放任山楂幼树整形修剪技术

近几年来,山楂发展很快,有些山楂园重栽轻管,甚至十几年生树尚未整形修剪,骨干枝从属不明,枝条重叠,树冠郁闭,“树上树”和后部光秃现象特别严重。针对此情况,再次谈一谈放任山楂树整形修剪。 一　整形 本着“有形不死,无形不乱”的原则,调整树体结构,对有中心干的树,可整成“二层开心形”,第一层骨干枝3～4个,角度开张至70度,第二层2—3个,角度开张至50度,层间距1.2m左右,冠高3-4m,在骨干枝上直接培养大、中、小型结果枝组,使树冠结构层次分明,上层小,下层大,枝条上部稀,下部密,外部稀,内部密,通风透光,立体结果;对无中心干的树,可整成“自…     

梨幼树的整形与修剪

1 整形要点 1)高定干 当年定植苗于90cm处定干,春萌前从50cm以上选3～4个饱满芽,在芽上目伤,促发健壮主枝。 2)中干拉弯 针对梨树干性强、成枝力弱的特性,如任其自然生长,往往易形成上强下弱,因此要特别注意平衡上下关系,控制上强。办法是连年将中干拉弯或缩剪到斜生的分枝处,另培养新干拐弯延伸,有利缓和顶端优势。 3)多留主枝 采用小冠疏层形,可选留6     

板栗幼树纺锤形整形修剪技术研究

板栗通常采用的树形是自然圆头形,其枝角偏小、分枝多、树冠内膛光照差、结果部位外移、丰产性差。根据板栗喜光性强、结果部位易外移、枝芽多对生排列、新梢易歪头、壮枝结果的生物学特性,为探求合理的板栗幼树丰产树形,我们自１９９３年开始在泰安市郊区下港乡小峪子...     

早实核桃幼树整形修剪技术

早实核桃良种建园,具有结果早、见效快、效益可观、便于集约化管理等特点,深受栽培者的喜爱。近年来,随着国家首批16个早实品种的培育成功及各省(市)一批早实新品种的相继问世,陕南及渭北核桃产区已陆续引种营建了一定规模的早实核桃良种园。但是应该清楚地看到,早实核挑由于本身的遗传性所决定,对立地条件及管理水平要求较高,特别是对整形修剪要求比较精细。若用对晚实核桃常规技术来修剪早实核桃,不仅达不到预期的效果,而且还会因树体营养不良引起早衰或死亡。笔者根据近年的实践并结合外地的经验,就早实核桃的幼树整形修剪技术作以下介绍。     

密植梨枣幼树整形修剪技术

1　树形选择　根据枣树的发枝习性 ,特别是 1年生枣头枝生长势强 ,加粗生长快 ,带有二次枝的特点 ,结合梨枣树体矮化 ,树姿开张及幼龄枝结果能力强等性状 ,采用小冠疏层形或改良纺锤形。小冠疏层形的树体结构 ,干高 5 0～ 70ｃｍ ,中心干上错落着生 6～ 8个主枝 ,第 1层 3～ 4个 ,基角开张 70～ 80°的主枝 ,层内距 4 0～ 5 0ｃｍ。第 2层 2个主枝 ,角度开张 6 0～ 70° ,层内距 2 0ｃｍ左右 ,距第 1层主枝 6 0～ 80ｃｍ。第 3层 1～ 2个主枝 ,角度开张 5 0～ 6 0° ,距第 2层 6 0ｃｍ左右。下部骨干枝长度为 1.5～ 2 0ｍ ,中上部依次减少 …     

关于红富士苹果幼树整形修剪的几点体会

我县是河北省“红富士苹果早果早丰栽培技术研究”课题组成员之一,有红富士苹果近万亩,目前大部分树体已基本成形,并相继开始大量结果。树龄为6至7年生的示范园亩产达1,547公斤,初步解决了红富士苹果结果晚、产量低的问题。我地年平均气温10.9℃,年极端最高气温39.8℃,年极端最低气温-25.6℃,无霜期184天,年日照2696.2小时,全年平均降水量679.9毫米,其中74％集中在6至8月份。     

密植梨枣幼树整形修剪技术

梨枣密植栽培宜选用小冠疏层形或改良纺锤树形。定植当年或第二年定干30-50cm，最终干高50-70cm；利用二次枝主芽抽生的枣头培养主枝，一般在1年生枣头二次枝的2-4节处短截，疏除多余的当年生枣头枝，盛花期至坐果前对枣头枝摘心，枣头长至15-20cm，出现第1个二次枝时，留二次摘心可促使基部的枣吊木质化，提高结实能力。     

荔枝龙眼细胞悬浮培养和转基因研究(英文)

应用正交设计研究了IBA、6-BA、GA3和CM等植物生长调节剂在龙眼(Dimocarpus longana Lour.)与荔枝 (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)细胞悬浮培养中的作用,并就悬浮培养细胞对Km的敏感性以及用金刚沙对胚性愈伤组织在 液体状态下进行创伤和用分别带有AP1和APBD基因的农杆菌对创伤的愈伤组织进行遗传转化进行了探讨。结果 表明:IBA、6-BA、GA3和CM均可显著地提高悬浮培养系的产量,但GA3导致细胞的快速生长和褐变。悬浮培养系 细胞在液体培养基中比在固体培养基中对Km较敏感。用金刚沙对胚性愈伤组织在液体状态下进行创伤后进行农 杆菌介导转化可以得到更多的Km抗性胚状体。PCR检测结果显示,AP1及AP-D基因均已转入龙眼的胚状体中。     

砂土1/4根域施用有机肥对苹果幼树生长的影响

以2 a生有机玻璃箱栽植的分根苹果幼树为材料,研究1/4根域施用不同水平有机肥对苹果幼树新梢和根系生长的影响。结果表明,6月中旬以后,10%和30%有机肥处理的新梢二次生长旺盛;20%有机肥处理春梢段节数、占总新梢节数比例、叶面积、比叶重和春梢生长量均显著大于10%和30%处理,10%有机肥处理秋梢长度、节数、叶面积和比叶重均显著大于20%处理,秋梢补偿生长旺盛;不同比例有机肥处理调控梢类组成,10%和30%处理的长梢比例分别占总新梢22.2%和25.0%,而20%处理的仅占11.8%;除6月份外,20%有机肥处理根系总长度在果树整个生长季节内均显著大于10%和30%处理。砂性土壤局部施用适量有机肥可以调控新梢生长和根系的发育,为果园土壤局部改良、集中营养供应等提供理论依据。     

输液滴灌施肥对龙眼产量及品质的影响试验

以桂香龙眼品种为试材,开展输液滴灌施肥对龙眼产量及品质的影响试验。结果表明：输液滴灌施肥显著提高了果实品质,单果重、单株产量、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量等指标均优于常规土施。输营养液和输复合肥处理的比常规土施处理的单果重分另q提高了20．62％、25．53％;单株产量分别提高了17．90％、29．44％;可溶性固形物含量分别提高了18．15％、11．40％;可溶性糖含量分别提高了19．43％、7．24‰     

不同基因型龙眼果实中多糖含量的比较

用苯酚-硫酸法测定国家果树种质福州龙眼圃中不同基因型的84份龙眼果实和龙眼育种园内85份不同基因型龙眼杂交后代果实多糖含量。结果表明,不同基因型龙眼果实中多糖含量平均为239.66mg/100g;含量最高的是桂花味,为578.73mg/100g;其次是先锋黄肉,为496.05mg/100g;最低的是赐合种,为95.85mg/100g;含量最高的是平均含量的2.41倍,是最低含量的6.04倍。不同基因型龙眼后代中多糖含量平均为248.15mg/100g;其中最高的是96-046,为811.77mg/100g;其次是96-058,为493.25mg/100g;最低的是96-059,为73.08mg/100g;含量最高的是平均的3.27倍,是最低的11.11倍,是亲本平均含量的2.52倍。多糖含量较高的父母本,经有性杂交,通过基因重组后代出现超亲个体。     

不同树形对毛叶枣结果的影响

毛叶枣树形试验表明,纺锤形与开心形相比,具有产量高、果实品质好,节省架材等优点。纺锤形果实产量比开心形高,枝叶重量比开心形低。2次结果试验表明,纺锤形果实采收后,留中央领导干和大枝基枝回缩修剪,结合盛花期环剥,能在10月和1月收2次果,产量显著高于收1次果。     

Effects of bagging on fruit development and quality in cross-winter off-season longan

Clusters of cross-winter off-season longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour) cv. Chuliang were bagged with three types of bags: perforated translucent plastic bag (TPB), white adhesive-bonded fabric bag (WAFB) with about 70% light transmittance, and black adhesive-bonded fabric bag (BAFB) with <10% light transmittance. Bagging treatments began at 34 days after anthesis and continued until harvest. The results showed that bagging modified the microenvironment for fruit development. Bagging with TPB was most effective in increasing humidity, and air moisture within TPB maintained above 90% from 2 weeks after bagging. Bagging with BAFB or WAFB increased humidity most of the time, and the effect was more prominent when the weather was very dry (RH < 60%). All bag types tended to increase temperature and promoted fruit development, resulting in larger sized fruit. Bagging tended to promote early fruit drop but reduced late fruit drop, and the final fruit retention rate was not significantly affected by bagging. Bagging with different materials showed differential effects on incidence of fruit cracking. WAFB and BAFB reduced cracking incidence significantly as compared to the control (5.1% and 11.6% vs 32.8%). Sugar content was not significantly affected by bagging but organic acids including vitamin C (Vc) were considerably affected. Concentration of malic acid, the dominant organic acid in longan aril, was 605.6, 830.0, 1161.0 and 1428 μg/g FW in TPB, BAFB, WAFB and the control. Vc in the aril was significantly reduced by BAFB (108.4 μg/g FW), slightly increased by WAFB (183.9 μg/g FW) and significantly increased by TPB (264.5 μg/g FW) as compared with the control (174.7 μg/g FW). Pericarp of fruit bagged with TPB had a slightly higher content of Vc (1337 μg/g FW), while those bagged with BAFB (873.6 μg/g FW) and WAFB (787.4 μg/g FW) had significantly lower Vc contents than the control (1243 μg/g FW). The responses of oxalate and Vc contents in the aril and the pericarp to bagging treatments showed an opposite trend. The results suggested that WAFB increased fruit size and fruit retention rate while significantly reduced fruit cracking incidence and could be a promising practice for cross-winter longan production.     

龙眼水通道蛋白基因(DLPIP1)的克隆与表达分析

应用蛋白质组学研究低温胁迫下龙眼叶片蛋白质组变化时,发现PIP1蛋白在龙眼低温胁迫中上调表达。应用RACE技术克隆龙眼水通道蛋白基因全长cDNA,命名为DLPIP1,基因登陆号为JN572691,长度为1 132 bp,包括1个900 bp的开放阅读框,编码299个氨基酸序列,同源性分析表明,DLPIP1在21个不同植物中的一致性为90%~93%。应用生物信息学软件对DLPIP1氨基酸序列分析表明,含有7个跨膜区,有2个NPA单元,其氨基酸残基与MIP家族蛋白保守区序列完全一致。氨基酸序列比对发现,该序列与其他物种PIP质膜水通道蛋白氨基酸序列有很高的同源性。利用实时荧光定量技术对DLPIP1在低温胁迫下不同组织表达谱分析表明,DLPIP1在龙眼根、茎、叶中都有表达,在根中的表达量最高,其次是茎和叶。DLPIP1在低温胁迫时,随着低温胁迫时间的延长而发生变化。这说明DLPIP1蛋白在龙眼低温逆境过程中起作用。     

重回缩修剪对龙眼叶片内源激素含量的影响

对交叉封行的大乌圆龙眼树(8年生)进行重回缩修剪,重剪后用167mg/LPP333溶液调节树体生长,冬季喷施450mg/L乙烯利控梢促花,研究其对龙眼叶片内源激素的影响。结果表明:实施重回缩修剪后,大乌圆龙眼叶片的乙烯、IAA含量下降,GA3、ZT含量增加,而对ABA含量影响不大;重回缩修剪后施PP333,叶片乙烯、IAA和ABA含量增加,GA3、ZT含量下降。在龙眼花芽生理分化期,重回缩修剪树叶片内源激素处于较高GA3、较低ZT水平,据此认为这是导致龙眼重回缩修剪树难以花芽分化的主要原因之一。     

Developmental problems in over-winter off-season longan fruit. II: Development of pericarp structure

Fruit development was investigated in field and changes in pericarp structure were comparatively studied in over-winter off-season and on-season longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour. cv. Chuliang). The results showed developmental problems including small fruit size, severe fruit cracking and heavy fruit drop in the off-season fruit, although their seed size was not significantly affected compared to the on-season fruit. Anatomical studies showed that off-season longan fruit had a poorly developed pericarp, which was reflected by smaller fresh weight as well as thinner pericarp thickness, thinner spongy tissue, fewer cell layers in the periderm, smaller cell size and fewer cell numbers in the parenchyma tissue at the upper mesocarp, and fewer cell layers in the endocarp. In contrast, the recovery of the sclereids in the mesocarp was higher in the pericarp of the off-season fruit. The poor development of the pericarp in off-season fruit probably caused the small fruit size and severe fruit cracking. It was suggested that the adverse climatic conditions encountered by fruit development in the over-winter off-season longan suppressed cell division and expansion in the pericarp but did not affect sclereid formation.     

袋控缓释肥对桃幼树生长发育的影响

袋控缓释肥根据果树树体较大的特性,结合果树养分需求特性,采用纸塑材料做成的控释袋包裹掺混肥料,袋上针刺微孔,利用微孔控制养分释放,达到供肥和养分需求相一致。大田试验结果表明,施肥后袋控缓释处理土壤Nmin比撒施稳定,土壤Nmin含量维持在60mg/kg左右,养分释放缓慢、平稳,能满足幼树生长发育需要;1次撒施处理施肥2周后土壤Nmin含量达100mg/kg,随后急剧下降,8周后降至不施肥水平;2次撒施处理每次施肥2周后土壤Nmin含量达80mg/kg,即2个高峰。袋控缓释处理桃树根系含有大量的毛细根,与其它处理差异显著,但不施肥处理根系分布范围最广。袋控缓释处理桃树地上部树势中庸,不旺长;撒施处理在第2次施肥前以1次撒施地上部长势最旺,第2次施肥后以2次撒施地上部长势最旺。袋控缓释处理2007年开花观察时,开花数和坐果量均最高;2008年休眠期观察时,单位枝条长度花芽数量最多。