桦褐孔菌侵染的白桦腐朽木真菌分离及种类组成研究

对采自于黑龙江省大兴安岭塔河县和呼中自然保护区的桦褐孔菌子实体及其引起腐朽的木材标本经室内分离、纯化、鉴定,并与白桦健康木相应部位作对照,以揭示该腐朽木上的真菌种类组成。结果表明,从桦褐孔菌腐朽木上共分离出真菌32属,优势菌为青霉属、桦褐孔菌及散蠹菌属;相对于健康桦树木上真菌多13属,其中独有种类23属,两者共有真菌9属,健康桦树木上独有种类10属,说明木材腐朽菌桦褐孔菌可引起树干真菌群落结构显著变化。腐朽木树皮上的真菌种类最多,达到27属。在白桦腐朽木上各个区域内都分离到了桦褐孔菌,但在健康的白桦树各个部位都没有发现。     

中国储木及建筑木材腐朽菌(Ⅰ)

本文首次系统报道了生长在中国原木、建筑物(包括房屋、桥梁、涵洞、栅栏等木质结构材)、坑木、枕木、矿柱、电杆、薪材等上的腐朽菌107种.其中24种引起木材褐色腐朽,83种引起白色腐朽.褐色腐朽的种类主要发生在针叶树木材上,白色腐朽的种类在针叶树和阔叶树木材上都常见.在针叶树原木上常见的木材腐朽菌有黄薄孔菌、红缘拟层孔菌、深褐褶菌、硫磺绚孔菌、冷杉附毛孔菌.在阔叶树原木上常见的有紫褐多孢孔菌、黑管孔菌、一色齿毛菌、红贝俄氏孔菌、硬毛粗毛盖孔菌、皮生锐孔菌、淡黄木层孔菌、鲜红密孔菌、淡黄裂孔菌、毛栓孔菌、锗栓孔菌和云芝栓孔菌等.这些种类来自作者长期的采集、记载和鉴定,全部标本保存在中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所生物标本馆.     

大型真菌多样性及在森林生态系统中的作用

从物种和生态环境差异两个方面来阐述了大型真菌的多样性,并且主要介绍了大型真菌的两个主要类群木腐菌和菌根菌以及各自在生态系统中的作用,在森林生态系统中,木材腐朽菌能将木材中的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素降解为植物可以利用的营养物质,从而完成系统中的物质循环,并且在木材腐朽分解的过程中,木腐菌的出现和演替有一定的规律性,不同时期都有其优势种存在,并对木材腐朽的进程起决定性作用。菌根真菌作为生态系统组分,它对物质循环,种间关系和群落的影响以及在生态系统变化过程中都起着非常重要的作用,是生态系统的重要组分。     

中国东北杨树上的木腐菌

本文是中国东北地区木腐菌研究结果的一部分,简要论述了中国东北地区杨树上的木材腐朽菌,共报道了生长在杨树或杨树木材及腐木上的担子菌121种。其中多数生长在杨树倒木或朽木上,大多数造成白色腐朽,少数导致褐色腐朽。硬粗毛孔菌Funaliatrogii(Berk.)Bondartsev＆Singer和浅黄褐栓菌Trametesochracea(Pers.)Gilb.＆Ryvarden等为人工林及行道树上常见种类;中国锐孔菌OxyporussinensisX.L.Zeng和瓦尼木层孔菌PhellinusvaniniiLjub.等种类只发生在杨树原始林或保存完好的天然林分,它们当中有的为稀有种或濒危种类。杨纤孔菌Inonotusrheades(Pers.)Bondartsev＆Singer和大孔薄孔菌AntrodialeucaenaY.C.Dai＆Niemel 等是杨树上特有种类;杨木层孔菌Phellinustremulae(Bondartsev)Bondartsev＆Borisov和树舌灵芝Ganodermalipsiense(Batsch)G.F.Atk等为杨树上的病原菌。     

6种白腐菌腐朽后的山杨木材和木质素官能团变化的红外光谱分析

选择火木层孔菌及 5种木材降解能力较强的阔叶树上的白腐菌 :粗毛盖菌、偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、冬拟多孔菌和血红密孔菌 ,采用国内外红外光谱分析的标准方法 ,用傅里叶红外光谱仪测定未腐朽材木粉和受 6种白腐菌腐朽 12 0d后的腐朽材木粉试样的红外光谱图。刮取未腐朽的山杨木材样品和受 6种白腐菌腐朽 12 0d时的山杨木材样品表层少许 ,在干燥条件下 ,分别放入KBr中 ,磨细 ,压片 ,然后在FTIR光谱仪上进行测定 ,得到经 6种白腐菌降解 12 0d后的木材木粉和未腐朽材木粉其木材和木质素官能团谱峰位置和谱峰相对吸收强度的振动变化状况 ,进而分析腐朽后的山杨木材和木质素官能团的变化情况 ,以作为木材白腐菌对山杨材生物降解机制的进一步研究。结果表明 ,受 6种白腐菌腐朽后的山杨木材和木质素官能团都受到一定程度的降解 ,但各自的变化情况有所不同。对木质素的降解主要是存在于侧链上 ,虽然苯环骨架变化不明显 ,但木质素苯环间的羰基、CH2 结构、紫丁香基和愈疮木基等侧链已部分被降解。从各吸收峰相对吸收强度的变化大小来看 ,血红密孔菌、冬拟多孔菌、三色革裥菌和偏肿拟栓菌对木质素降解的程度大于粗毛盖菌和火木层孔菌对木质素降解的程度     

6种白腐菌腐朽前后的山杨木材酚酸种类和含量变化的高效液相色谱分析

研究阔叶树上的6种木材白腐菌火木层孔菌、粗毛盖菌、偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、冬拟多孔菌和血红密孔菌对山杨材腐朽前后木材中游离酚酸种类和含量的变化情况.结果表明:受6种白腐菌腐朽后的山杨木材中酚酸的种类和含量各不相同,在山杨材被分解120 d后,偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、血红密孔菌和冬拟多孔菌的9种游离酚酸总含量远大于粗毛盖菌和火木层孔菌的9种游离酚酸总含量,表明前4种对木质素分解能力较强的菌种获得了较高含量的酚酸;但从9种游离酚酸总的含量上看,与各菌种对木材和木质素的分解百分率不尽相同,初步分析的原因表明在木质素被分解的过程中除了有这9种游离酚酸产生以外,可能还会产生其他的游离酚酸以及苯环二聚体、三聚体和各种寡聚体以及杂环的形式,所有这些苯环结构总体造成了对木质素分解百分率的差异. 对9种酚酸进行分析测试,只构成对木质素分解的一部分,不足以用来解释对木质素的全部分解能力,其他的酚酸和游离酚酸以外的苯环结构还有待进一步研究分析测试;从各种游离酚酸单个含量上看,各种白腐菌的种类和含量都各不相同,表明不同白腐菌对同一木质纤维基质的分解途径、中间降解产物各不相同.另外,未腐朽的木材中本身就含有一些微量的酚酸成分,这些酚酸在生物分解过程中会降解和转化成其他成分, 是否有可能转化成其他种类的酚酸还有待进一步证明.     

中国储木及建筑木材腐朽菌( Ⅱ)

根据资料综合报道165种储木及建筑木材上的腐朽菌,其中担子菌133种,子囊菌32种;引起褐色腐朽的有28种,白色腐朽137种。详细记载了每种真菌的腐朽类型、寄主和生长环境、地理分布。生长在原(储)木上的腐朽菌有三色拟迷孔菌、红缘拟层孔菌、毛盖采孔菌等8种;生长在枕木上的有褐褶菌Gloeophyllum spp.、囊孔菌Hirschioporus spp.、栓菌Trametes spp.、炭团菌Hypoxylon spp.等43种;生长在干燥环境下火烧木材上的有炭生褐褶菌、黑轮层炭壳等5种,潮湿环境下的有12种,其中裂褶菌、皱褶栓菌、黑轮层炭壳等能生长在栽培菇类的木段上,成为污染杂菌;生长在建筑木材上有5种,如皱褶栓菌、冷杉附毛菌、伏果圆炷菌(干朽菌,泪菌)等,其中伏果圆炷菌能生于各种木质物和建筑木材上,是危害最大的腐朽菌之一。     

中国东北地区的立木腐朽菌

简要论述了中国东北地区的立木腐朽菌,共报道危害活立木的木腐菌４９种,对每个种的寄主、腐朽类型及分布进行了报道,它们中多数造成白色腐朽,少数导致褐色腐朽,其中在我国首次报道为森林病原菌的种类有：白黄小薄孔菌Ａｎｔｒｏｄｉｅｌｌａ ａｌｂｏｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｅａ,奥氏蜜环菌Ａｒｍｉｌｌａｒｉａ ａｓｔｏｙａｅ,亚黑管孔菌Ｂｊｅｒｋａｎｄｅｒａ ｆｕｍｏｓａ,硬栓孔菌Ｆｕｎａｌｉａ ｔｒａｇｉｉ,小孔异担     

桦褐孔菌引起的腐朽木上真菌组成的研究

以桦褐孔菌寄生的白桦活立木为材料,研究了由桦褐孔菌引起的木材白腐病及其腐朽初期、中期和末期腐朽木上的真菌组成。结果表明,随着腐朽程度的增加,腐朽木上的真菌物种数量增多,桦褐孔菌分离到的次数也随之增加。腐朽初期、中期和腐朽末期优势真菌种类差别不明显。各个时期树皮上的真菌种类最多,变色区种类相对少。说明不同腐朽阶段腐朽木上的真菌群落存在差异,群落组成处于动态变化之中。     

白桦木材生物制浆的木材腐朽菌菌种选择

采用5种木材腐朽菌,分别对30株天然林白桦木材进行木材腐朽处理,检测并比较腐朽木材和新鲜木材中未质素、纤维素等主耍化学成分的变化。结果表明,木蹄层孔菌腐朽后的白桦木材其重量、木质素和纤维素损失率最高,桦剥管菌次之,白囊耙齿菌最低;木蹄层孔菌腐朽后的白桦木材纤维素含量略高于新鲜白桦木材,其他4种茵腐朽后的白桦木材纤维素含量都低于新鲜白桦木材,其中桦剥管菌和彩绒革盖菌腐朽后的白桦木材纤维素含量较低。木蹄层孔菌腐朽后的白桦木材1％NaOH抽出物含量最低,苯醇抽出物含量中等,纤维素含量最高,木质素含量较低,相比之下它腐朽白桦木材的能力较强,适用于以白桦木材为原料的生物辅助造纸。     

Variation in litter decomposition-temperature relationships between coniferous and broadleaf forests in Huangshan Mountain, China

A study was conducted to identify the differences in the decompositions of leaf litter, lignin and carbohydrate between coniferous forest and broadleaf forest at 20℃ and 30℃ in Huangshan Mountain, Anhui Province, China. Results showed that at 20℃ mass loss of leaf litter driven by microbial decomposers was higher in broadleaf forest than that in coniferous forest, whereas the difference in mass loss of leaf litter was not significant at 30℃. The temperature increase did not affect the mass loss of leaf litter for coniferous forest treatment, but significantly reduced the decomposition rate for broadleaf forest treatment. The functional decomposers of microorganism in broadleaf forest produced a higher lignin decomposition rate at 20℃, compared to that in coniferous forest, but the difference in lignin decomposition was not found between two forest types at 30℃. Improved temperature increased the lignin decomposition for both broadleaf and coniferous forest. Additionally, the functional group of microorganism from broadleaf forest showed marginally higher carbohydrate loss than that from coniferous forest at both temperatures. Temperature increase reduced the carbohydrate decomposition for broadleaf forest, while only a little reduce was found for coniferous forest. Remarkable differences occurred in responses between most enzymes （Phenoloxidase, peroxidase, !5-glucosidase and endocellulase） and decomposition rate of leaf litter to forest type and temperature, although there exist strong relationships between measured enzyme activities and decomposition rate in most cases. The reason is that more than one enzyme contribute to the mass loss of leaf litter and organic chemical components. In conclusion, at a community scale the coniferous and broadleaf forests differed in their temperature-decomposition relationships.     

甘肃插岗梁自然保护区苔藓植物与针叶林更新关系研究

寒温性针叶林是甘肃插岗梁自然保护区内的主要森林植被,苔藓资源十分丰富,形成了苔藓云杉冷杉林以及草类、箭竹云杉冷杉林等丰富多样的林型。以苔藓林分和非苔藓林分为对比,研究了苔藓植物对保护区内寒温性针叶林林木更新的影响。通过对林木萌发质量及数量、土壤含水量、土壤类型、腐殖质、枯枝落叶层有机质含量的调查分析发现,藓类林分相比非藓类林分而言,更有利于树木的生长和更新。     

景谷县森林枯落物水文作用研究

指出了森林枯落物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,枯落物层是森林拦蓄降水的重要环节。为了调查景谷县森林枯落物水文作用,选取了具有代表性的6个大样区和18个标准样地进行调查取样,结果表明：（1）景谷县3种植被类型中枯落物蓄积量最大的是季雨林,最小的是暖性针叶林,常绿阔叶林和李雨林林下枯落物半分解层所占比例要比未分解层大,而暖性针叶林林下枯落物未分解层所占比例要比半分解层大;（2）景谷县3种植被类型中,常绿阔叶林枯落物自然含水率最高,季雨林最小,暖性针叶林介于二者中间;（3）自然状态下,阔叶林枯落物的最大持水率大于针叶林,但由于针叶林枯落物数量较多,不易分解糜烂,因此仍有很强的拦蓄能力,3种植被类型中,暖性针叶林的拦蓄能力是最强的。     

Insights into seasonal variation of litter decomposition and related soil degradative enzyme activities in subtropical forest in China

We used a litterbag method to investigate litter decomposition and related soil degradative enzyme activities across four seasons in a broad-leaved forest and a coniferous forest on Zijin Mountain in s...     

三峡库区主要森林类型的林分蓄积生长预测

正利用林分生长收获模型预测林分生长收获量是森林经营和管理的重要手段。早在200年前欧洲学者就编制了林分产量表,根据林分年龄预测林分产量。20世纪70年代随着计算机的普及,科学家们开始研究林分生长和产量预测模型系统,80年代后趋于成熟[1]。林分水平的生长和产量预测模型是采     

COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION IN COLD TEMPERATE REGION OF NORTHEASTERN PART OF CHINA

INTRODUCTIONCoId-tCmPerateregioninnortheastofChinaisaindePendentrCgioninvegetationdit-isionofChina,andcalledcold-temPerateconifcrousforestregionl"'l.Itisthemostllorthcrnoneof8vopetationregionsofChina.Sincemiddleofl9centUry,scl1olarsfromRussiaandGerman3hadinvestigatedandcollcctedtheplantsinthisrcgion-suchasR.Maack(l857),C.J.Maximotvicz(l859).GRadde(l86o-l862),S.I.KorshinsLy(l892).B.L.Komarot'(l9ol)'V.I.Lipsky'(l9()l),B.Plaetschkc(l937)l=l.Thcseresearcl1csofplantin1'estigationan…     

塞罕坝机械林场地表可燃物类型划分与载量研究

对塞罕坝机械林场8个林分类型108个林班的地表森林可燃物组成、载量、含水率等进行了调查。结果表明落叶松成林和幼林、樟子松成林和幼林、针叶混交林、桦次生林等林分地表可燃物以枯落物为主,栎次生林和灌木林地表可燃物由枯落物与灌木组成,未成林地与草地可燃物以草本植物为主;地表可燃物载量依次为落叶松成林〉落叶松幼林〉针叶混交林〉樟子松成林〉樟子松未成林〉针阔混交林〉桦次生林〉樟子松幼林〉落叶松未成林〉灌木林〉栎次生林〉草地;草地与栎次生林的含水率最低,着火点也最低,火险危险程度最高;将现有林分按燃烧类型划分为5个类型20个亚类,全场地表可燃物总载量约为2．5×10^6t。     

不同生态适应型北美红杉的种植环境及造林地选择

北美红杉造林地选择，根据其不同种源和无性系对不同生态环境的适应能力、生长发育的相似群体归类，并按不同的类型选择相应的造林地：中亚热带至北亚热带相关的常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和暖性针叶林植被类型林地，适宜作为温暖湿润生态适应型北美红杉的造林地；中亚热带至北亚热带相关的落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林以及中性湿生灌丛植被类型的林地，适宜作为温暖半湿润生态适应型北美红杉的造林地；北亚热带至暖温带相关的针阔叶混交林、针叶林以及以杜鹃、野山茶、苔草等为代表的灌丛植被类型的林地，适宜作为温凉干燥生态适应型北美红杉的造林地；耐低温类型的北美红杉，已能在云南高海拔地带的暗针叶林地区生存，并有一定生长量，值得继续研究，可选择相应的云杉、冷杉，铁杉、高山栎类、桦木、花楸、槭等针阔叶林地作为高寒山地低温环境型北美红杉造林地。云南省有大面积低产林分和宜林荒山，生产潜力较大，其中有适宜不同生态适应型北美红杉造林的环境。利用这一有利条件，发展北美红杉造林，改造这些低产林分和在适宜的荒山造林，将充分利用土地资源，大大提升这些低产林和宜林荒山的经济效益和生态效益。     

China's role in the global forest sector: how will the US recovery and a diminished Chinese demand influence global wood markets?

Over the last decade, while the size of China's economy more than doubled, China has simultaneously become a major producer and exporter of forest products. Although China's domestic supply of wood is significantly constrained both by a limited natural supply and by conservation-oriented policies, the country is increasingly regarded as the world's “wood workshop.” Furthermore, China is the largest driver of demand for the trade in tropical logs and is becoming a significant driver of demand for trade in coniferous logs. In this paper, we describe a spatial equilibrium model adapted to study forest sector markets and policies that affect them. We present the model and the result of two alternative future scenarios. The first scenario analyzes the impact on global forest products markets of a US recovery in wood markets. The second scenario examines the effect on global forest products markets of decelerating growth in Chinese demand for wood products. Through these two scenarios, the modeling output sheds light on the role China's wood products markets have on resource supply and trade around the world. The trade model shows substantial potential changes in global prices, production, and trade activity associated with the recovery in domestic demand in the USA.     

Promoting old-growth characteristics and long-term wood production in Douglas-fir forests

Trade-offs among wood production, wood quality and ecological characteristics in the management of harvested forest stands are explored through model simulation of various silvicultural regimes. Long-term production of merchantable wood, production of various types of high-quality wood, and the level of certain quantitative ecological indicators are projected for coniferous forests of Pacific Northwestern USA. The set of ecological indicators used is based on the species composition and physical structure of old, unlogged forest stands. Simulations are performed with an ecological model of forest stand dynamics that tracks the fate of live and dead trees. Short rotations (<50 years) produce the least amount of high-quality wood over the multi-century simulation period. They also fail to generate ecological attributes resembling those of old forest stands. Production of high-quality wood is moderate to high under all rotations of 80 years or more; however, most ecological indicators require longer rotations unless alternatives to clearcutting are applied. Alternatives examined include retention of 15% cover of live tree canopy at each harvest in combination with artificial thinning between harvests. Thinning from below can expedite the development of large live and dead trees, and canopy height diversity without greatly diminishing wood quantity or quality. Proportional thinning retains understory stems, thereby expediting the recruitment of shade-tolerant trees. A possible drawback to thinning, particularly proportional thinning, is the diminished production of clean-bole wood at rotations of 150 and 260 years. It is concluded that most wood quantity, wood quality and ecological objectives can be met with long rotations (ca. 260 years). Certain objectives can be met with shorter rotations (80–150 years) when treatments of thinning and canopy tree retention are applied.