与黄瓜抗枯萎病基因连锁的RAPD标记

以黄瓜抗枯萎病亲本WIS2757和感枯萎病亲本津研2号及其F2分离群体为试材,采用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)进行了与黄瓜抗枯萎病基因连锁的分子标记研究。运用RAPD技术,利用780条RAPD引物对抗、感亲本进行筛选,其中有113条引物在两亲本之间表现多态性,但仅有引物S49在两组间多态性标记与亲本的多态性标记相同。经F2单株分析,引物S49扩增出的特异DNA片段与WIS2757抗黄瓜枯萎病基因连锁,遗传距离为14 cM。DNA标记条带大约为300 bp,定名为S49-300。     

加拿大披碱草和老芒麦及其杂种F1,F2的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA技术(RAPD)对加拿大披碱草和老芒麦及其杂种F1,F2做了比较分析。旨在用分子标记方法探索亲本加拿大披碱草与老芒麦及其远缘杂种后代的遗传关系,为后期育种提供理论依据。结果表明:两亲本加拿大披碱草和老芒麦之间的亲缘关系较近,杂种F1主要表现为互补双亲的RAPD扩增带,同时还丢失了双亲部分的RAPD扩增带,杂种F1的多态性条带有偏向母本遗传的倾向;F1是真正的杂种;F2的多态性条带表明:F2与父母本的遗传距离相差不大,略偏向母本。亲本与杂种F1,F2的RAPD扩增带表型均具有一定的差异,RAPD遗传标记可用于杂种鉴定和目标性状植株的检测。     

南瓜抗CMV基因的RAPD分子标记筛选

以抗病自交系K01和感病自交系K02杂交后自交所得的F2群体为材料,采用分离群体分析法筛选与南瓜抗CMV基因连锁的RAPD分子标记。通过520个随机引物和310组双引物的RAPD扩增分析,共找到了2个与南瓜抗CMV亲本K01中的抗病基因相连锁的分子标记S4391400和S19 S345600。这2个标记与K01的抗病基因的重组率分别为7.5%和11.8%,遗传距离分别为7.1和11.7 cM。     

烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性ISSR和RAPD标记比较分析

对分离出的链格孢菌株用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术分析研究其遗传多样性,比较2种分子生物学方法在链格孢遗传分析中的优劣,为研究烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性及烟草抗病品种的培育奠定基础。采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记方法对来自不同地区的28份烟草赤星病菌进行遗传多样性分析,筛选出10个ISSR引物和10个RAPD引物;ISSR扩增出多态性条带112条,多态性条带比率为86.82%,菌株间相似性系数为0.53~0.97;RAPD引物扩增出多态性条带70条,多态性条带比率为81.39%,菌株间相似性系数为0.57~0.94。用SPSS 17.0 软件对2种标记遗传距离进行相关性分析,发现2种分子标记结果呈显著正相关,表明2种分子标记方法都适合于烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性研究,ISSR是一种多态性优于RAPD的标记技术。根据2种标记的结果,利用NTSYS软件按UPGMA方法进行聚类分析,发现烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性与地理差异没有显著相关性。     

用SRAP标记分析黄瓜品种遗传多样性及鉴定品种

利用相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记技术对35份不同类型的黄瓜品种进行了指纹图谱遗传多态性分析,从38对引物组合中筛选出3个多态性高的引物组合,此3对引物扩增得到的图谱可将35份黄瓜品种完全区分开来。依据SRAP指纹图谱聚类分析结果确定了品种之间的遗传距离以及鉴别的难易程度。用SRAP分子标记技术得到了两个黄瓜品种杂交组合F1与亲本的指纹图谱中的鉴别条带,可以用于黄瓜杂交种的纯度检测。     

克新系列马铃薯遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记技术对19份克新系列马铃薯品种进行了遗传多样性分析,分别提取19份马铃薯品种的DNA,进行随机引物多态性扩增,从1000条随机引物中初步筛选出7条有多态性的引物进行详细研究,每条RAPD引物扩增出4~9条带,共获得52条带,其中多态性条带为43条;19份马铃薯品种的遗传距离介于0.17~0.72之间,平均值为0.39,平均遗传距离介于0.31~0.51之间;聚类分析结果在GS=0.53处可将克新系列马铃薯品种划分为三类,聚类结果与系谱分析基本相符,同时也说明克新系列马铃薯的遗传基础有所拓宽。研究表明：RAPD标记简便、快速、成本低,适用于分析马铃薯遗传多样性,指导马铃薯育种实践中的亲本组配。     

烟草PVY抗性的遗传分析与分子标记筛选

本文以抗马铃薯Y病毒(简称PVY)的烟草品种RY5,感病品种Coker176为亲本,构建F1、正反交F2和正反交BC1群体,苗期摩擦接种PVY的抗性遗传分析结果表明,接种后第21d群体PVY抗性数据符合孟德尔单基因隐性质量性状的遗传模型。接种后第28d群体PVY抗性数据偏离孟德尔单基因隐性质量性状的遗传模型。提取F2代群体中抗病和感病单株DNA,从多条RAPD引物和一对SCAR引物中,筛选出两个紧密连锁的分子标记。RAPD标记O12V3695与RY5的抗病基因对应的显性等位基因位点(Va)间的遗传距离为2.10cM,而SCAR标记与Va间的遗传距离为2.52cM,这两个分子标记可用于抗PVY抗性育种。     

马铃薯种质资源遗传多样性分析及杂交子代SRAP鉴定

探讨马铃薯种质资源的遗传多样性并准确鉴定马铃薯杂交子代身份的真实性是马铃薯分子育种工作研究的重要内容。本研究基于SRAP分子标记分析54份马铃薯种质资源遗传多样性,并对"青薯7号(♀)"×"陇薯3号(♂)"杂交组合的50个杂种F1单株进行分子鉴定。结果表明:(1)从88对引物组合中筛选出12对主带清晰、条带丰富、多态性好的引物组合,对54份马铃薯种质资源的遗传多样性进行分析;共扩增出谱带215条,其中多态性条带180条,多态性比率为83.72%,多态性较高。(2)通过UPGMA法对54份马铃薯种质材料聚类分析显示,54份供试材料品种间遗传相似系数为0.55~0.83,平均为0.61;在遗传相似性系数0.645 6处,可将54份种质资源分为6大类群,包括5个复合组和1个独立类;54份马铃薯种质材料物种水平多样性条带百分率(PPB)为83.72%、Shannon多样性信息指数(I)为0.502 8±0.185 7、Nei's基因多样度指数(H)为0.335 5±0.148 1、平均每个位点上的观察等位基因数(Na)为1.990 7±0.096 2、平均每个位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.565 1±0.323 2。这些结果说明,供试马铃薯品种间的遗传多样性相对丰富,遗传差异较大。(3)应用两个亲本之间17对具有父本特征条带的SRAP引物对"青薯7号(♀)"×"陇薯3号(♂)"杂交组合的50个杂种F1代进行子代真实性分子鉴定,初步判定所有杂种F1均为真实的杂交种。本研究结果可为马铃薯亲本的筛选及杂交子代早期鉴定提供理论数据和技术参考。     

不同类型抗虫棉品种基于RAPD的遗传多样性分析

以97014、 BR-S-10和sGK321等14份不同类型的抗虫棉花品种(系)为基础,利用RAPD分子标记技术,对这些棉花品种(系)的遗传多样性进行了研究.结果表明,从210个随机引物中筛选出21个引物能在14份抗虫棉品种(系)间扩增出稳定性较好的多态性片段,筛选的21个引物在该品种(系)群体中共扩增了137个RAPD标记,其中多态性标记57个,占总标记数的42.2%,平均每条引物扩增6.52条带.利用Jaccard遗传相似系数计算了14份抗虫棉品种(系)的RAPD数据的距离矩阵,按UPGMA方法进行聚类,发现14个品种(系)间的遗传距离在0.0351～1.056之间.聚类分析表明,14个棉花品种可分为2大类4亚类,揭示了抗虫棉花品种种质资源的多样性,大多数品种的遗传基础比较狭窄.     

黄瓜抗枯萎病基因连锁分析和定位

为筛选出与黄瓜抗枯萎病相关基因连锁的SSR分子标记,以对黄瓜抗枯萎病为单显性基因的母本WIS2757和感枯萎病父本津研2号及其F1、F2分离群体为试材,通过构建抗、感池对黄瓜枯萎病抗性进行SSR分析。结果表明:通过对278对SSR引物进行筛选,获得在双亲间存在多态性的引物102对,进一步通过抗、感池筛选,获得抗感池DNA间有差异的引物10对。经F2感病群体验证,共获得9个与黄瓜枯萎病抗性基因(Foc-4)连锁的SSR分子标记,并初步将Foc-4基因定位在2号染色体两标记SSR17631和SSR00684之间,距基因Foc-4的遗传距离分别为1.0 c M和0.9 c M,为进一步开发抗枯萎病分子标记及克隆黄瓜抗枯萎病基因奠定了基础。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.