梨胶锈菌重寄生菌对贴梗海棠锈病菌的寄生及控病作用

本文报道了梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌在贴梗海棠锈病菌上的寄生形态特征、侵入及控病作用。重寄生菌在贴梗海棠锈菌的性子器旁及性子器相对叶背发生重寄生现象。描述和测量了重寄生菌产孢结构的形态及大小。重寄生菌以分生孢子萌发形成芽管，经性子器口和锈子器口侵入（不能直接侵入），完成侵入所需最短时间为７个小时。潜育期８～９天。用重寄生菌孢子悬浮液，在性子器成熟时喷雾接种防治贴梗海棠锈病，重寄生率从５月初的３７．４％逐渐上升至７月中旬的９４．６％。     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究Ⅳ重寄生菌的越冬、传播及侵入

本文报道了梨胶锈菌（ＧｙｍｎｏｓｐｏｒａｎｇｉｕｍａｓｉａｔｉｃｕｍＭｉｙａｂｅｅｘＹａｍａｄａ）的重寄生菌（ＴｕｂｅｒｃｕｌｉｎａｖｉｎｏｓａＳａｃ．）越冬、传播及侵入的研究结果。重寄生菌在自然条件下以分生孢子在其寄生部位越冬；经１５０天后，其孢子萌发率为２９．５％；分生孢子随气流传播；孢子萌发形成芽管经性子器口和锈子器口侵入，不能直接侵入；完成侵入所需最短时间为１０小时；在１４～１２℃下，潜育期为１２～７天。在梨胶锈菌发生期，重寄生菌可发生多次再侵入     

落叶松褐锈病的研究锈寄生菌的形态特征及其萌发生理

 落叶松褐锈病的重寄生菌经鉴定为锈寄生菌[Darluca filum(Biv.)Cast.],寄生在褐锈病菌冬孢子堆上。它的分生孢子萌发喜低温,萌发温度范围2-27℃,适温4-12℃。不同营养液对分生孢子萌发速率各异,5%葡萄糖及蒸馏水滴中萌发率较高,2.5%硫酸铵液滴中不萌发。pH值对分生孢子萌发也有影响,pH9萌发较好,偏碱性pH9下不萌发。
锈寄生菌对褐锈病菌有较强的杀伤性能,被寄生的冬孢子以上失去发芽力且逐渐破碎乃至消失。因此,它将为落叶松褐锈病的生物防治提供依据和可能。     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究Ⅳ重寄生菌的越冬、传播及侵入

 本文报道了梨胶锈菌(Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada)的重寄生菌(Tuberculina vinosa Sacc.)越冬、传播及侵入的研究结果。重寄生菌在自然条件下以分生孢子在其寄生部位越冬;经150天后,其孢子萌发率为29.5%;分生孢子随气流传播;孢子萌发形成芽管经性子器口和锈子器口侵入,不能直接侵入;完成侵入所需最短时间为10小时;在14~12℃下,潜育期为12~7天。在梨胶锈菌发生期,重寄生菌可发生多次再侵入。     

大叶白蜡树锈病及其重寄生菌研究

 小叶白蜡树锈孢锈菌(Aecidium fraxinibungeanae Diet.)引起大叶白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis var.rhynchophylla Hemsl)锈病为国内新记录。该锈病在我国重要白蜡产区乐山市严重发生,病株率和病叶率分别可达100%和56%,造成叶片病部坏死,病叶脱落,严重影响白蜡产量。大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌在乐山市及雅安市大叶白蜡树锈病菌上寄生很普遍,自然重寄生率达46.8%。重寄生菌寄生在大叶白蜡树锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子(锈孢子)的释放。本文还报道了大叶白蜡树锈病的危害、症状特点、病原形态特征及大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌形态特征。     

锈寄生菌对落叶松褐锈病抑制作用的观察

本试验观察看出,被锈寄生菌寄生的落叶松褐锈病菌的冬孢子和夏孢子逐渐裢(?)色,后期孢壁破碎,内含物释出。被寄生的冬孢子萌发率降低50％左右。4年林间调查结果看出,落叶松褐锈病的发生程度随着锈寄生菌寄生率的逐年增加而减轻。锈寄生菌对落叶松褐锈病有较强的抑制作用。     

黄柏鞘锈菌重寄生菌研究初报

首次报导了重寄生菌寄生黄柏鞘锈菌(Coleosporium phellodendri Kom)的重寄生现象。重寄生菌寄生在黄柏鞘锈菌的夏孢子堆上,在不同的程度上阻碍了鞘锈菌夏孢子堆的发育和夏孢子的释放,寄生严重时甚至不能形成夏孢子。调查表明,黄柏鞘锈菌重寄生菌在7月底8月初开始发生,9月中下旬达到高峰,该重寄生菌在雅安周边县(区)的黄柏鞘锈菌上自然寄生很普遍,在一些黄柏林地,自然重寄生率高达100%,重寄生指数为60～90。经鉴定,黄柏鞘锈菌的重寄生菌为柱隔孢菌(Ramulariasp.)。     

小驳骨锈病的重寄生现象及重寄生菌鉴定(英文)

在小驳骨锈病的冬孢子堆上发现一种重寄生菌。被重寄生菌寄生的病斑表面可见到一层白色菌丝体。光学显微镜下发现,被寄生的柄锈菌菌丝和冬孢子断裂、变形和退色。18S rDNA PCR扩增及测序结果表明,重寄生菌为刀孢轮枝菌(Lecanicillium psalliotae),本文首次报道刀孢轮枝菌寄生柄锈菌。     

牛奶子锈病及其重寄生菌

2002年在四川省宝兴县蜂桶寨国家自然保护区和天全县喇叭河自然保护区牛奶子上发现了牛奶子锈病,经鉴定,该锈病为牛奶子春孢锈菌Aecidiumelaeagni-umbellatae Diet.其病株率100%、病叶率26%,叶片枯斑、脱落和削弱树势.在牛奶子锈病菌上采集到自然重寄生菌,经鉴定为Tuberculina sp.,该重寄生菌为国内外首次发现.重寄生菌寄生于牛奶子锈菌春孢子器出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放,具有潜在的生防应用价值.笔者对牛奶子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及牛奶子锈病菌的重寄生现象与重寄生菌的形态特征等进行了研究.     

华中五味子锈病菌及其重寄生菌的鉴定

 五味子属植物是我国传统的中药材。五味子春孢锈菌(Aecidium schisandrae J. Y. Zhuang)引起华中五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera)锈病为国内外新报道。该病在四川省雅安市喇叭河自然保护区华中五味子生长地造成严重危害,其病株率91%,病叶率36%,造成叶片枯斑、脱落。华中五味子锈病的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌的自然重寄生率达35.5%,重寄生菌寄生在华中五味子锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放。本文报道了华中五味子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及华中五味子锈菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌的形态特征。     

Antagonism of the Two-Needle Pine Stem Rust Fungi Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini by Cladosporium tenuissimum In Vitro and In Planta

ABSTRACT Selected isolates of Cladosporium tenuissimum were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro aeciospore germination of the two-needle pine stem rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini and to suppress disease development in planta. The antagonistic fungus displayed a number of disease-suppressive mechanisms. Aeciospore germination on water agar slides was reduced at 12, 18, and 24 h when a conidial suspension (1.5 x 10(7) conidia per ml) of the Cladosporium tenuissimum isolates was added. When the aeciospores were incubated in same-strength conidial suspensions for 1, 11, 21, and 31 days, viability was reduced at 20 and 4 degrees C. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that rust spores were directly parasitized by Cladosporium tenuissimum and that the antagonist had evolved several strategies to breach the spore wall and gain access to the underlying tissues. Penetration occurred with or without appressoria. The hyperparasite exerted a mechanical force to destroy the spore structures (spinules, cell wall) by direct contact, penetrated the aeciospores and subsequently proliferated within them. However, an enzymatic action could also be involved. This was shown by the dissolution of the host cell wall that comes in contact with the mycelium of the mycoparasite, by the lack of indentation in the host wall at the contact site, and by the minimal swelling at the infecting hyphal tip. Culture filtrates of the hyperparasite inhibited germination of rust propagules. A compound purified from the filtrates was characterized by chemical and spectroscopic analysis as cladosporol, a known beta-1,3-glucan biosynthesis inhibitor. Conidia of Cladosporium tenuissimum reduced rust development on new infected pine seedlings over 2 years under greenhouse conditions. Because the fungus is an aggressive mycoparasite, produces fungicidal metabolites, and can survive and multiply in forest ecosystems without rusts, it seems a promising agent for the biological control of pine stem rusts in Europe.     

Control of cucumber powdery mildew by the hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis and fungicides

Application of conidial suspensions of the hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis to greenhouse cucumbers inoculated with Sphaerotheca fuliginea increased cucumber yield compared with an untreated control. Similar yield increases were obtained with triforine and also when a reduced rate of triforine and the hyperparasite were combined. A. quisqualis extensively parasitized S. fuliginea and also, in experiments with commercial cucumber crops, Erysiphe cichoracearum.     

A note on the biological control of Scurrula cordifolia (Wall.) G. Don by another mistletoe in Sivalik Hills (India)

Observations made on the hyperparasitism of Viscum loranthi Elmer on the parasitic weed Scurrula cordifolia (Wall.) G. Don in the Sivalik Hills suggest that the hyperparasite is providing effective biological control of the latter. Moreover, as the hyperparasite appears to attack only mistletoes, it can probably be introduced with safety into other localities where S. cordifolia is spreading.     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究——Ⅱ重寄生菌的生物学特性

 梨胶锈菌(Cymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada)的重寄生菌(Tuberculina vinosa Sacc.)在PDA、综合马铃薯和梨叶汁培养基上能生长、产孢,以PDA最好,Czapek和硝酸铵蔗糖上生长差且不产孢。菌丝生长和产孢的适温20~30℃,适宜pH6~9,荧光可促进产孢而黑光有抑制作用。对碳源的利用,菌丝生长和干重以甘露醇、葡萄糖等6种碳源为好,甘露醇最佳,淀粉最差;葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖和甘露醇中均能产孢,以葡萄糖最好。对氮源的利用,菌丝生长及干重以硝酸钾、甘氨酸和蛋白胨为好;产孢以天冬酰胺、蛋白胨和硝酸钾为好,甘氨酸和谷氨酸不产孢。孢子萌发适温15~30℃,相对湿度65~100%均能萌发,在水滴中萌发率最高,低于50%不萌发;最适pH4~6,低于pH3和高于pH8不萌发;光照有利于孢子萌发。     

Seasonally induced chaotic dynamics and their implications in models of plant disease

Two models of plant disease in crops regulated by a virus disease or by a hyperparasite are introduced. If the host crop is annually harvested or dies back, the pathogen population at the end of each year may fluctuate indefinitely and irregularly in a way which depends very precisely and for ever on the initial populations. This means that even in an environment which is identical every year, the pathogen populations in each year vary enormously and erratically. However, the combinations of pathogen and virus incidence or hyperparasite infection that can occur exhibit very well defined patterns, even if parameters in the model exhibit substantial random annual variation. It is important that pathologists should be aware that population fluctuations may not be caused by environmental fluctuations and may be, in principle, unpredictable by a deterministic model.