不同野生木霉菌拮抗作用的比较

通过对峙培养、非挥发性抑制物、挥发性抑制物、几丁质酶活性检测及活体接种试验,对4株初筛效果好的木霉菌株的拮抗活性进行分析比较。结果显示,在4株木霉菌中菌株YZ1303对黄瓜枯萎病菌的平板对峙效果较好,但是几丁质酶活性最低;菌株SH2303的非挥发性抑制物的抑菌效果最好,为41.33%,并且在盆栽试验中防效最高;菌株HF3407的几丁质酶活性较高,并且挥发性抑制作用和盆栽试验防效较好。总之,建立一种可全面反映木霉菌生防功能的拮抗菌株筛选技术体系非常重要。     

棘孢木霉菌鉴定及其对花生白绢病生防机制的研究

为了利用生防菌有效防控花生白绢病Sclerotium rolfsii,本研究采用稀释培养法从花生根际土中分离木霉菌,采用平板对峙法和盆栽试验筛选对花生白绢病具有高效生防效果的菌株并测定其生防机制,通过形态学、分子生物学技术和环境因子对发育的影响确定生防菌株的分类地位及生物学特性。结果表明,从分离的132株木霉菌中筛选出1株对齐整小核菌S. rolfsii 具有高效抑菌效果的菌株GH-20,抑菌率达89.93%,将其鉴定为棘孢木霉菌Trichoderma asperellum。对峙培养时,菌株GH-20对齐整小核菌的拮抗指数达Ⅰ级,当其菌落覆盖病原菌菌落后,其菌丝缠绕和侵入病原菌菌丝,并使病原菌菌丝体逐渐消解、减少,导致病原菌不能产生菌核;菌株GH-20产生的挥发性代谢产物（volatile gas,VOG）和非挥发性代谢产物（non-VOG）对病原菌的抑菌率分别为59.95%和79.49%。盆栽试验结果表明,同时接种菌株GH-20和齐整小核菌对花生白绢病生防效果最好,为79.64%。另外,该菌株具有在以果糖为碳源,以酵母膏为氮源和pH 7的条件下生长发育较好,光照有利于生长而光暗交替有利于孢子形成等生物学特性。生防机制研究结果显示,棘孢木霉菌GH-20主要通过竞争、重寄生作用和产生拮抗物质抑制和消解齐整小核菌,从而起到防病效果。     

木薯炭疽病拮抗木霉菌筛选与室内防效研究

本文对木薯炭疽病的病原进行鉴定,筛选和鉴定拮抗该病原物的木霉菌,并测定了其室内防效.通过组织分离法和柯赫氏法则,明确了引起木薯炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides;采用平板对峙试验,从15株木霉菌中筛选获得3株对胶孢炭疽菌具有较强抑制作用的木霉菌LG004-52、LS0...     

木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜幼苗质量特性及枯萎病防效的影响

黄瓜枯萎病是设施黄瓜栽培中最为常见且为害严重的土传真菌病害,应用生防菌防治黄瓜枯萎病,对黄瓜安全生产有重要意义。试验采用前期筛选的对黄瓜枯萎病菌有较好拮抗效果的3株木霉菌,即棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,利用盆栽试验,测定了木霉菌不同施用方式对黄瓜幼苗质量及枯萎病防效的影响。3种施用方式分别为T1（木霉与病原菌同时接种）、T2（先接种木霉菌,2 d后接种病原菌）和T3（先接种病原菌,2 d后接种木霉）。结果显示,3株木霉菌对黄瓜枯萎病的防效均在64.78%以上,且以拟康氏木霉886的T2施用方式的防效最高,达到81.54%。在播种后8~14 d,所有木霉菌处理的黄瓜幼苗壮苗指数、叶绿素含量、根系活力、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系总吸收面积均比CK1（只接种病原菌孢子悬液）显著上升,3种施用方式中以T2处理对上述6项指标的促进效果最显著,并以拟康氏木霉886在播种后14 d的6项指标增加幅度最大,该处理的黄瓜壮苗指数、叶绿素含量、根系活力、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系总吸收面积的增加幅度分别达到210.06%、74.39%、37.23%、54.45%、88.00%和51.11%。本研究的3株木霉菌通过提高黄瓜幼苗生理代谢活性,增强了幼苗质量,提高了对黄瓜枯萎病的抗性,在应用中,提前施入木霉菌,有利于提高黄瓜幼苗对病害的防治效果,为后期提高黄瓜产量和品质奠定基础条件。     

哈茨木霉对黄瓜尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用和抗性相关基因表达

采用室内筛选与田间防效相结合的方法,对哈茨木霉抑制黄瓜尖孢镰刀菌的拮抗机制进行了研究。对峙培养结果显示,木霉菌和病原菌间均形成了较明显的抑菌圈,对病原菌的抑菌率达66.7%~85.8%,其中菌株TG、TM对枯萎病菌抑制作用较强。木霉菌可有效提高根系对病原菌的抗性,黄瓜植株接种枯萎病菌后,根系细胞大量死亡,而先接种木霉菌再接种病原菌后则减小了对根系的伤害。田间防效试验结果表明,TG和TM孢子悬浮液浓度在108个/mL时防效最好,分别为54.9%和49.4%。接种木霉菌植株根系抗性基因的表达量均高于对照植株,呈双峰趋势。在第6天时抗性基因表达量最高,WRKY6、MYB、PR-1、PAL、GST和GLU的表达量分别为对照的5.15、5.22、6.07、6.00、3.16、和16.15倍。表明木霉菌通过激活与胁迫相关的基因表达提高了对病原菌的抗性。     

柑桔绿霉病拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑制效果

从采集的柑桔园根际土壤中筛选得到1株对柑桔绿霉菌Penicillium digitatum具有较强拮抗活性的菌株HC-03.该菌株对柑桔绿霉菌、柑桔青霉菌Penicillium italicum、柑桔酸腐菌Geotrichum candidum等12种水果病原菌均有不同程度的拮抗作用,表现出广谱抗菌活性.菌落形态观察、生理生化特性分析及16S rDNA 序列测定和特异性PCR检测结果表明,该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.对沙糖桔的活体接种试验表明,菌株HC-03的发酵液、菌悬液及发酵滤液处理柑桔绿霉病的发生率均低于20%,病斑直径均在10mm以下.     

拮抗丹参根腐病病原菌的丹参根际放线菌筛选研究

为获得高效拮抗丹参根腐病病原菌的生防菌株,该研究通过平板对峙法和滤纸片法对丹参根际土壤中的放线菌进行筛选。结果表明,从丹参根际土壤中分离得到的247株放线菌中,成功筛选得到了10株具有抑菌效果的生防菌株。其中zyzx-001、zyzx-013、zyzx-124抑菌效果较好,其抑菌率超过60%。通过滤纸片法对10株生防菌株进行复筛。结果表明,这10株生防菌的发酵液均可对丹参根腐病病原菌产生抑制作用。说明这10株菌株均可产生抑制丹参根腐病病原菌的活性物质。综合比较,菌株zyzx-001抑制作用最强。经鉴定,菌株zyzx-001属于链霉菌属。     

木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长和膜脂过氧化指标的影响及对枯萎病的防治效果

本文开展了3种生防木霉菌,包括棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886防治黄瓜枯萎病的盆栽试验,研究这3种木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化指标的影响及对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明,木霉菌对黄瓜枯萎病的田间防治效果均达到78%以上,且以棘孢木霉525的田间防治效果最高,达到81.53%。与只接种枯萎病病原菌的对照相比,3株木霉菌单独接种或与黄瓜枯萎病病原菌同时接种均可以显著提高黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重,显著提高黄瓜叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,显著降低质膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,其中以拟康氏木霉886单独接种促进效果最强。研究表明,3种木霉菌通过促进黄瓜幼苗生长,增强植物抗氧化酶活性,降低质膜透性和丙二醛含量,从而提高对黄瓜枯萎病的抗性。     

防治人参锈腐病木霉菌的筛选及防治效果

人参锈腐病是人参的主要病害,应用生物防治技术对人参质量安全保证和人参的可持续种植具有重要意义。通过离体对峙拮抗筛选试验,从种植人参土壤和其他土壤中分离获得的107株木霉菌中筛选出了5株拮抗效果较好的菌株。应用这些筛选到的菌株的厚垣孢子处理人参苗床,人参的出苗率不受影响。播种后1年,5株木霉处理病情指数都在10以下,对照达到40.69,差异极显著,5株木霉防治效果都在75%以上,木霉菌株间防效差异不显著。播种后2年,5株木霉处理病情指数在13左右,对照达到46.84,差异极显著,5株木霉防治效果在67%以上,木霉菌株间防效差异不显著。     

木霉分生孢子和厚垣孢子对黄瓜叶片抗氧化系统及枯萎病防效的影响

采用前期筛选出的对黄瓜枯萎病菌有较好拮抗作用的3株木霉菌,即哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)809、拟康氏木霉菌(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)886和棘孢木霉菌(Trichoderma asperellum)525,利用盆栽试验,测定了木霉菌分生孢子和厚垣孢子对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化能力及对枯萎病防效的影响。结果显示:3株木霉菌分生孢子和厚垣孢子对黄瓜枯萎病的盆栽防效均在66.81%以上,且以拟康氏木霉菌886厚垣孢子防效最高,达到81.46%;当黄瓜幼苗长至三叶一心时,与CK(即只接种病原菌)相比,经哈茨木霉菌809、拟康氏木霉菌886、棘孢木霉菌525分生孢子以及厚垣孢子处理后,黄瓜幼苗叶片相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈下降趋势,而保护性酶包括过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈上升趋势,其中以拟康氏木霉菌886厚垣孢子的变化幅度最显著;拟康氏木霉菌886厚垣孢子处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片相对电导率、MDA含量分别比CK下降了47.74%、41.40%;而叶片中的POD、CAT、APX、SOD活性则分别比CK增加了318.11%、155.36%、157.09%和300.34%。研究表明3株木霉菌分生孢子和厚垣孢子均能通过改善黄瓜幼苗叶片抗氧化能力,增加保护酶活性,提高了对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。     

应用实时荧光定量技术评价粉红粘帚霉对水稻纹枯病的田间防治效果

 本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR技术监测施用生防菌前后土壤中粉红粘帚霉67-1和水稻纹枯病菌AG-1IA的数量,并调查发病情况,收割后测产,评估生防菌粉红粘帚霉67-1的田间防治效果。实时荧光定量检测结果表明,粉红粘帚霉67-1防治水稻纹枯病的效果随着用药浓度的增加而增强,各处理间差异极显著。用药后土壤中粉红粘帚霉67-1的含量在一定时间内随培养时间的延长逐渐升高,停止用药后逐渐减少。水稻纹枯病菌在清水对照组中没有显著变化,在处理组中水稻纹枯病菌的数量随时间降低。60 g/667 m²菌量的防效及产量与井冈霉素对照组差异不显著。防病保产结果与实时荧光定量结果基本一致,说明粉红粘帚霉67-1的孢子制剂对水稻纹枯病具有优良的田间防治效果,实时荧光定量PCR技术可以用于生物防治效果的田间评价。     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research programs in biological control of plant diseases

A number of USDA-ARS programs directed at overcoming impediments to the use of biocontrol agents on a commercial scale are described. These include improvements in screening techniques, taxonomic studies to identify beneficial strains more precisely, and studies on various aspects of the large-scale production of biocontrol agents. Another broad area of studies covers the ecological aspects of biocontrol agents-their interaction with the pathogen, with the plant and with other aspects of the environmental complex. Examples of these studies are given and their relevance to the further development and expansion of biocontrol agents is discussed.     

产后果实病害生物防治的研究进展

果实产后病害严重影响水果的贮藏及商品质量,使用杀菌剂防治这类病害,因受到各种原因的影响而限制使用.产后果实生物防治(BCPD)作为一种有效的替代方法越来越受到人们的重视,因为果实产后系统具有环境因素的可控性、生物防治的安全性和稳定性等特点.作者从果实产后系统的特点、拮抗菌的筛选方法、生防机制、提高生物防治效果的措施和生物防治的发展前景等几方面进行阐述,展示产后果实病害生物防治的可行性和潜力,并为今后生防产品的开发提供研究思路.     

Modeling dose-response relationships in biological control: partitioning host responses to the pathogen and biocontrol agent

ABSTRACT Breeding plants to improve the effectiveness of biocontrol agents is a promising approach to enhance disease suppression by microorganisms. Differences in biocontrol efficacy among cultivars suggest there is genetic variation for this trait within crop germplasm. The ability to quantify host differences in support of biological control is influenced by variation in host response to the pathogen and the dose of pathogen and biocontrol agent applied to the host. To assess the contribution of each of these factors to successful biocontrol interactions, we measured disease over a range of pathogen (Pythium) and biocontrol agent (Bacillus cereus UW85) inoculum doses. We fit dose-response models to these data and used model parameter estimates to quantify host differences in response to the pathogen and biocontrol agent. We first inoculated eight plant species separately with three species of Pythium and evaluated three dose-response models for their ability to describe the disease response to pathogen inoculum level. All three models fit well to at least some of the host-pathogen combinations; the hyperbolic saturation model provided the best overall fit. To quantify the host contribution to biological control, we next evaluated these models with data from a tomato assay, using six inbred tomato lines, P. torulosum, and UW85. The lowest dose of pathogen applied revealed the greatest differences in seedling mortality among the inbred lines, ranging from 40 to 80%. The negative exponential (NE) pathogen model gave the best fit to these pathogen data, and these differences corresponded to model parameter values, which quantify pathogen efficiency, of 0.023 and 0.091. At a high pathogen dose, we detected the greatest differences in biocontrol efficacy among the inbred lines, ranging from no effect to a 68% reduction in mortality. The NE pathogen model with a NE biocontrol component, the NE/NE biocontrol model, gave the best fit to these biocontrol data, and these reductions corresponded to model parameter values, which quantify biocontrol efficiency, of 0.00 and 0.038, respectively. There was no correlation between the host response to the pathogen and biocontrol agent for these inbred lines. This work demonstrates the utility of epidemiological modeling approaches for the study of biological control and lays the groundwork to employ manipulation of host genetics to improve biocontrol efficacy.     

茶卡盐湖中耐盐抗真菌芽孢杆菌的分离和鉴定

本试验从茶卡盐湖水及淤泥中分离得到了51株细菌,通过16S rDNA及gyrB基因测序分析初步确定了菌株的分类地位,并测定了各菌株对苹果根腐病菌Fusarium spp.、辣椒疫霉病菌Phytophthora capsici等13株病原菌的抑菌谱及对NaCl的耐受性。共筛选获得13株对13种真菌病害均有抑菌作用的菌株,13株广谱生防菌株在NaCl浓度为10%的LB培养基上都能正常生长,其中菌株10和27在NaCl浓度为15%的LB培养基中的生长速度显著高于生防菌B916。盐湖环境为耐盐生防菌的筛选提供了丰富的资源,本研究获得的耐盐广谱生防菌对盐碱地真菌病害的防治提供了菌株资源。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vivo</Emphasis> evaluation of essential oils and biocontrol agents combined with heat treatments on basil cv Genovese Gigante seeds against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">basilici</Emphasis>

Seed treatments with essential oils (from savory and thyme) and biocontrol agents (Pseudomonas spp. and Fusarium oxysporum) have been evaluated in vivo after dry hot air treatments against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilici on basil seeds. The savory and thyme essential oils showed a significant pathogen control activity because of their innate antifungal activity and because of the seed application method, but the dry hot pre-treatment did not show any obvious effect on the performance of the essential oil treatments. The dry heat treatment improved the Pseudomonas seed dressing effect against F.oxysporum f. sp. basilici, and showed important reductions in plant infection and the disease index on the treated seed plants, without any negative effect on seed germination. However, the pathogen control provided by the heat treatments combined with the application of the biocontrol agents never reached the same performance as the chemical treatments considered as the reference. Thus, short dry heat treatments on basil seeds have been shown to be a valid but complementary seed disinfection method against Fusarium wilt.     

木霉菌生物防治作用机理与应用研究进展

木霉菌Trichoderma是国际上应用非常普遍的生防真菌.随着植物免疫的MAMPs(微生物互作分子模式)理论的发展,利用木霉菌防治病害和提高作物抗逆性机理研究进入了一个新阶段,尤其是系统生物学方法的应用,使得人们在"组学"尺度上认识木霉菌与植物和病原菌互作的本质成为可能,这将极大丰富木霉菌生物防治植物病害的理论基础.在我国建立木霉菌多样化应用技术途径是发挥木霉菌在农业可持续发展中作用的重要发展方向.本文重点介绍木霉菌生物防治分子机理研究的新进展.     

Selection of bacteria and fungi for control of soilborne seedling diseases of maize

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Plant-based screening experiments were conducted with the aim of identifying biocontrol bacteria and fungi for seed treatment of maize. Candidate...     

Biocontrol of the pathogen Phytophthora parasitica by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is a consequence of effects on infection loci

The impact of colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on tomato root necrosis caused by the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora parasitica was investigated. Studies in situ permitted infection loci to be identified and the effects of the AMF on numbers to be elucidated. Effects were significant and, 7 and 16 days after inoculation with zoospores of the pathogen, roots of plants colonized by the AMF had 39% and 30%, respectively, fewer infection loci than those that were not. Concurrent studies of the rate of spread of necrosis within roots showed no changes caused by the AMF. At harvest, 26 days following inoculation with the pathogen, 61% of roots of noncolonized plants were necrotic compared with only 31% in AMF-colonized plants. It is concluded that effects on numbers of infection loci are one mechanism via which AMF achieve biocontrol of this pathogen in tomato. Measures of the effects of the AMF on root system architecture suggest that no significant changes occur and are thus not the reasons for the reduction in infection loci. The implications of these data for agricultural practice and biocontrol research are discussed.     

哈茨木霉SH2303防治玉米小斑病的初步研究

哈茨木霉SH2303是本实验室分离获得的1株具有生防效果的菌株,该菌株能够较好的防治玉米小斑病。通过离体叶片试验确定哈茨木霉SH2303诱导玉米抗小斑病的持效期达15 d。盆栽及大田试验表明,防治玉米小斑病防效分别达到78.1%和56.3%。盆栽试验表明,哈茨木霉 SH2303处理的叶片在挑战接种小斑病菌后第36 h,玉米体内防御反应酶系PAL和SOD活性达到峰值。同时,防御基因Pal和Sod的表达水平也明显上升。综合分析表明,哈茨木霉SH2303的诱导抗性作用是防治玉米小斑病的重要机制之一。