Do Cover Crop And Soil-Mediated Legacy Influence Succeeding Wheat Production?

ABSTRACT

Biotic interaction of cover crops (CCs) can have a legacy effect on succeeding crops mediated by changes in nutrient dynamics. Depending on species, CCs influence nitrogen (N) dynamics by sequestering N and subsequent N release. Interactions of three CC species, Austrian Pea (Pisum sativum L.), winter rye (Secale cereal L.), and winter camelina (Camelina sativa L.), and three different soils were studied under greenhouse conditions on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and soil N availability. CCs were grown for two months and then incorporated, followed by the planting of wheat. CC biomass production ranged from 0.10 to 2.05 Mg ha^?1 in this order by species: Pea> Rye> Camelina. Biomass production by soil was in the order of Casselton>Ada>Minot. Succeeding wheat grain yield and grain N uptake was highest under pea in the order of pea>camelina>control>rye. Rye reduced grain yield and N uptake. Wheat yield ranged from 2.19 to 3.24 Mg ha^?1 depending on CC species-soil interaction. The N balance showed a 3–79% higher N surplus with the CCs. The N balance ranged from 78 kg N ha^?1 for the control to 140 kg N ha^?1 for pea. N surplus was greater for a pea in all soils, indicating pea can be regarded as an effective cover that can efficiently recycle N and provide additional agronomic benefits. Greater N balance with CCs shows that CCs can increase the amount of N accounted for in the system, which can significantly affect the N dynamics throughout the growing season.     

作物与坡度交互作用对坡面径流侵蚀产沙的影响

利用人工模拟降雨试验,通过观测作物不同生长阶段、不同坡度径流量和土壤流失量的动态变化过程,研究作物和坡度对坡面土壤侵蚀的共同影响.结果表明:作物和坡度均对坡面径流的形成、发展产生较大的影响.与裸地相比,种植玉米条件下,坡面地表径流量平均减少23.80％,土壤流失量平均减少44.25％,玉米对坡面产流产沙的抑制作用随玉米生长逐渐增强,坡面产流产沙量均随坡度的增加而增大.作物幼苗期的坡面径流量和土壤流失量主要受坡度的增强作用控制,至作物生长旺盛期,作物种植对坡面产流产沙的抑制作用成为主导因素.作物的存在可在一定程度上削弱坡度对产流产沙的增加作用,有效降低坡面的水土流失量.     

集对分析在作物产量年景预报中的应用

影响作物产量预报准确性的关鍵问题之一是自然条件下预报因子对作物产量影响的不确定性。本文针对作物产量预报的特点,应用集对分析中联系度的概念,将影响作物产量的预报因子分为适宜区间、影响不明显区间、不适宜区间和减产区间,进行同异反分析,建立了基于集对分析的作物产量预报模型。并对新昌县小麦产量进行预报试验,结果表明,联系度的引进改进了预报因子的合理性,能提高小麦产量预报的准确性。     

稻草覆盖对旱地小麦产量与土壤环境的影响

江苏淮北丘陵岗岭地区光热资源充足，但水资源匮乏，季节性干旱突出，严重制约了农业生产的发展。为寻求适合于该区农业可持续发展的合理农艺措施，在东海县岭沙土上进行稻草覆盖田间试验，结果表明：稻草覆盖可明显减少土壤水分蒸发，土壤含水率增加13.5%～59%，小麦平均增产12.5%，而且对提高后茬作物产量和改善土壤物理性状，均具有一定作用。     

基于马尔柯夫过程和概率分布特征的粮食产量预测

通过分析粮食单产中气象产量分量时间序列的变化规律，综合运用马尔柯夫模型和概率密度分布函数，构建相对气象产量预测模型。以河南省民权县和陕西省武功县1949—1999年小麦单产序列为例构建模型，预测得到2000年两地区小麦产量的相对误差在20％以下。预测结果表明：综合运用马尔柯夫过程和概率分布特征预测粮食产量的方法是有效的。     

用GIS和作物模型对作物生产进行区域模拟方法

简要地介绍了区域模拟及对模拟结果进行检验的方法。基于空间地理信息的模拟既能反映大范围地区内气候、土壤等地理信息的空间变量对作物产量的影响 ,也能反映不同地区社会经济情况、农业耕作方式等对作物生产的影响。在GIS技术支持下 ,对基于站点的作物生长模拟模型进行改造 ,从而对大区域范围进行以特点网格 (如 5 0km× 5 0km)为单元的模拟     

基于农业气象模型的农作物单产预测系统

基于农作物单产可以分解为趋势产量和气象产量的原理。采用面向对象的开发方法，在Windows 32位操作系统环境下，用VB与MO作为开发工具，成功开发了Client／Server结构的农作物单产预测系统。系统将数据库技术、组件化GIS技术集成在一起，各模块之间实现了无缝连接。系统运行表现出良好的性能。     

黄土台原旱地小麦机械化保护性耕作栽培体系的水分及产量效应

针对黄土台原自然资源特点及农业生产实际，在已有研究基础上，将“高留茬”、“深松耕”和“起垄覆膜沟播”3项技术有机结合，组成旱地小麦机械化保护性耕作栽培体系。研究表明，夏闲期采用高留茬、深松耕可以把夏闲期占小麦全生产年度50%的降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤之中，较传统翻耕法多蓄水约76.2 mm，蓄水率达55%以上；在此基础上，种麦时再应用起垄覆膜沟播技术，既可以把夏闲期蓄积到土壤中的水分最大限度地保住，又可把小麦生育期的降水量最大限度地蓄留，从而使旱地小麦的水分条件明显改善，增产增收效果显著，是黄土台原旱作小麦实现高产、稳产的一种比较理想的模式。     

基于花粉量的作物产量预测模型研究进展

为了探究以花粉量为主要因子的作物产量预测模型的应用前景,综述了国内外构建花粉量产量预测模型的相关研究进展,发现在传统的气象产量预测统计模型中,引入花粉量因子,可以提高产量预测的准确性;基于花粉量监测技术的限制,花粉量产量预测模型更适用于同一生长季内单一作物,面积超过一定规模的种植区域的产量预测,有较好的应用前景;对于同一生长季,作物种类多、面积小、空间分散的种植区域来说,花粉量产量预测模型应用效果的好坏将主要取决于通过花粉量监测技术获得的花粉量数据的质量和数量。要使花粉量产量预测模型在中国得到很好的应用,需要建设完备的花粉监测网,提高花粉识别技术并推广应用,积累足够的花粉量数据以构建稳定而全面的产量预测模型。     

Optical Sensor‐Based Algorithm for Crop Nitrogen Fertilization

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization for cereal crop production does not follow any kind of generalized methodology that guarantees maximum nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this work was to amalgamate some of the current concepts for N management in cereal production into an applied algorithm. This work at Oklahoma State University from 1992 to present has focused primarily on the use of optical sensors in red and near infrared bands for predicting yield, and using that information in an algorithm to estimate fertilizer requirements. The current algorithm, “WheatN.1.0,” may be separated into several discreet components: 1) mid‐season prediction of grain yield, determined by dividing the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) by the number of days from planting to sensing (estimate of biomass produced per day on the specific date when sensor readings are collected); 2) estimating temporally dependent responsiveness to applied N by placing non‐N‐limiting strips in production fields each year, and comparing these to the farmer practice (response index); and 3) determining the spatial variability within each 0.4 m² area using the coefficient of variation (CV) from NDVI readings. These components are then integrated into a functional algorithm to estimate application rate whereby N removal is estimated based on the predicted yield potential for each 0.4 m² area and adjusted for the seasonally dependent responsiveness to applied N. This work shows that yield potential prediction equations for winter wheat can be reliably established with only 2 years of field data. Furthermore, basing mid‐season N fertilizer rates on predicted yield potential and a response index can increase NUE by over 15% in winter wheat when compared to conventional methods. Using our optical sensor‐based algorithm that employs yield prediction and N responsiveness by location (0.4 m² resolution) can increase yields and decrease environmental contamination due to excessive N fertilization.     

通过转基因手段改善作物产量性状

在世界范围内,目前的作物转基因研究主要针对于提高作物自身的抗逆性开展,而产量是一个较为复杂的农艺性状,受多种基因与环境的相互作用所控制.其中,光合作用、氮素同化、碳源分配、植株株型等生理过程是产量形成的基础.随着植物基因组测序工程的逐渐完善,控制上述生理过程的许多基因已被成功分离,并通过基因工程手段对其进行遗传修饰,最终获得了产量性状得以明显改善的转基因植物.虽然目前对于基因如何调控每个性状的机制尚未得到充分阐明,但是这些基因的获得及其增产功能的验证为作物的高产育种提供了一条全新的思路和一系列新方法.随着国家转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项的实施,对功能基因的认识显得尤为重要,本文主要从影响作物产量形成的源、流、库、株型、氮素及水分利用率等几方面入手,对近10年来控制植物产量性状基因的相关研究进行了综述,期望为高产转基因作物新品种的培育提供一定的理论依据.     

Prediction of Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Wheat from Net Nitrogen Balance after Rice in Rice–Wheat Cropping System

Net nitrogen (N) balance after rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its relationship with yield and N uptake of succeeding wheat crop was studied in a greenhouse. Three urea-enriched green manures, namely dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) were compared with split application of urea in a rice–wheat cropping sequence. After rice, a negative N balance was measured in all treatments; however, the N balance values were greater with urea than with green manures. The N balance was positively correlated with the N content but negatively correlated with lignin content and carbon (C)–N ratio of the green manures. Lignin content was a better index than C/N ratio for predicting the net N balance, which described 82.3% of the total variations. Efficiency of residual N utilization by wheat could be determined by estimating the N balance after rice. Net N balance after rice can be used as a yardstick for the prediction of yield and N uptake by wheat crop.     

作物产量灰色马尔柯夫链预测模型

以黑龙江垦区１９４９－１９９２年小麦单产资料为例，用灰色系统ＧＭ（１，１）动态预测模拟和预测趋势产量，用马尔柯夫链动态预测模型预报气象产量，从而组合一套完整的作特意一灰色马尔柯夫链预测模型。以此模型对黑龙江垦区小麦单进行预测，其结果均怀实况基本相符。     

水肥管理对带田土壤肥力和作物产量的影响

通过8年田间定位试验,采用裂-裂区的试验方法研究了灌溉定额、绿肥、化肥及其交互作用对灌漠土小麦/玉米带田土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。结果表明:随灌溉定额的增加,土壤全钾和全盐含量极显著降低,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著降低,pH值极显著上升。种植绿肥能极显著提高土壤的有机质、全氮、全钾和速效氮含量,能极显著降低土壤的pH值。施用化肥可以极显著提高土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和全盐含量,能极显著降低土壤的pH值。对于小麦/玉米带田来说,6000 m3hm~(-2)的灌溉定额足以保证带田作物的产量水平,但要十分注意灌溉定额和灌溉时间的合理搭配,灌溉定额和灌溉时间要合理分配在影响小麦玉米产量的关键生育期。4500 m3hm~(-2)的灌溉定额下,种植绿肥能显著提高小麦产量。施用化肥能极显著提高小麦产量、玉米产量以及小麦玉米的总产量。灌溉定额与化肥之间的交互作用对玉米产量和总产量表现出极显著的影响,6000 m3hm~(-2)的灌溉定额下施用化肥能极显著提高带田玉米产量和总产量,此条件下带田玉米产量和总产量均达到最高。     

Response of Wheat Cultivars to Nitrogen and Sulfur for Crop Yield,Nitrogen Use Efficiency,and Protein Quality in the Semiarid Region

ABSTRACT

The effects of nitrogen (N at 0, 100 and 180 kg N ha-1) and sulfur (S at 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg S ha-1) on crop yield, nutrient uptake, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and amino acid composition of two bread wheat cultivars, ‘Shehan’ and ‘Enkoy,’ grown in Andisols and Cambisols in randomized blocks with three replications were evaluated. Both cultivars responded significantly (P < 0.05) to N and S applications and S application with N improved the NUE by 28%. The yield increase for the two cultivars by N and S application ranged between 0.8 to 2.4 Mg ha^?1. The N concentration increased significantly from N0 to N2 in both cultivars. Sulfur fertilization increased the concentration of cysteine and methionine by 27% and 14%, respectively, as compared to N alone. The grain yield, NUE, N, and S uptake, and the S-amino acid concentration of ‘Enkoy’ were significantly higher than ‘Shehan’ cultivar.     

水土保持作物百喜草研究

 经长期筛选、观测及试验研究,其结果显示,百喜草为目前热带、亚热带最佳的覆盖作物。它具有耐瘠、耐旱、耐酸碱、耐踏、耐浸及中等耐荫等特性,种植于果园坡面、梯壁、沟渠、山边沟、边坡、农路等,不但可保护或延长设施的使用年限,达成了保育耕作及省工经营,而且绿化了坡地农场,也获得了环境保育的成效。40多年径流小区试验结果表明,百喜草对土壤冲蚀控制效果良好,降低泥砂的功效极为显着,亦能有限度降低洪峰流量,利于防洪。同时,百喜草是一种土壤优化作物和生态环境保育作物。     

关于两种农作物产量调查方法的意见

农村土地承包到户以后,农作物产量的调查统计工作只能通过随机抽取样本,调查样本产量,然后用样本产量来推算总产量的方法完成。普遍采用的两种调查方法(以人为主的入户调查法和以地块为主的测产调查法)各有优势,文章通过对两种调查方法的比较,评价其优劣。     

喷灌均匀系数对作物产量影响的模拟研究

在假定喷灌水量符合线性分布的条件下,提出了一种研究作物产量与灌水均匀系数关系的模型。模拟结果表明,对一定的灌水量来说,作物产量随均匀系数的增大而增加。以净效益最大为原则,用所提出的模型研究了不同灌水均匀系数时的最优灌水量。结果指出,最优灌水量随均匀系数的增大而减小,但随产品价格与水的造价比值的增大而增大。该模型还用来确定不同灌水量时的最优灌水均匀系数,结果表明,最优灌水均匀系数随灌水量的增大而增大,但当毛灌水量与要求灌水量之比超过０．８５时,最优灌水均匀系数稳定在９０％附近     

土壤磷素对作物产量及供磷能力的影响

多年多点试验研究表明 ,河西走廊地区主要耕地 0～ 2 0cm耕层有效P平均含量 9 9mg/kg ,10mg/kg以下的农田占 5 6 4% ,大于 15mg/kg的占 19 5 % ,90 %的农田施P增产 15 0 %～ 2 6 0 %。作物对土壤磷依存率在氮肥激发条件下为 68 1%～ 85 9% ;无肥条件下 46 1～ 75 8% ,供磷力与土壤磷呈正相关。作物吸收的磷素 14 1%～ 3 1 9%由当季施肥供给 ,磷肥的当季利用率平均为 9 9%～ 17 6%。     

风沙区春小麦作物系数试验研究

作物系数是利用参考作物法计算作物需水量的重要参数之一。该文利用水量平衡法反求春小麦的作物系数,分析了风沙区春小麦作物系数在生育期内的变化规律,建立了春小麦作物系数与播后天数、生育期累积积温关系的函数曲线,同时还采用FAO分阶段直线法构建了春小麦作物系数曲线。结果表明,春小麦作物系数与播后天数和生育期累积积温之间分别呈现出良好的6次多项式关系和4次多项式关系,回归曲线与数据点拟合得非常好,相关系数(R²)均在0.94以上;采用FAO分阶段直线法得到的3个典型值分别为:初始生长期0.57、生育中期1.70、收获时0.55