M41型IBV对输卵管中雌激素、孕激素受体及胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ表达的影响

本试验通过相对定量RT-PCR检测接种M41型鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)对蛋鸡输卵管各部分(蛋白部、峡部、伞部和子宫)雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)及胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)mRNA表达的影响,研究IBV早期感染(10 d)抑制蛋鸡输卵管发育的作用机制。结果显示,输卵管各部均有ER、PR和IGF-Ⅰ mRNA的表达,染毒组ER、PR mRNA的表达量较正常对照组显著减少(P＜0.05),而IGF-Ⅰ的表达量较正常对照组显著增加(P＜0.05)。可见IBV可通过降低ER和 PR mRNA的表达水平,抑制输卵管对雌激素的应答能力而影响输卵管的发育;而IGF-Ⅰ可能是以自分泌、旁分泌方式在输卵管局部起作用,是输卵管生长的调节因子。     

雌激素受体α、β在妊娠猪子宫中的表达

众所周知,子宫是一个内分泌、旁分泌和自分泌的分子作用靶器官,类固醇激素对其具有特殊的重要性。本试验通过RT-PCR、Western bloting和免疫组化技术对怀孕猪整个妊娠期（交配后10、18、32、50、71、90 d）的雌激素受体（ERα和ERβ）mRNA和蛋白质进行了定位。研究结果首次发现,猪的整个妊娠周期中都有雌激素受体蛋白存在。ERα存在于怀孕猪子宫的腔上皮（LE）、腺上皮（GE）细胞和子宫肌层的肌细胞中,而且在妊娠的不同阶段染色的强度并不相同;在怀孕猪妊娠周期内LE和GE细胞中均可检测到ERβ,但子宫肌层上仅只有少许细胞中存在ERβ,并且染色结果显示弱免疫反应。Western bloting分析结果表明,试验期内都能检测到ERα和ERβ蛋白。RT-PCR结果显示,在妊娠期的每一阶段都有ERα和ERβ的mRNA表达。以上结果表明,相对ERβ而言,妊娠猪子宫中ERα含量更丰富,且占主导地位;怀孕猪整个妊娠周期内都能发现ERα和ERβ,并且可能对雌激素细胞的增值和分化起直接作用。     

雌激素与前列腺素受体对奶牛输卵管上皮细胞输卵管蛋白合成和分泌的影响

旨在研究雌激素与前列腺素受体对奶牛输卵管上皮细胞输卵管蛋白合成与分泌的调控作用。用荧光定量PCR检测了奶牛输卵管上皮细胞输卵管蛋白mRNA的表达;采用Western blot检测了奶牛输卵管上皮细胞输卵管蛋白的表达。同时,加入雌激素(10~(-10)mol/L)和butaprost(PE受体激动剂,10~(-6)mol/L),雌激素(10~(-10)mol/L)和fluprostenol(PF受体激动剂,10-6mol/L),分别观察对输卵管蛋白表达的影响。结果表明:雌激素与PGE_2受体对奶牛输卵管上皮细胞输卵管蛋白的分泌调控具有协同作用;雌激素与PGF_(2α)受体对奶牛输卵管上皮细胞输卵管蛋白的分泌调控具有间接拮抗作用。     

“益母散”对去卵巢小鼠发情和雌激素受体表达的影响

旨在研究纯中药制剂"益母散"是否对小鼠子宫有直接作用并影响小鼠的发情和雌激素受体的表达。以性成熟雌性小鼠为研究对象,通过手术去除小鼠卵巢,用"益母散"进行灌胃试验,试验期间每天进行阴道涂片,检测小鼠的发情情况,试验结束后取出子宫,测子宫质量,同时对子宫组织HE染色观察子宫的组织形态,通过PCR检测子宫雌激素受体表达,并测定发情期血清雌激素水平。结果表明,"益母散"可明显抑制去卵巢小鼠子宫的萎缩(P0.01),并能促进去卵巢小鼠子宫发育、维持子宫正常组织形态、促进雌激素受体ERαmRNA表达,使去卵巢小鼠出现发情表现。这表明"益母散"具有一定的类雌激素样作用,可通过上调雌激素受体表达,使去卵巢小鼠在内源性雌激素水平较低的情况下出现发情表现。     

海兰褐蛋鸡卵巢与输卵管ESR基因定量研究

为了研究海兰褐蛋鸡卵巢、输卵管漏斗部(以下简称漏斗部)与输卵管子宫部(以下简称子宫部)雌激素受体基因表达水平,试验采用荧光定量PCR技术检测蛋鸡的卵巢、漏斗部与子宫部的雌激素受体表达情况。结果表明:漏斗部组织ESR1 mRNA表达水平与其他两组相比差异极显著(P0.01);子宫部、卵巢组织ESR1 mRNA表达水平差异不显著(P0.05)。说明雌激素受体与漏斗部功能可能存在着密切的关系。     

雌激素受体和雌性生殖研究进展

雌激素通过雌激素受体（ER）在雌性生殖活动中起着重要作用,雌激素受体是配体依赖的转录调节因子,属核受体超家族成员。目前认为存在2种亚型：即经典的ERα和新发现的ERβ。利用基因敲除技术研究表明,ERα和ERβ对于卵巢的发育不是必需的,但ERα可通过负反馈回路调节排卵,而ERβ通过卵巢内和卵巢外2条途径调节卵泡的发育和排卵,两者共同作用以维持雌性性征、卵泡发育和排卵等生理活动;在子宫中,ERα占主导作用,在子宫成熟和胚胎附植过程中起着重要作用,ERβ则能以反应特异性和剂量依赖性的方式调节ERα的作用。     

蛋壳形成过程中部分生殖激素及其受体基因变化规律的研究

为了解蛋鸡产蛋过程中相关激素和受体基因的变化规律,试验采用放射免疫技术(RIA)和荧光定量PCR技术对蛋壳形成过程中血清孕酮(P4)、雌二醇(E2)2种激素含量的动态变化和孕酮受体(PR)、雌激素受体(ERα)在输卵管子宫部的表达进行测定。结果表明:蛋进入子宫前1小时孕酮含量最高,与其他时间点相比差异极显著(P0.01),蛋进入子宫部后孕酮含量逐渐下降,直到产蛋后1小时孕酮含量开始上升;雌二醇含量在蛋进入输卵管子宫部15小时最高,蛋排出时最低,产蛋后1小时开始升高;蛋壳形成过程中PGRmRNA的变化趋势是下降-上升-下降,蛋进入输卵管子宫部15小时PGR表达量较蛋排出时有极显著提高(P0.01),之后PGR表达量开始下降;在蛋壳形成过程中ERα表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势,在蛋进入输卵管子宫部45分钟时ERα表达量最高,与蛋排出时、产蛋后1小时相比差异极显著(P0.01)。     

出生后发育时期济宁青山羊乳腺中ERα和PR的分布及其mRNA表达

本研究旨在探讨济宁青山羊出生后发育过程中乳腺组织内雌激素受体α(ERα)和孕激素受体(PR)免疫阳性细胞的分布及平均光密度和mRNA分子水平的表达规律.应用SP免疫组化法和图像分析方法检测ERα和PR在济宁青山羊乳腺内的分布;以GAPDH为内参基因,qRT-PCR方法检测ERα和PR mRNA的相对表达量.结果表明,ERα和PR阳性染色主要见于乳腺组织内的血管内皮细胞、基质细胞和腺管上皮细胞的细胞核中,偶见胞浆阳性着色,180日龄在腺泡上皮细胞亦可见PR阳性表达;ERα和PR平均光密度自出生～性成熟期呈现逐渐上升的趋势,且性成熟期显著高于出生当天和初情期(P＜0.05),但与180日龄相比无显著差异(P＞0.05).qRT-PCR结果显示,ERα mRNA的表达量自出生～性成熟期呈现逐渐上升趋势,性成熟期最高,极显著高于出生当天和初情期(P＜0.01),180日龄略有下降.PR mRNA表达量自出生当天～性成熟期较低且组间差异不显著(P＞0.05),180日龄的表达量最高且极显著高于其他的3组(P＜0.01).济宁青山羊出生后发育过程中,ERα对腺管伸长和上皮分化以及PR对腺管分支和腺泡发育起促进作用.     

性腺激素对山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞激素受体表达的影响

为探讨性腺激素对山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞激素受体表达的影响。本研究构建永生化山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞(EEC)与基质细胞(ESC)体外培养研究模型,通过细胞免疫荧光技术检测性腺激素E2或/和P4对单独培养EEC中PR与ER表达水平的调节作用以及ESC对该作用的影响。结果显示:与未加激素对照组相比,单独添加P4或与E2同时加入均可显著抑制单独培养EEC中PR与ER的表达(P<0.05);而单独添加E2可轻微促进2种激素受体表达水平。在添加有ESC条件培养液的EEC培养模式中,E2单独作用对EEC中PR与ER表达水平无显著影响;P4单独或与E2共同作用下,EEC中PR与ER表达水平均较未加激素对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。性腺激素对单独培养及与ESC共培养模式下的EEC中PR与ER表达水平的调节作用相似,P4对山羊EEC中PR与ER表达水平具有显著抑制作用。     

雌激素受体在鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交早期胚胎中的差异表达及其作用

旨在研究雌激素受体（ER）与鸡-鹌鹑属间杂交早期胚胎发育、性别分化的关系。人工授精获得鸡（♂）-鹌鹑（♀）杂交种蛋，按照鸡的孵化标准同批入孵，连续采集早期活胚（2．75、3．00、3．25、3．50、3．75、4．00、4．25、4．50、4．75、5．00d），采用RT—PCR法，用Wpkci和β-actin引物进行多重PCR，鉴定早期胚胎性别；之后选取各时间点雌、雄胚胎各4枚，以β-actin为内标，测定ER mRNA相对表达丰度。雌、雄胚胎ER mRNA的发育性变化趋势基本一致，2．75～3．00d表达水平均较高；3．25d雄性表达水平显著降低（P〈0．05），雌性则极显著降低（P〈0．01）；3．50d雌、雄表达水平又回复至较高水平；3．75d二者均极显著降低（P〈0．01），此后一直维持在较低水平。不同日龄间比较，2．75～3．50d雌性ER表达高于雄性，差异极显著（P〈0．01）。杂交胚胎性分化时间大致开始于胚胎发育的第2．75～3．50d，性分化期ER的异常表达可能与胚胎死亡、杂种不育有关，这一结论有待于进一步研究发育同期鸡、鹌鹑胚胎ER的表达及其功能后证实。     

Expression and localization of estrogen receptors α and β mRNA in medullary bone of laying hens

The aim of this study was to observe the expression and localization of estrogen receptor (ER) α and ER β mRNA in the medullary bone of laying hens. First, medullary bone, liver, kidney, and shell gland of the oviduct tissues were dissected from laying hens. Then, the total cellular RNA was isolated from each tissue specimen, and the ER α and ER β mRNA expression was observed using semiquantitative RT‐PCR. Second, the localization of ER α mRNA in the medullary bone was detected with in situ hybridization using digoxigenin‐11‐UTP‐labeled cRNA probes. As a result, the expression of ER α mRNA was higher than that of ER β mRNA in the medullary bone, liver, and shell gland of the oviduct from laying hens. In the kidney, ER α mRNA expression was lower than that of ER β mRNA. The expression pattern of ER α and ER β mRNA of the medullary bone was similar to that of the shell gland of the oviduct. Moreover, ER α mRNA was intensively expressed in osteoblasts on the medullary bone surface and bone marrow stromal cells but was not expressed in osteoclasts. These results suggest that in medullary bone, estrogen action may be regulated not by ER β but by ER α.     

Ultrastructural study of infectious bronchitis virus infection in infundibulum and magnum of commercial laying hens

The infundibulum and magnum of the oviduct were examined in hens in full lay which were infected with two Australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The ultramicroscopic changes in the infundibulum and magnum were compared with control hens which had eggs at different positions in the oviduct. The ciliated and granular cells of the surface epithelia and secretory epithelial cells of the tubular glands were the target cells of IBV. No pathological changes were recorded during 2-8 days post-infection (p.i.). Patchy loss of cilia occurred at 10-14 days p.i. Between 16 and 24 days p.i., there was no cilia loss and lymphoid nodules were observed in the muscularis layer of the infundibulum and magnum of some hens from both infected groups. Virus particles were detected mostly in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi complex between 10 and 12 days p.i. Cytopathology was noticed in various cell organelles between the 10th and 14th days p.i. There was an increase in RER deposits in infected cells, irrespective of egg position in the oviduct. The magnum was more affected than the infundibulum. Cellular changes were more severe in the infundibulum and magnum of T-infected hens as compared to N1/88-infected hens. Eggs with watery whites which were laid by infected hens could be attributed to cytopathological changes in the granular epithelial cells and tubular gland epithelial cells of the magnum resulting in reduced synthesis of albumen proteins. IBV can cause pathology in parts of the fully functional oviduct which may persist up to the 30th day p.i. However, both the challenge strains of IBV can cause a small number of hens to cease production. Loss of cilia in both the infundibulum and magnum pose a potential threat of secondary bacterial infection and also may affect fertility in breeder hens.     

Regulation by gonadal steroids of estrogen and progesterone receptors along the reproductive tract in female lambs.

The regulation of estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER, PR) expression by estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in the oviduct, uterus and cervix of female lambs was studied. The animals received three intramuscular injections of E2, P4 or vehicle with an interval of 24 h and they were slaugthered 24 h after the third injection. Determinations of ER and PR were performed by binding assays and mRNAs of ER alpha and PR by solution hybridization. High levels of ER and PR in both cervix and oviduct were found in the female lamb, differing from other mammalian species. No significant effects by either E2 or P4 treatment on ER and PR levels in the cervix and oviduct could be observed. E2 treatment increased the mRNA levels of ERa and PR more than 3-fold in the cervix, while P4 treatment increased the mRNA levels of ERa and PR in the uterus. The results show differential effects of gonadal steroids on sex steroid receptor expression along the reproductive tract in female lambs, suggesting that steroid target tissues can modulate responses to the same circulating levels of steroid hormones.     

An Immunohistochemical Study of the Oviduct in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)

This study describes the distribution of vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin (SMA) and laminin in the oviduct of the laying domestic fowl. Vimentin immunostaining was localised in the luminal epithelium of the infundibulum, magnum, magnum–isthmus junction and isthmus. The luminal epithelium of the shell gland regions displayed weak vimentin immunostaining. Vimentin immunostaining was demonstrated in the glandular grooves of the tubular infundibular region. In contrast, gland cells in the magnum, isthmus and shell gland regions were vimentin immunonegative. Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells in the lamina propria of the oviductal regions studied exhibited vimentin immunostaining. Strong desmin and SMA immunostaining were present in the smooth muscle cells of the tunica muscularis and vascular tunica media. In this study, basement membranes underlying the luminal and glandular epithelia were immunopositive for laminin. In addition, basement membranes associated with smooth muscle cells exhibited laminin immunostaining. The results of the study indicate that the immunolocalisation of desmin, SMA and laminin in the oviduct of the domestic fowl is similar to that in the mammalian uterus. The immunolocalisation of vimentin in the domestic fowl varies depending on the oviductal region.     

Histomorphometric and Progesterone Receptor Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Oviduct of Newly Hatched Chicks Treated with Follicle-Stimulating Hormone during Embryonic Development

In this study we evaluated the histomorphology and ultra-structure of the oviduct of newly hatched chicks, as well as the immunohistochemical expression of progesterone receptor (PR) in this tissue after follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) treatment on days 13, 15 and 17 of embryonic development. Results indicated a marked difference in the histology of the oviduct of newly hatched chicks treated with FSH. Magnum mucosa from these animals presented a pseudostratified epithelium with evaginations from the lumen into the epithelium and from the latter into the stroma beneath where tubular glands are formed. In contrast magnum mucosa from control animals presented columnar epithelium with no evaginations. In magnum epithelium FSH also induced the formation of cilia and microvilli projections into the lumen as well as an increase in the wall and lumen areas and in the density of nuclei per unit-area. PR immunoreactivity was only observed in the oviduct of FSH treated animals. PR was located in the nucleus of epithelial luminal cells, mucosal stromal cells and smooth muscle cells. These findings suggest that FSH induces an adequate hormonal milieu for the cytodifferentiation and PR gene expression in the chick oviduct.     

Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the oviduct in the sexually mature rhea (Rhea americana)

The morphological characteristics of the oviduct of 12 sexually mature rheas (Rhea americana) were studied. Only the left oviduct is developed as a long tube with a length of 122 +/- 23.1 cm, and is subdivided into infundibulum (15.2 +/- 4.0 cm), magnum (63.3 +/- 9.4 cm), isthmus (5.6 +/- 3.1 cm), uterus (16.0 +/- 4.2 cm) and vagina (11.5 +/- 1.4 cm). The mucous membrane of the oviduct, as a whole, possesses luminal folds covered by ciliated columnar epithelium with secretory cells. The infundibulum part presents a cranial opening with thin and long fimbriae with few tubular glands in caudal tubular portion. In the magnum, the largest portion of the oviduct, the folds are thicker and are filled with tubular glands. The isthmus is short and presents less bulky folds and a few tubular glands. A bag-shaped uterus in the cranial area shows thin folds, and in the caudal region (shell gland) more ramified folds with few tubular glands. The vagina has long luminal folds and a thick muscular tunic; no glands with sperm-storage characteristics have been observed. In conclusion, the oviduct in sexually mature rhea has morphological similarities with the other species of birds already described; however it presents its own characteristics to produce a big egg.     

Binding profile of spiramycin to oviducal proteins of laying hens

In vitro protein binding of spiramycin (SP) in the plasma and oviducts of laying hens was studied. The data for SP were compared with those for oxytetracycline (OTC), sulphadimidine (SDD), sulphamonomethoxine (SMM) and sulphaquinoxaline (SQ). The two oviduct segments, magnum (M) and isthmus plus shell gland (IS), were collected. The soluble (cell sap) fractions from the magnum (M-S9) and the isthmus plus shell gland (IS-S9) were used as samples. Plasma protein binding was highest for SQ (81.4%) (P < 0.01), and lowest for SDD (30.9%) (P < 0.01). No M-S9 protein binding of OTC was found. The IS-S9 protein binding of SP (60.4%) was very much higher than those of OTC (0.8%), SDD (4.1%), SMM (4.0%) and SQ (12.3%) (P < 0.01). Biological half-lives of these drugs in egg albumen were directly correlated to the extent of their binding to IS proteins. Of plasma, M-S9 and IS-S9, variation in SP concentration in the ranges from 1 to 20 micrograms/ml did not alter the binding properties of the drug.     

北京鸭输卵管血管分布的形态学研究

采用大体解剖学方法，观察了20羽北京鸭输卵管血管分布。结果表明：北京鸭输卵管动脉有输卵管前、中、后动脉和阴道动脉；输卵管静脉通常与同名动脉伴行，但缺输卵管后静脉，这些血管均位于鸭体左侧。输卵管前动脉一般有1条，起始于左髂外动脉的耻动脉，分布于输卵管漏斗部和膨大部；输卵管中动脉起于左肾后动脉，主要分布于输卵管峡部和子宫前部；输卵管后动脉起始于左髂内动脉或左阴部外动脉，主要供应子宫后部的血液；阴道动脉起于左阴部内动脉，分布于阴道部。