烟粉虱与番茄黄化曲叶病毒病发生关系研究

[研究目的]为了明确番茄黄化曲叶病毒病在陕西的发生范围、不同种植茬口的发病率、烟粉虱对番茄黄化曲叶病毒病,为病毒病防治提供理论依据。[方法]通过田间定期普查和人工接虫相结合的方法研究了烟粉虱在番茄黄化曲叶病毒病侵染循环中所起的作用。[结果]结果表明,从不同种植区域来看,番茄黄化曲叶病毒病在陕西番茄栽培区域普遍发生,其中渭南、延安、西安,咸阳等地区发生最重,平均发病株率52.3%,病情指数平均32.6,汉中地区未发生。越夏茬番茄平均发病株率94.8%,平均病情指数53.8,平均产量降低74.0%;秋延茬和越冬茬次之,早春茬为害最轻。烟粉虱发生期与病毒病发生期相吻合,烟粉虱在较低密度情况下发生后20～25天,田间出现病毒病流行;在较高密度情况下,发生后10～15天田间出现病毒病流行。单株番茄单头烟粉虱带毒,即可引起番茄浸染病毒,随着虫口密度的增加,发病株率及发病程度依次增加。烟粉虱在感染番茄黄化曲叶病毒植株上获毒15min后即可传毒,并能够引起23.9%无毒植株染病,获毒720min时,植株感病率高达95.6 %,传毒效率与获毒时间呈正相关关系。[结论]陕西关中地区为番茄黄化曲叶病毒病为害严重地区,越夏茬番茄发病最严重,其次是秋延茬和越冬茬,烟粉虱的密度、带毒率、传毒效能是传播番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的关键因子,有效切断烟粉虱的传播以及避开烟粉虱的发生高峰期是制定番茄黄化曲叶病毒病防治策略的科学基础。     

科技动态

我国科学家研究发现,被世界自然保护联盟列入全球100种最危险入侵生物的B型烟粉虱与土著烟粉虱之间存在"非对称交配互作",这一机制在促进B型烟粉虱数量增长的同时,压抑土著烟粉虱种群增长,从而促进B型烟粉虱迅速入侵和扩张,取代危害性不大的土著烟粉虱。(农业部)     

短时高温暴露对Q型烟粉虱成虫存活和生殖适应性的影响

为了明确短时高温暴露对Q型烟粉虱成虫存活及生殖适应性的影响,将Q型烟粉虱成虫在不同温度（37℃、39℃、41℃、43℃、45℃）下暴露1h后研究了成虫存活率、产卵量及F1代存活率的变化。结果表明,Q型烟粉虱在37～45℃范围内暴露1h后,成虫存活率由100%下降到21.4%,41℃及以上高温对Q型烟粉虱成虫存活率有显著影响;高温暴露后Q型烟粉虱成虫产卵量没有显著影响,Q型烟粉虱成虫在41℃及以上高温下暴露1h后F1代的存活率显著下降。     

烟粉虱暴发成因及其治理技术研究

烟粉虱 ,学名Bemisiatabaci (Gennadius) ,又名棉粉虱 (cottonwhitefly)和甘薯粉虱 (sweetpotatowhitefly) ,属同翅目、粉虱科、小粉虱属。烟粉虱是热带和亚热带地区主要害虫之一。很长一段时间烟粉虱不是主要的经济害虫 ,但近年来不仅在南方而且在北方的一些地区逐年加重 ,至     

防治Q型烟粉虱适用药

<正>烟粉虱属同翅目粉虱科,20世纪90年代后期在我国一些地区相继暴发成灾,并迅速蔓延,目前已成为我国蔬菜、棉花、花卉等经济作物上的主要害虫之一。据报道,由于地理种群的差异,烟粉虱有许多具有显著遗传分化的生物型,北京地区过去以B型烟粉虱为主,近年来Q型烟粉虱演变为主要种群,Q型烟粉     

新疆烟粉虱已对多种杀虫剂产生抗性

<正>烟粉虱是重要的棉花害虫,近年来B型烟粉虱在我国广东、河北、河南、山东、天津、北京等地暴发危害。新疆是我国重要棉花产区,近年来也不可避免地受到了烟粉虱的危害。     

丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱和温室粉虱的寄生选择

在实验室条件下,评价了不同寄主粉虱及不同寄主植物对丽蚜小蜂产卵选择性及寄生能力的影响。结果表明,当烟粉虱和温室粉虱同时存在时,丽蚜小蜂喜欢寄生温室粉虱,温室粉虱上的寄生率显著高于烟粉虱的寄生率;当供试寄主仅为烟粉虱,在4种寄主植物同时存在时,丽蚜小蜂寄生烟粉虱能力在寄主植物间存在显著差异,寄生率从高到低的顺序为:烟草>甘蓝>棉花>黄瓜。     

黄绿绿僵菌分生孢子悬乳剂与低剂量阿维菌素联合防治Q型烟粉虱效果好

正烟粉虱是重要的入侵农业害虫,已对众多常规杀虫剂产生了高度抗性。安徽农业大学植保学院、中国烟草总公司青州烟草研究所、中国农科院植保所等单位合作,针对烟粉虱的高效治理问题,通过室内和田间联合应用昆虫病原真菌与化学农药,评价其是否对烟粉虱防治具有协同增效作用,以便为烟粉虱的有效防控提供新的途径。研究人员在前期试验已经筛选到一株对Q型烟粉虱毒力较高的黄绿绿僵菌(Metarhizium flavoviride)菌株     

苏云金杆菌片剂防治辣椒种子田烟粉虱试验效果分析

<正>烟粉虱是承德县辣椒种子田主要害虫之一,属同翅目粉虱科,烟粉虱、白粉虱混合发生,具有寄主广泛、世代重叠、繁殖速度快、传播扩散途径多、对化学农药易产生抗药性等特点。长期以来烟粉虱的防治主要以化学药剂防治为主,以致产生抗药性,防治效果显著降低。为了有效控制烟粉虱为害,本试验选取新型生物农药苏云金杆菌片剂进行了田间药效试验,试验表明,苏云金杆菌片剂对烟粉虱具有很好的防治效果,相对防治效果达78.91%,且绿色环保、安全无残留。     

烟粉虱种群数量消长规律与模型测报技术研究

为了揭示烟粉虱种群数量季节性消长规律,提高其预测预报水平,2006年2月至2007年2月利用塑料黄板涂抹机油在浙江临海城郊蔬菜基地系统诱测烟粉虱成虫消长情况,结果表明烟粉虱种群数量消长呈双峰型曲线变化,并分析了烟粉虱种群消长特性,以及与气象、耕作条件的相关性,建立了8种数学预测模型。应用这些模型可提前反映全年36个旬期的成虫数量变化动态,可进行全年灾变预警以及各旬期的预测预报,经检验预测吻合度达60%。对提高烟粉虱监测预警与综合防治水平具有重要指导意义     

转双价基因棉田主要害虫及其天敌的种群动态

2002—2003年在田间小区研究了转双价基因(Cry1Ac+CpTI)棉田主要害虫及其天敌的种群动态。结果表明,2、3、4代棉铃虫平均百株幼虫数量分别比常规棉减少81.4%、87.1%和87.0%,比Bt棉田减少11.1%、33.3%和57.1%,比常规棉用药田减少20.0%、66.7%和40.0%;百株棉苗蚜数量比Bt棉田减少4.0%,但分别比常规棉田和常规棉用药田增加21.6%和153.9%;百株伏蚜、棉粉虱数量分别比Bt棉田和常规棉田减少5.5%和23.3%、16.7%和13.0%,但比常规棉用药田增加61.7%和33.3%;百株棉叶螨、棉盲蝽和棉蓟马的数量比Bt棉减少34.0%、39.6%和5.9%,但分别比常规棉田和常规棉用药田增加158.3%和287.5%、20.8%和52.6%、23.1%和60.0%。百株草间小黑蛛、龟纹瓢虫和小花蝽的数量均明显高于常规棉用药田,与Bt棉和常规棉田差异不显著;百株棉蚜茧蜂和中红侧沟茧蜂数量均明显低于常规棉田,与Bt棉和常规棉用药田差异不显著。     

转基因棉田节肢动物群落结构与动态

2002年在河北省南皮县,以亲本常规棉(石远321)棉田为对照,对转CryC1Ac CpTI基因的双价抗虫棉(SGK321)棉田的节肢动物群落、害虫及其天敌的种群动态进行了系统研究,结果发现:SGK321棉田的功能团种类与常规棉田基本相同,两者节肢动物多样性差异并不显著,物种多样性指数分别为0.975和0.967。但SGK321棉田节肢动物总数量比常规棉田降低了53.9%,其主要原因是基位物种数量显著减少;SGK321棉田与其亲本对照棉田的害虫和捕食性天敌的种类基本相同,但数量差异较大。SGK321对靶标害虫具有很好的抗性,与对照棉田相比,棉铃虫种群数量减少了89.5%。SGK321对棉蚜、棉粉虱、绿盲蝽、小绿叶蝉等非标靶害虫的发生也具有一定抑制作用,其种群数量比对照棉田分别降低了64.5%,15.6%,21.8%和33.7%。SGK321棉田龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉的种群数量分别比对照增加34.0%和9.1%,但异色瓢虫、小花蝽、异须盲蝽、蚜茧蜂和蜘蛛类等其他主要天敌的数量则分别降低28.6%,6.5%,43.1%,44.7%和14.0%。由此表明:双价抗虫棉SGK321在对棉铃虫具有较好抗性的同时,对棉田主要非标靶害虫也都有一定抑制作用,对某些天敌种类的种群存在不利影响,但对棉田节肢动物多样性动态没有显著影响。     

Relation of cotton cultivars to the cotton-pest problem in the Sudan Gezira

Summary Growing of irrigated cotton in the Sudan, in relation to pest control, entered the crisis phase around 1967–68 and the disaster phase in 1980–81. At the cruxes of the pest-control problem lay the uncontrollable whitefly-induced lint stickiness and the American bollworm (ABW). The paper gives the succession of cotton varieties in the Gezira and reviews the reports on higher incidence of the whitefly and ABW on newer varieties.Logical explanations offered for the higher pest incidence on newer varieties lead to the conclusion that as compared with Sakel-type cottons, the Lambert-type cottons would have a greater build-up of the whitefly, while Acala cottons would have not only larger populations of both whitefly and ABW but also increased losses from the latter. Changes in area under different types of cotton are shown graphically in relation to the pest-control situation and a case is made for the hypothesis that varietal changes in the Gezira had profound ecological effects which favoured the whitefly and ABW, but made sprays less effective, leading eventually to the cotton-pest-control predicament. Finally, based on recent experience, a hope is expressed that switching to cultivars less favourable to the pests and more suited for efficient pesticide application would ease the cotton-protection problem.     

The Occurrence of Non-target Pests in Bt Cotton Fields in Hebei,Shandong and Henan Provinces

The occurrence and damage caused by whiteflies, cotton aphids, cotton thrips, mirid bugs, and cotton spider mites in the Bt cotton field, including 18 monitoring sites distributed in Hebei, Shandong, and Henan Provinces, were investigated from 2011 to 2012. In order of incidence of plants with pests, it showed that: whitefly (99.17%) > cotton aphids (98.33%) > cotton thrips (74.58%) > mirid bugs (43.10%) > cotton spider mites (20.95%). Compared with other pests, whiteflies had a highest incidence in the flower and boll stage of Bt cotton in Henan Province, and mirid bugs and cotton spider mites mainly occurred in the flower and boll stage in Hebei Province. Conversely, cotton aphids and cotton thrips showed the highest incidence at the bud stage in Hebei and Shandong Provinces, respectively. The results indicated that non-target pests showed significantly different occurrence and damage rates in various developmental stages of Bt cotton in different regions.     

转Bt基因棉田害虫和天敌组成及优势类群时序动态

在系统调查棉田节肢动物的基础上,就长江流域下游棉区种植转Bt基因棉对棉田害虫和天敌组成、数量以及时序动态的影响进行了分析。结果表明,转Bt基因棉田和常规棉田基本接近,均以棉蚜为害虫优势种,天敌优势种为草蛉、龟纹瓢虫、三突花蛛。按照营养关系分析表明,转Bt基因棉田和常规棉田均以植食性类群在营养层中占绝对优势,其次是捕食性天敌类群,而寄生性天敌较少;刺吸类害虫是植食性害虫的优势功能集团,瓢虫类、蜘蛛类和草蛉类为优势捕食性类群。转Bt基因棉能够显著减少棉田鳞翅目等靶标害虫类群的发生,而对其它非靶标害虫如刺吸类害虫以及棉田天敌发生没有显著影响。     

Assessment of the resistance of cotton germplasm (Gossypium spp.) to aphids (Homoptera, Aphididae) and leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae): methodology and genetic variability

We carried out an assessment of the resistance of 71 accessions of cotton ( Gossypium spp. L.) to the aphid Aphis gossypii and to leafhoppers under natural infestation. Our objectives were (i) to improve the methods for screening cotton germplasm for resistance to both pests, and (ii) to test the existence of genetic correlation between resistances to both insects. For both insects, the percentage of colonized leaves exhibited high genotypic correlation with the number of insects per leaf, had similar or higher heritabilities, and appeared as the better measure of insect populations. The one-plant-per-plot experimental design used allowed an assessment of resistance with high heritability value, and proved to be suitable for the screening of cotton germplasm. G. arboreum was more resistant to both insects than G. barbadense and G. hirsutum . While hairiness had a significant negative effect on resistance to aphids, no significant effect was observed on resistance to leafhoppers, excepted in G. arboreum . The lack of genotypic correlation between resistance to aphids and to leafhoppers demonstrated that a simultaneous improvement of the resistance is possible.     

Breeding high-yield upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) lines with high-quality fibre by mutation

The yield and fibre quality of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars are very difficult to improve simultaneously. Attempts to breed upland cotton cultivars with high-quality fibre that can spin more than 40 yarn count (Ne) and present yields equal to those of commercial cultivars have not been successful. The seeds of the high-yield upland cotton line Tai 8033 were mutagenized in a Chinese Practice No. 8 recoverable satellite, and the mutated line was selected to produce high-quality and high-yield lines by pedigree selection. The eight mutated lines fit the Chinese standard of high-quality cotton class I, were suitable for spinning more than 40 Ne and had yields that were 12.7%, 7.1% and 3.5% higher than the current control cultivar yield in the cotton cultivation area tested in Jiangsu Province. The fibre of one line successfully spun 80 Ne that fit the high-quality yarn standards. After seeds were mutagenized by exposure to a space environment in a satellite, the fibre quality of upland cotton cultivars was improved through pedigree selection.     

棉花冠菌素不敏感因子GhCOI1基因分离和对大丽轮枝菌的抗性分析

为了解决黄萎病对棉花的危害,利用基因工程技术培育抗病棉花品种是当前育种的主要目标。从棉花中克隆了一个黄萎病抗性基因GhCOI1,其编码冠菌素不敏感因子。GhCOI1基因序列全长2 213 bp,编码一个600氨基酸的多肽,分子量为68 k Da,等电点p I是7.06。GhCOI1含有典型的F-box和LRR结构域。组织表达分析表明,该基因在根器官优势表达,并且其表达受到大丽轮枝菌浸染诱导。利用病毒诱导基因沉默(Virus-induced gene silencing,VIGS)技术,抑制了GhCOI1基因在棉花植株中的表达;通过大丽轮枝菌接菌分析表明,GhCOI1基因沉默能够引起植株的抗性下降,发病加重。研究结果表明GhCOI1参与棉花对大丽轮枝菌抗性调控,因此,其可以作为棉花抗病育种的候选基因。     

Study Crystallinity of the Developing Cotton Fibers by Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

[Objective] The change of crystalline index (CI) of two different cultivated cotton fibers at the development stage was studied by micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The feasibility was verified by measuring CI in developing cotton fibers with micro-FTIR method. And it was utilized to estimate the CI of mature cotton fibers. [Method] Upland cotton 0-153 and sea island cotton S-6 were selected as examined materials. The cotton fibers of 2 varieties were obtained at 5-30 d post anthesis respectively, with a sampling interval of 5 d. After obtaining the fiber, it was washed several times with distilled water and then placed in an oven at 40℃ for 48 hours. After drying, the FTIR and XRD spectra of each sample were obtained. The CI is calculated according to 4 different FTIR-CI calculation methods, the crystallinity changes of different cotton varieties in the developing period were compared, and the correlation between the FTIR-CI and XRD-CI was studied. [Result] Only FTIR-CI calculated by the Carrillo-Colom index(FTIR-CCI) had a good correlation with XRD-CI method, with higher R2 than 0.9 of both varieties. The fitting model (IR-CI) between the FTIR-CCI and XRD-CI was used to calculate the CI of the twenty-three randomly selected mature fibers. The results showed that the accuracy of IR-CI was good, and the XRD-CI results were within the error range of the calculated results according to the IR-CI model, while the precision of IR-CI could not reach anticipation. [Conclusion] Micro-FTIR can be used to study the change of cellulose in cotton fiber during the developing period. The model of IR-CI established by the correlation between the FTIR-CCI and XRD-CI, can be used to evaluate the crystallinity of developing period in cotton fiber. However, for the study of the crystallinity of mature fibers, it is necessary to use a large number of samples in the later experiment to establish an optimized model.