头孢喹肟的体外抗炎作用

通过构建的细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)的体外炎症模型,研究了不同浓度头孢喹肟对肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α),IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10和一氧化氮(NO)合成的影响,以及对NF-κB活性的影响.结果显示,1、5、10 mg/L的头孢喹肟能显著抑制RAW264.7合成的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和NO,但是对IL-10无显著调节作用.头孢喹肟以剂量依赖的方式显著抑制了LPS对NF-κB的激活作用.结果表明,头孢喹肟可能通过NF-κB这条通路发挥抗芡作用.     

黄芪总黄酮对巨噬细胞RAW264.7抗炎免疫的双向调节研究

为研究黄芪总黄酮(TFA)对巨噬细胞RAW264.7的抗炎免疫双向调节作用,本研究首先采用MTT法筛选TFA对RAW264.7细胞的安全剂量;后续研究均采用以下两种方式开展:采用不同安全剂量(10μg/mL、25μg/mL、100μg/mL)的TFA与正常培养的RAW264.7细胞作用;上述不同浓度的TFA与RAW264.7细胞作用后以终浓度为1μg/mL LPS刺激。分别通过ELISA和RT-PCR检测上述两种情况下RAW264.7细胞中细胞因子的含量及其mRNA的转录水平;采用western blot测定上述两种情况下RAW264.7细胞NF-κB信号通路中关键蛋白的表达水平。结果显示,TFA在0～150μg/mL对细胞无明显毒性;ELISA和RT-PCR结果显示,TFA能够显著提高正常培养的RAW264.7细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量及其mRNA转录水平,抑制LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的过度表达及其mRNA水平的过度转录,并呈剂量依赖性;western blot结果表明,TFA能够显著下调正常培养的RAW264.7细胞中IKKα/β、IκBα和C-NF-κB p65蛋白表达而上调p-IKKα/β、p-IκBα和N-NF-κB p65蛋白的表达,促进LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞中IKKα/β、IκBα和C-NF-κB p65蛋白表达而抑制p-IKKα/β、p-IκBα及N-NF-κB p65蛋白的过度表达,并呈剂量依赖性。上述结果表明,TFA可分别通过调节正常和LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞中关键蛋白的表达,适度活化NF-κB信号通路和抑制NF-κB信号通路的过度激活,提高正常培养的RAW264.7细胞细胞因子含量及mRNA转录水平,抑制LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞促炎因子含量及mRNA水平的过度转录,从而发挥其抗炎免疫双向调节作用。本研究为TFA的临床应用提供参考依据和抗炎免疫药物的研发奠定基础。     

漏芦通过TLR4/NF-κB通路抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞炎症反应

为探讨漏芦醇提物（RUEE）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞（HC11细胞）的抗炎作用及机制,试验利用RUEE(80μg/mL)、LPS(1μg/mL)单独处理以及RUEE(80μg/mL)+LPS(1μg/mL)共处理HC11细胞,采用荧光定量PCR检测炎性细胞因子及Toll样受体4(TLR4)mRNA表达水平,采用Western blotting检测核转录因子κB(NF-κB)通路关键因子的蛋白表达量。结果表明：LPS诱导可明显提高HC11细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的mRNA表达水平（P<0.05）;明显上调TLR4 mRNA表达及NF-κB p65和NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)的磷酸化水平（P<0.05）。RUEE预处理可显著降低LPS诱导的HC11细胞TNF-α、COX-2、IL-6、IL-1β的mRNA表达（P<0.05）;显著下调TLR4 mRNA表达及NF-κB p65和IκBα的磷酸化水平（P<0.05）。由此可知漏芦醇提物可通过抑制TLR...     

β-羟丁酸抑制脂多糖诱导奶牛中性粒细胞核因子-κB信号通路的激活

高酮血症造成奶牛中性粒细胞先天免疫机能受到抑制,本研究探讨β-羟丁酸(BHBA)是否抑制脂多糖(LPS)诱导的奶牛中性粒细胞核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路的激活。分离健康奶牛中性粒细胞,采用LPS(100 ng/mL)和不同浓度(0.5、1.0、2.0和4.0 mmol/L)BHBA作用于中性粒细胞,收集细胞,应用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测中性粒细胞中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和NF-κBp65 mRNA表达水平,Western blot检测NF-κBp65蛋白表达水平,比色法检测核因子-κB抑制物激酶β(IKKβ)激酶活性,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的分泌量。结果表明：与对照组(不进行BHBA和LPS处理)相比较,LPS组(单独LPS处理)中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κBp65 mRNA表达水平和NF-κBp65蛋白表达水平极显著增加(P <0.01),IKKβ激酶活性极显著增强(P<0.01),IL-1β和TNF-α的分泌...     

α-倒捻子素通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路缓解LPS诱导IEC-6细胞的炎症

旨在证明α-倒捻子素可以缓解脂多糖(LPS)诱导的IEC-6细胞的炎症并揭示其机制。笔者在体外培养的IEC-6细胞中构建LPS诱导的炎症模型,并通过流式细胞术、酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)、定量PCR(Q-PCR)、蛋白印迹(Western blot)的方法检测α-倒捻子素对LPS诱导的炎症是否有缓解作用。结果表明,5μmol·L-1的α-倒捻子素预处理可以显著降低LPS诱导的前列腺素E2(PGE2)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)在IEC-6细胞中的分泌,以及环氧合酶2(COX-2)、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1βmRNA的表达(P<0.05)。通过对炎症相关信号通路NF-κB的探究可见,α-倒捻子素能显著抑制Toll样受体4(TLR4)mRNA和NF-κB相关蛋白磷酸化IκBα(pIκBα)和磷酸化p65(pp65)的激活(P<0.05)。综上所述,α-倒捻子素可以通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路来抑制LPS诱导的IEC-6细胞的炎症,并且可能是治疗炎症疾病的潜在选择。     

鱼腥党参散体外抗炎作用研究

为探究天然可饲用植物组方鱼腥党参散的体外抗炎效果,通过鱼腥党参散对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞瘤细胞系(RAW264.7)细胞NO、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及IL-10的分泌,以及核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路中p65和IκB蛋白表达水平,评价其抗炎效果。采用LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,选对数生长期细胞,设对照组、LPS组、鱼腥党参散5mg/mL组、2.5mg/mL组、1.25mg/mL组,药物预处理4h后致炎24h,Griess法测定细胞培养上清液中NO的含量,ELISA法测定上清液中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及IL-10的含量。Western blot测定p65和IκB以及P-p65和P-IκB蛋白表达水平。结果表明,鱼腥党参散可极显著地抑制LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞后NO、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6含量的升高(P0.01),且在一定程度上呈剂量依赖性,极显著降低p65及IκB的磷酸化水平(P0.01)。说明鱼腥党参散在体外具有良好的抗炎效果。     

腐蹄病奶牛NF-κB和p38MAPK信号通路的表达变化研究

为了明确腐蹄病奶牛核因子κB(NF-κB)和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号通路的表达及变化情况,探讨奶牛腐蹄病炎性信号通路的作用,试验采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测腐蹄病奶牛(试验组)和健康奶牛(对照组)血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)、p38MAPK和NF-κB的表达情况。结果表明:与对照组比,试验组奶牛血清中NF-κB和IL-1β含量显著升高(P0.05); IL-4含量极显著升高(P0.01);TNF-α含量显著降低(P0.05);p38MAPK含量升高,但差异不显著(P0.05)。说明NF-κB信号通路在奶牛腐蹄病促炎因子表达调控中可能起着重要作用, p38MAPK信号通路并不是腐蹄病发生期间诱导炎症反应的主要信号通路。     

黄芪多糖诱导SOCS3表达对鸡巨噬细胞炎症反应的抑制作用

试验旨在探究黄芪多糖（Astragalus polysaccharide,APS）对LPS诱导的鸡巨噬细胞（HD11）炎症模型的抗炎效果和作用机制。用不同浓度的LPS刺激鸡巨噬细胞（HD11）,通过CCK8法检测细胞活力,实时荧光定量PCR检测白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β） mRNA表达的变化,以确定构建细胞炎症模型的LPS最适添加浓度。将HD11分为对照组（C）、脂多糖（LPS）组（L）、黄芪多糖（APS）组（A）和黄芪多糖抑制脂多糖组（A+L）,在LPS刺激后的2、6、12、24、48 h用实时荧光定量PCR法检测IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、核转录因子（NF-κBp65）、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38MAPK）和细胞因子信号转导抑制因子3（SOCS3） mRNA表达的变化,Western blotting法检测NF-κBp65、p38MAPK和SOCS3蛋白含量变化,ELISA检测IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白含量变化。细胞活力和IL-1β检测结果表明,构建细胞炎症模型的LPS最适添加浓度为0.5 μg/mL。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,与对照组相比,L和A组IL-1β、TNF-α、NF-κBp65、p38MAPK和SOCS3 mRNA表达均显著升高（P<0.05）;与L组相比,A+L组在LPS刺激后的IL-1β、TNF-α、NF-κBp65和p38MAPK mRNA表达含量均显著降低（P<0.05）,SOCS3 mRNA表达显著增加（P<0.05）。Western blotting结果表明,与对照组相比,A组P-NF-κBp65/NF-κBp65、P-p38MAPK/p38MAPK和SOCS3/α-tubulin比值均显著增加（P<0.05）;与L组相比,A+L组P-NF-κBp65/NF-κBp65和P-p38MAPK/p38MAPK比值均显著降低（P<0.05）;A+L组SOCS3/α-tubulin比值显著升高（P<0.05）。ELISA结果表明,与对照组相比,L组IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白含量在2~48 h均显著增加（P<0.05）;与L组相比,A+L组IL-1β和TNF-α的蛋白含量在LPS刺激后12~48 h均显著降低（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,在LPS诱导的HD11细胞炎症模型中,APS通过促进SOCS3的表达抑制NF-κBp65和p38MAPK信号通路的过度活化,从而发挥抗炎作用。     

芹菜素通过NF-κB和MAPK通路抑制MAC-T细胞和小鼠乳腺的炎性反应

为揭示芹菜素对奶牛乳腺炎的抑制作用及其机制,本研究采用脂多糖(LPS)刺激MAC-T细胞,MTT方法检测芹菜素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞MAC-T的毒性;real-time PCR和Western blot方法检测炎性因子白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)以及氧化应激因子诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧酶2(COX-2)的表达水平;Western blot检测核因子κB(NF-κB)和促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路关键蛋白的表达水平和磷酸化水平;免疫荧光检测NF-κB的核转移情况。结果表明：芹菜素(1,7,15 mg/L)显著降低了MAC-T细胞和小鼠乳腺中LPS诱导的COX-2、iNOS、IL-1β、IL-6的mRNA与蛋白质的表达水平(P<0.01)。而且,芹菜素显著降低了MAC-T细胞以及小鼠乳腺中LPS诱导的NF-κB(p65和IκBα)(P<0.05)和MAPK(p38、JNK1/2和ERK1/2)(P<0.01)的磷酸化水平,抑制了NF-κB p65的核转移。这些结果说明芹菜素通过抑制NF-κB和MAPK信号...     

白藜芦醇对LPS诱导的牛乳腺上皮细胞分泌炎性因子的影响研究

为了研究白藜芦醇对脂多糖(LPS)刺激的牛乳腺上皮细胞(bMEC)的抗炎作用及其机制,试验通过MTT法分析不同浓度白藜芦醇对LPS刺激的bMEC细胞活力的影响。将bMEC细胞分为4组,即空白对照组、LPS组、白藜芦醇组和白藜芦醇+LPS组。采用ELISA方法检测各组细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量,通过试剂盒检测细胞中IKKβ活性,用Western-blot方法检测细胞中IκBα和磷酸化IκBα(p-IκBα)及核转录因子κB(NF-κB)和磷酸化核转录因子κB(p-NF-κB)蛋白表达量。结果表明:白藜芦醇不影响b MEC细胞活力,能降低LPS刺激的bMEC上清液中TNF-α,IL-6和IL-1β含量,可抑制IKKβ活性,抑制IκBα和NF-κB的酸化。说明白藜芦醇可通过调控NF-κB信号通路抑制bMEC细胞炎性因子的分泌。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein