镢鱼病毒核酸随机引物扩增与克隆

从感染鳜鱼病毒（Ｓｉｎｉｐｅｒｃａ ｃｈｕａｔｓｉ Ｖｉｒｕｓ,简称ＳＣＶ）的鳜鱼体中分离病毒,提纯核作模板。通过ＲＡＰＤ法,和带酶切位点的引物进行病毒核酸随机引物扩增,获得扩增带谱。从带ＥｃｏＰＩ酶切位点的引物扩增产物中,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳回收大小约为０．４和０．５Ｋｂｐ的片段,经ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切处理制备成带粘性未端的片段,分别插入质粒ｐＵＣ１９的ＥｃｏＰＩ位点。ＥｃｏＲＩ酶对重组子进行了酶切鉴定,     

鳜鱼病毒核酸的初步分析

提取鳜鱼病毒核酸,分别用ＤＮａｓｅ、ＲＮａｓｅ和绿豆芽核酸酸处理表明,该病毒为双链ＤＮＡ病毒,用带ＥｃｏＲⅠ酶切位点的随机引物扩增病毒核酸,获得扩增核酸带谱。经低熔点琼脂糖回收ＰＣＲ产物,与质粒ｐＵＣ１９连接,获得三个重组子,已经对两个小插入片断进行了序列分析,插入序列分别为３６９ｂｐ和４５０ｂｐ。ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ检测显示,尚未有类似的序列报导。     

鳜鱼病毒PCR诊断方法的建立

从ＲＡＰＤ扩增的鳜鱼病毒（ＳＣＶ）核酸电泳带中回收了二个片断，克隆子pUC19质粒（称为ＳＣＶＥ３６９和ＳＣＶＥ４５０），序列分析表明插入片段分别为３６９bp和450bp与ＧenBank序列没有显著的同源，根据克隆序列调计两对引物Ｐ１／Ｐ２和Ｐ３／Ｐ４ ，在健康鳜鱼，病鳜以及提纯的ＳＣＶ核酸中进行ＰＣＲ试验，结果表明，Ｐ１／Ｐ２组引物在ＳＣＶ基因组中扩增出特异性核酸片段，可作为鳜鱼病毒ＰＣＲ诊断，检测片段为３６９bp.     

对虾病毒HHNBV DNA构建质粒的研究与分析

用ＰＵＣ１８构建了对虾病毒ＨＨＮＢＶＤＮＡ重组质粒，提取后经斑点杂交及酶切分析，证实质粒中插入片段为病毒ＤＮＡ，其中０５＃质粒的插入片段大于２Ｋｂ，与质粒的分子量相近。对０５＃质粒酶切后的Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交亦取得了满意的结果。同时，还对０５＃质粒的插入片段进行了内切酶图谱分析，共进行了ＥｃｏＲｌ、Ｈｉｎｄｌｌｌ、Ｓｍａｌｌ、Ｐｓｔｌ、ＰＵＶｌ、Ｈｉｎｄｌｌ６种限制性内切酶分析，结果表明，只有Ｐｓｔｌ在插入片段的一端有一个酶切位点，酶切位点的确切位置有待于进一步确定。     

斑节对虾白斑综合症病毒部分基因组文库及核酸探针检测法

通过分离纯化白斑综合症病毒（ＷＳＳＶ）粒子,抽提病毒ＤＮＡ。用限制性内切酶ＥｃｏＲⅠ或ＳａｌⅠ酶切后,克隆入质粒ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔⅡＫＳ中,从而建立了ＷＳＳＶ部分基因组文库。估计ＷＳＳＶ基因组ＤＮＡ在１６５ｋｂ以上。将ＷＳＳＶ ＥｃｏＲⅠ克隆片段标记制备为探针。进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交、打点杂交和原位杂交,其结果证明了克隆片段对ＷＳＳＶ特异,并为检测ＷＳＳＶ提供了方法。通过对部分基因组文库序列     

条纹斑竹浙江省鲨线粒体DNA的研究

用６种限制性内切酶分析了４条条纹斑竹鲨的线粒体ＤＮＡ，ＰｓｔＩ，ＨｐａＩ，ＸｂａＩ，ＥｃｏＲＩ，ＥｃｏＲＶ，ＢｇｌⅡ在条纹斑竹鲨ｍｔＤＮＡ分子上分别具有０至２个切点，ｍｔＤＮＡ分子大小为１６．６ｋｂ，根据单酶和双酶完全酶解片段的大小，构建了条纹斑竹浙江省ｍｔＤＮＡ的限制性酶切图谱。     

两种不同地方种群尼罗罗非鱼遗传差异和分子遗传标记↑（*）

用ＡｐａⅠ，Ｂｃ１Ⅰ，Ｂｇ１Ⅱ，ＤｒａⅠ，ＥｃｏＲⅠ，ＥｃｏＲＶ，ＨｉｎｄⅢ，ＫｐｎⅠ，ＰｓｔⅠ，ＰｖｕⅡ，ＳａｃⅠ，ＸｂａⅠ，ＸｈｏⅠ等１３种限制性核酸内切酶对来自尼罗河上游和下游的两种不同地方种群尼罗罗非鱼的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）进行酶切分析，得到这两种罗非鱼的ｍｔＤＮＡ分子大小为：上游尼罗为１６９０９±９０ｂｐ，下游尼罗为１６９１２±１００ｂｐ。研究中还发现我国养殖的这两种不同地方种群尼罗罗非鱼，每一群体内个体间均存在ｍｔＤＮＡ酶切片段长度多态现象，而且群体间在ｍｔＤＮＡ水平上具有一定差异，依此构建了这两种不同地方种群尼罗罗非鱼ｍｔＤＮＡ限制性内切酶酶切图谱，建立了识别它们的分子遗传标记。     

中国对虾皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒（HHNBV）DNA探针的制备及应用

ＨＨＮＢＶ是１９９３年中国对虾暴发性流行病的主要病原之一。从纯化的病毒中提取ＤＮＡ，用ＥｃｏＲｌ限制性内切酶酶切成ＤＮＡ片段，与ＰＵＣ１８体外重组，建立ＨＨＮＢＶＤＮＡ文库。从中筛选出三个重组质粒（５＃、８＃、９＃），它们所插入的片段大小分别为：２．８Ｋｂ、０．８Ｋｂ、１．６Ｋｂ，它们分别用光敏生物素标记成探针，与感染ＨＨＮＢＶ的病虾ＤＮＡ呈阳性反应，以此利用制备的ＨＨＮＢＶＤＮＡ探针的高敏感性和特异性来检测虾病。     

不同鲤鱼种间DNA遗传标记多态性

用８４个随机引物对黑龙江野鲤（Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓ ｃａｒｐｉｏ ｈａｅｍａｔｏｐｔｅｒｕｓ Ｔｅｍｍｉｎｃｋ ｅｔ Ｓｃｈｌｅｇｅｌ）和柏氏鲤（Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓ ｐｅｌｌｅｇｒｉｎｉ ｐｅｌｌｅｇｒｉｎｉ Ｔｃｈａｎｇ）进行种间ＲＡＰＤ分析,结果共扩增出４８４个片段,二者共有扩增片段为１３个,黑龙江野鲤特有的为２３３个,柏氏鲤特有的为２２５个,这些特异片段可做为黑龙江野鲁和柏氏鲤的分子遗传标记。并对     

渔业经济学科的建设与发展

渔业经济学科的建设与发展ＳＵＲＪＥＣＴＣＯＮＳＴＲＵＣＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＯＦＦＩＳＨＥＲＹＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣＳ吴万夫（中国水产科学研究院，北京１０００３９）ＷｕＷａｎｆｕ（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＦｉｓｈｅｒ，Ｓｃｉｅｎｅｃｅ...     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.