注射山莨菪碱（６５４－２）,检测血浆、肝、肾、肺组织中的ＮＯ水平和组织中一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性。结果表明,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组山羊第２次注射内毒素后,血浆ＮＯ水平明显高于第Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,其中第Ⅱ组呈持续性升高,７ｈ后第Ⅲ组显著低于第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肝、肾、肺组织中的ＮＯ含量和ＮＯＳ活性均明显高于第Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,１２ｈ后第Ⅲ组组织中的ＮＯ含量和ＮＯＳ活性显著低于第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＮＯ过量为内毒素休克时病理发生中关键的中介机制,预先给予６５４－２则能缓解休克时ＮＯ引起的毒性作用。     

内毒素诱导山羊红细胞膜流动性的变化及654-2的影响

采用 １,６二苯基１,３,５己三烯（１,６ｄｉｐｈｅｎｙｌ１,３,５ｈｅｘａｔｒｉｅｎｅ, Ｐ Ｈ, Ｓｉｇｍ ａ Ｃｈｅｍ ｉｃａｌ Ｃｏ）分子荧光偏振法研究了内毒素诱导山羊红细胞膜的流动性（ Ｐ）,膜脂区微粘度（η）及脂双层分子排列有序性系数（ Ａ）的变化及６５４２ 的影响。结果表明, Ｅ Ｔ 处理组（Ⅱ组） Ｅ Ｃ Ｍ 的 Ｐ、和 Ａ参数除在１ｈ 高于对照组（Ⅰ组）和６５４ Ｚ２处理（Ⅲ组）且差异不显著（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５）外,在 ３,５,７,９,１２ｈ 均高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组（ Ｐ＜０．０５）, Ｐ＜ ０．０１）;Ⅲ组 Ｐ、和 Ａ 参数在１ ｈ低于Ⅰ组且差异不显著（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５）,在３ ｈ显著低于Ⅰ组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,在５ 和７ ｈ 高于Ⅰ组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５, Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,在９ ｈ,１２ ｈ 虽高于Ⅰ组但无显著差异（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。结果显示, Ｅ Ｔ 可使 Ｅ Ｃ Ｍ 荧光偏振度（ Ｐ）、微粘度（η）和脂双层分子排列有序性（ Ａ）增加。膜流动性降低,而６５４２ 能有效地改善 Ｅ Ｔ诱导的这些损伤变化,支持了６５４２ 具有维护膜结构和功能的生理作用的理论。     

PMSG处理卵巢静止奶牛以缩短产犊间隔的研究

将４１头产后４０－１００天卵巢静止奶牛分为四个处理组：ＯＩＵＰＭＳＧ（ｎ＝１２）、１０００ＩＵＰＭＳＧ（ｎ＝１２）、１２５０ＩＵＰＭＳＧ（ｎ＝１２）及１５００ＩＵＰＭＳＧ（ｎ＝５），处理后一周内的排卵率分别为０．０％、８３．３３％、９１．６７％及４０．０％（Ｐ＜０．０１），从处理到妊娠间隔时间分别为８９．１±３６．７天、２９．８±２且．７天、５１．９±２５．２天及６０．２±２９．６天（Ｐ＜０．０１）；２９头试验母牛又按产后４０－６０天及产后６１－１００天分为两组，处理后一周内的排卵率分别为９２．９％及６６．７％（Ｐ＞０．０５），从处理到妊娠间隔时间分别为５０．３±２７．０天及３８．５±２７．０天（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结果表明，ＰＭＳＧ处理卵巢静止母牛具有明显效果，其中以１０００ＩＵ为最优，处理时间的早晚对处理效果无明显影响。     

山莨菪碱对山羊内毒素休克时肝脏自由基损伤的保护机理

将３６头杂交山羊随机分成３组：１组作为对照;Ⅱ组静注大肠力内毒素１８００ＥＵ／ｋｇ,注射２次,间隔２４ｈ,Ⅲ组在同Ⅱ组处理基础上,于第２次注前１０ｍｉｎ静注山莨菪碱（６５４－２）注射液２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ,第２次注射内毒素后５ｈ和１２ｈ各组均剖杀６头山羊,检测肝脏抗氧化系统功能。结果表明：Ⅱ组肝组织丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量明显高于Ⅰ组,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽不麦（ＧＲ）活性及总超氧化物岐化酶（Ｔ－Ｓ     

磷对奶牛红细胞膜脂质的影响

对１５例临床上有明显低磷血症的奶牛血清磷、红细胞膜脂质成分进行了测定。结果表明，低磷血症奶牛血清磷、红细胞膜磷脂明显降低；红细胞膜胆固醇及膜胆固醇／磷脂摩尔比值（ｎｃｈ／ｎｐｌ）明显升高，与健康对照组牛相比差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；直线相关分析表明，血清磷与红细胞膜磷脂之间呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９１７，ｙ＝１０．８５２ｘ＋３．１９６，Ｐ＜０．０１）；与红细胞膜胆固醇以及ｎｃｈ／ｎｐｌ之间分别呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．９４０，ｙ＝２．８５０ｘ－１．０７２，Ｐ＜０．０１；ｒ＝－０．９２０，ｙ＝１．９６８ｘ－１．４０１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。此外，红细胞膜微粘度与膜磷脂之间呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．９５４，ｙ＝１９．１２２ｘ－４．３８４，Ｐ＜０．０１），而与膜胆固醇以及ｎｃｈ／ｎｐｌ之间呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９８８，ｙ＝０．９２７ｘ＋０．９６４，Ｐ＜０．０１；ｒ＝０．９７８，ｙ＝－０．２９３ｘ＋１．１１３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明，磷是红细胞膜脂质成分改变的先决因素，而后者又是红细胞膜流动性及膜结构、功能发生变化并导致膜损伤的一个重要因素。     

初乳对新生仔猪血液蛋白的电泳形态影响的研究

２４头太湖猪新生仔猪（二花×大白）分为四组，在出生后隔离并分别人工哺喂葡萄糖盐水（ＧＳ组，ｎ＝４），牛初乳（ＢＣ组，ｎ＝５），牛乳（ＢＭ组，ｎ＝６）４８ｈ和自然哺乳（ＰＣ组，ｎ＝９）。前３组在４８ｈ后回圈哺乳。初乳对新生仔猪血液蛋白电泳形态的影响，新生仔猪血清蛋白质浓度初生时平均为３１．８±１．８６ｍｇ／ｍｌ，ＰＣ组在出生后迅速增加，２４ｈ达８１．７８±８．６ｍｇ／ｍｌ此后略有下降。４８ｈ为５６．６７±１１．３６ｍｇ／ｍｌ，第７天为８７．６７±３．８９ｍｇ／ｍｌ。ＢＣ和ＢＭ组与ＰＣ组有相似的变化；而ＧＳ组在４８ｈ内一直下降，４８ｈ为６．２５±２．２８ｍｇ／ｍｌ，自然哺乳后，第７天上升为４７．７５±２．６８ｍｇ／ｍｌ。但ＢＭ、ＧＳ组在２４ｈ、４８ｈ和第７天血清总蛋白浓度显著低于ＰＣ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。血清ＳＤＳ—ＰＡＧＥ电泳显示，清蛋白（ＳＡ）ＰＣ、ＢＣ、ＢＭ三组４８ｈ内持续增加，ＧＳ组２４ｈ后显著下降，并且ＧＳ组在高分子量区（１５０ｋｄ）出现非抗体蛋白和多肽的聚合，其他三组则未见到。实验中未观察到牛乳酪蛋白向仔猪血液中的转移。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein