茶园绿肥新品种“绿肥1号”选育

通过单株选育方法选育出茶园绿肥新品种“绿肥1号”,对其植物学特征、产量及养分含量、最佳播种期、其他特性进行调查和研究,结果表明“绿肥1号”产青量、养分含量均明显高于对照,其最佳播种期在4月上中旬,绿肥1号还具有抗逆性强、植株再生能力强、可进行多次割青等特点。     

幼龄茶园适植绿肥品种筛选

目前,我国新垦茶园面积不断扩大,绿肥以其具有改善土壤结构、增强土壤肥力、遏制水土流失、调节茶园小气候等方面的特点,尤其适合在幼龄茶园中栽种。为探讨不同绿肥品种在幼龄茶园种植中成活率及其对幼龄茶园遮荫度、刈青量及幼龄茶园茶树生长的影响,选取狼尾草、茶肥1号、花生、印尼大绿豆四种绿肥品种,设5个处理9组重复进行实验。结果表明,种植50天后,花生和印尼大绿豆成活率较高,而长势则是狼尾草最好,遮荫度方面狼尾草表现最好,花生、绿豆遮阴效果较差,刈青产量由高到低分别为狼尾草、茶肥1号、印尼大绿豆和花生。茶树茎粗四种绿肥处理没有显著差异,而幼龄茶园茶树株高狼尾草处理显著高于茶肥1号处理和花生处理。综合比较,推荐采用狼尾草和茶肥1号作为幼龄茶园适植绿肥进行推广。同时,花生作为经济作物,在刈割后仍能提供一定的副产品花生,产量达到19155 kg/公顷(带土重量),可以有选择性的在茶园中栽种。     

茶肥1号埋青对茶园土壤的生态效应研究

茶肥1号是生长量大,含N量高的绿肥,施用茶肥1号可以改良茶园土壤的理化性质,改善土壤生态环境,有利于茶园土壤固C和茶树根系的生长。     

茶园绿肥新品种“绿肥1号”产青及养分含量动态研究

通过对＂绿肥1号＂不同生长期根、茎、叶器官产青量研究表明：茎、叶是＂绿肥1号＂主要产青器官,约占植株总产青量的80%～90%。各器官不同时期氮含量以叶片最高,为4%～6%,茎次之,根部氮含量最低。各时期钾含量以叶片含量最高,依次为茎、根。而磷含量6月中下旬以叶片最高,7月下旬至8月下旬以茎最高,9月份以根含量最高。     

24种热带禾本科植物的绿肥价值分析与评价

采集热区24种禾本科植物,对其N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S等17种矿质元素进行分析评价。结果表明:这24种禾本科植物的N、P、K含量中等,纤维化程度高,根据分级标准,一级绿肥占4.2%,二级绿肥占50.0%,三级绿肥占45.8%;中量元素Ca、Mg、S和微量元素丰富,重金属含量低,是安全的热带绿肥;其中狼尾草和早熟禾本科植物的P、K、Ca、S、Fe含量明显高于其它参试绿肥。     

牧草绿肥兼用型大豆新品种汾豆牧绿2号的选育

大豆牧草绿肥品种汾豆牧绿2号是山西省农科院经济作物研究所利用高度抗旱大豆品种晋豆21和干旱的自然生态环境中收集到的汾半野2号,采用有性杂交方法,通过系谱选择法选育出的半野生型的牧草绿肥专用新品种。该品种鲜草产量高,营养成分含量高,最佳刈割期为鼓粒期。     

不同绿肥品种在茶园的生态适应性

通过对豆科12种不同绿肥品种生物学特性的观察比较,研究不同绿肥品种在茶园的生态适应性,从改善茶园生态环境、提高茶园的生物多样性的角度,筛选出适合福建不同生态（有机）茶园推广种植的绿肥品种铺地木兰、罗顿豆、白三叶、圆叶决明、三叶猪屎豆等。     

广西绿肥发展现状及种植模式

回顾广西化肥施用概况和绿肥发展历史,介绍种质资源情况,提出适合广西绿肥发展的种植模式。绿肥-轮作、绿肥-间套作、粮肥兼用、饲肥兼用、果园绿肥、茶园绿肥等模式是适合广西绿肥发展的种植模式。政府扶持、扩大宣传,加强适宜绿肥品种的收集、选育、留种,不断探索绿肥种植的最优模式,着力提高绿肥生产的综合效益,以推动广西农业的可持续发展。     

不同绿肥翻压还土后植烟土壤主要养分动态变化

为探索不同绿肥翻压还土对土壤养分的影响,采用大田试验研究了光叶紫花苕、箭舌豌豆、紫云英、普通黑麦草、冬牧70、满园花等6种绿肥翻压后土壤主要养分含量的动态变化。结果表明:(1)绿肥翻压还土能够提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,分别为2.64%~13.33%、19.25%~40.99%、2.32%~18.75%、47.94%~76.50%;(2)不同绿肥品种以普通黑麦草提高土壤有机质幅度最大,以箭舌豌豆提高土壤碱解氮和有效磷幅度最大,以紫云英提高土壤速效钾幅度最大;(3)不同绿肥种类以禾本科绿肥提高土壤有机质的效果较好,以豆科绿肥提高土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的效果最好。     

茶园夏季绿肥品种特性及种植技术

绿肥是实现茶业绿色生态可持续发展的重要途径之一，在助力农业减排固碳，碳达峰与碳中和的长期战略行动中发挥重要作用。文章主要介绍适合在茶园中种植的夏季绿肥的品种特性、绿肥品种的选择和搭配、绿肥栽培技术要点，供茶农、茶企和推广部门参考。     

Effects of aromatic plants incorporated as green manure on weed and maize development

A 2-year field experiment was conducted in northern Greece to study the mulch effects of seven annual [anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), parsley (Petroselinum crispum (P. Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill) and lacy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.)] and three perennial [mint (Mentha X verticillata L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and common balm (Melissa officinalis L.)] aromatic plants, used as incorporated green manure, on the emergence and growth of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.], common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris L.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). In addition, the phytotoxic potential of the abovementioned aromatic plants extracts was determined in the laboratory using a perlite-based bioassay with maize and barnyardgrass. The bioassays indicated that germination, root elongation and fresh weight of barnyardgrass were reduced by the most aromatic plant extracts. However, maize growth parameters were only affected by the extracts of anise, sweet fennel, coriander, common balm and oregano. In the field, emergence of barnyardgrass, common purslane, puncturevine or common lambsquarters was reduced by 11–50%, 12–59%, 26–79% or 58–83% in green manure-treatment plots, respectively, as compared with green manure-free plots (control). On the contrary, maize emergence was not affected by any green manure. At harvest, maize grain yield in green manure-herbicide untreated plots was 10–43% greater than that in the corresponding green manure-free plots. In particular, maize grain yield in anise, dill, oregano or lacy phacelia green manure-herbicide untreated plots was 27–43% greater than that in the green manure-free-herbicide untreated and slightly lower than that obtained in the corresponding herbicide treated plots. These results indicated that green manure of aromatic plants, such as anise, dill, oregano or lacy phacelia could be used for the suppression of barnyardgrass and some broadleaf weeds in maize and consequently to minimize herbicide usage.     

Effect of rice straw management and organic fertilizer application on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice

The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of rice straw management and application of different types of organic fertilizer on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice grown under rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field at Muang Yai village, Khon Kaen province in 2005. A split-plot design was used, with the main plot under rice straw management (incorporating into the soil and burning), and sub-plots by type of organic fertilizer (green manure, cattle manure and powder organic fertilizer) and one plot under no-fertilizer application. It was found that rice straw incorporated into the soil had no significant effect on grain yield when compared with the effect of burning. Organic fertilizer of cattle manure and powder organic fertilizer significantly increased grain yield over that of green manure and no-fertilizer application. This paper is listed as a series of articles of the special issue “Water and Food” 6(1), March 2008.     

绿肥翻压对土壤微量元素含量及玉米吸收的影响

选取9个春油菜绿肥品种进行田间试验,连续翻压两年后,测定土壤和玉米子粒中的微量元素含量,研究比较不同春油菜绿肥品种翻压对土壤微量元素含量及玉米吸收情况的影响。结果表明,中油肥1804翻压后土壤全量铁、锰和锌含量较春闲田CK处理分别提高了9.31%、5.71%、9.97%,土壤有效态铁、锰、锌含量较春闲田CK处理分别提高37.31%、62.35%、73.99%;中油肥1907翻压后土壤全铜含量较春闲田CK处理显著提高了84.29%;中油肥1901翻压后较春闲田CK处理显著提高了玉米子粒铁、锰、锌的吸收量及玉米产量和品质。不同春油菜绿肥品种翻压后土壤有效态铜含量、玉米子粒铜及锰含量与春闲田CK处理之间差异不显著;土壤有效态微量元素含量与春油菜中微量元素和土壤全量微量元素含量之间存在线性关系,且微量元素与玉米叶片叶绿素、含氮量、产量、可溶性糖、蛋白质呈显著或极显著正相关。华北地区种植并翻压中油肥1804、中油肥1901、中油肥1907能较好地提高土壤微量元素含量、生物有效性及玉米产量和品质。     

种植模式对湘西烟地绿肥生物量和养分积累量的影响

为明确湘西烟地适宜绿肥种植模式,研究了箭舌豌豆、黑麦草、油菜在单作和混作条件下的生物量和养分含量。结果表明：（1）箭舌豌豆的生物量明显高于黑麦草、油菜;（2）箭舌豌豆与其他绿肥混作模式的地下部分生物量要高于单作,但混作绿肥地上部分生物量不如单作;（3）箭舌豌豆以及箭舌豌豆与其他绿肥混作模式绿肥提供的全氮、全磷、全钾、全碳相对较高。因此,在湘西州烟区旱地,以推广种植箭舌豌豆或箭舌豌豆与其他绿肥混作模式为好。     

Agronomic and economic evaluation of Sesbania rostrata green manure establishment in irrigated rice

Research on crop establishment methods may improve green manure performance, reduce costs, and increase the adaptability of pre-rice green manure technology in lowland rice-based cropping systems. A two-season field experiment was conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Philippines in 1991–1992 to compare four establishment practices of Sesbania rostrata green manure (zero tillage, with tillage, relay cropping in rice for 2 or 4 weeks) with four mineral N fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg urea N/ha) in an intensive irrigated lowland system with three rice crops per year. S. rostrata was grown twice a year during the 43-day dry-wet and wet-dry transition periods between the wet and dry season rice crops.

Grain yield potential and fertilizer responsiveness of rice was generally highest in the dry season. On the other hand, S. rostrata growth was more vigorous in the wet season (long-day period) than in the dry season, regardless of establishment method. Green manure N accumulation was lowest with zero tillage (30 and 90 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively) and highest when it was relay-cropped for two weeks (60 and 180 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively). Land preparation for Sesbania ensured best green manure stand (> 100 plants/m² vs 20–40 plants/m² at no-till establishments) but increased costs of green manuring by US$16/ha compared with other establishment methods. A quadratic response function between mineral fertilizer equivalence and green manure N indicated that up to 75 kg N/ha, lowland rice uses green manure N more efficiently than urea. Depending on season and establishment method, S. rostrata substituted for 35 to 90 kg of split-applied urea N. Benefit-cost ratios indicated that pre-rice green manure use in the wet season under the current fertilizer and labor prices in the Philippines was a less attractive economic option than mineral N fertilizer. This was true for all establishment methods. In the dry season, S. rostrata established by relay cropping gave the highest rate of return. The 2-week relay cropping of green manure with irrigated rice gave highest green manure N accumulation and rice grain yield, and may be economically viable where fertilizer prices are higher or labor costs are lower than in the Philippines.     

不同秸秆及绿肥浸提液对玉米化感作用的研究

采用室内培养试验,通过测定油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英及紫云英+油菜秸秆4种浸提液对玉米发芽、幼苗生长及干重的影响,研究不同秸秆及绿肥对玉米的化感作用。结果表明,当浸提液浓度≥10 g/L时显著降低玉米发芽率。除紫云英+油菜秸秆浸提液对幼苗生长及干重表现为较强抑制作用外,其他浸提液均表现为显著促进作用或微弱抑制作用,紫云英浸提液促进作用最强,其中,油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英浸提液均在5 g/L时对幼苗总干重的促进作用最大,分别较对照提高10.85%、11.51%、16.71%。除紫云英+油菜秸秆外,其他秸秆及绿肥对玉米的化感作用整体上均表现为促进作用,油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英及油菜+紫云英浸提液的综合敏感指数分别为2.64%、3.59%、10.32%、-7.33%。     

施用豆科绿肥后砖红壤酸度随时间的动态变化

利用尼龙网袋法分析马占相思、蝴蝶豆、蔓草虫豆、猪屎豆、葛、绒毛山蚂蝗和四棱豆7种热带绿肥施入砖红壤后,对其酸度的动态影响。结果表明:施用绿肥后,土壤pH值显著提高,交换性酸总量和交换性铝含量明显降低,并且均在施用后的前2个月内效果最好,此后,土壤pH值快速下降,交换性酸总量和交换性铝含量快速增加,马占相思8个月后pH值显著低于对照,交换性铝含量显著高于对照,蔓草虫豆1 a后的交换性铝含量也显著高于对照土壤,葛与猪屎豆降低酸度的效果最好。     

3种南方绿肥腐解特征及其对淹水土壤养分和酶活性的影响

利用尼龙网袋法,盆栽模拟淹水土壤环境,研究南方常见绿肥紫云英、油菜和肥田萝卜的氮磷释放规律及其对淹水土壤酶活性的影响,绿肥翻压鲜重量为1.14 kg/m~2。在97 d的试验周期内,绿肥腐解率表现为:肥田萝卜紫云英油菜。3种绿肥向土壤环境中释放氮速率由高到低为:肥田萝卜油菜紫云英,并促进了总氮由土壤→溶液的释放,且土壤溶液97 d氮的平均增加量达到显著水平(p0.05)。磷的释放为:肥田萝卜紫云英油菜,其97 d土壤磷的平均增加量达到显著水平(p0.05);绿肥翻压显著影响了土壤多酚氧化酶和转化酶活性(p0.05)。同一种土壤酶在不同处理之间及同一处理条件下的不同酶之间均表现出显著的相关性(p0.05),即土壤酶在促进物质转化中不仅显示其专性催化特性,同时也体现了共性关系。3种绿肥中肥田萝卜改善土壤酶活性作用最明显。     

Alternative cropping systems can have contrasting effects on various soil-borne diseases: Relevance of a systemic analysis in vegetable cropping systems

Vegetable production makes an intensive use of pesticides, and a major challenge is to build alternative cropping systems that can control pests and diseases with fewer uses of chemical products. An on-farm analysis was conducted in Southeast France to assess the efficacy of several cropping systems in simultaneously controlling two major pests: root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and lettuce drop due to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Ten cropping systems resulting from the combinations of three crop sequences and two alternative techniques, solarization and green manure, were assessed during two years. The use of solarization once a year or once every two years limited the occurrence of S. sclerotiorum. Sorghum green manure tended to increase S. sclerotiorum incidence; the effect was positively correlated with green manure duration. Especially when no vegetable was cropped in summer, the green manure crop duration was lengthened and this probably created soil conditions favorable to the development of the fungus. The incidence of root-knot nematodes was largely dependent on crop rotation: a melon crop in summer increased its incidence on the subsequent lettuce crops whereas a summer sorghum cover crop had no effect. The cropping systems that limited Sclerotinia development in soil tended to support the root-knot nematode populations. These results should motivate farmers and advisers to adopt a systemic analysis and take into account the various interactions among inoculum level, soil characteristics, crop rotations, and technical management options for designing sustainable vegetable production systems.     

Field Evaluation of Coffee Grounds Application for Crop Growth Enhancement,Weed Control,and Soil Improvement

Abstract

The use of coffee grounds in crop fields were evaluated in terms of crop growth enhancement, soil improvement, and weed control during four successive cropping seasons for two years. Six summer and three winter green manure crops were grown from June 2009 to May 2011. In the first cropping season, the growth of all green manure crops was significantly inhibited by the application of 10 kg m^–2 of coffee grounds. However, the inhibitory effects spontaneously diminished after the second cropping season (about 12 months later), and the growth of guinea grass, sorghum and sunflower was about 2-fold higher than that of the control. The application of horse manure at 10 kg m^–2 effectively alleviated the inhibitory effects, even though the high concentration of coffee grounds was included. Although top dressing application of coffee grounds at 16 kg m^–2 permitted weed control, the impact maintained enough only for half a year. Coffee grounds application effectively increased both carbon and nitrogen contents of soil and reduced CN ratio. The soil amendment effects were significantly higher in terms of nitrogen enrichment and CN ratio improvement as compared with the horse manure application. These results indicated that coffee grounds are useful to enhance long term crop growth, short duration weed control, and soil improvement in agricultural fields by considering the inhibitory effects on the plant growth for half year after the application. Agricultural use of coffee grounds was also discussed in term of fallow periods in crop rotation.