枣树窄纺锤形修剪试验

2005—2009年,在甘肃省靖远县进行枣树窄纺锤形树形的整形修剪试验,结果表明,在当地枣树选用窄纺锤形早期产量高、树体小、生产的枣果实品质好等优点;窄纺锤形枣树栽植密度比自然圆头形树形枣树高50%,木质化枣吊的数量比自然圆头形树形树高15%～30%;定植后第1～5年单位面积累计产量比自然圆头形树形树高22.5%,产值比自然圆头形树形树提高27.7%。     

双主干并棒树形对矮化自根砧苹果幼树生长和结果的影响

为了探究双主干并棒(Bibaum?)树形‘富士’系苹果在中国渭北黄土高原地区的生长和结果表现,以M9-T337矮化自根砧长枝型‘富士’系‘富姬酷’(‘Fujiko’)为试材,调查了并棒形(1.2 m×3.5 m)与高纺锤形(1.0 m×3.5 m)幼树树体生长、枝(梢)类组成、成花率、果实品质和产量等指标。结果表明:并棒形树高、干径小于高纺锤形,砧木粗度大于高纺锤形,2016年东西方向冠幅(行间冠幅)及平均冠幅小于高纺锤形;单株枝量及单位面积枝量2016年高纺锤形较高,2017年无差异;并棒形2016—2017年间树高、干径、砧木粗度以及单位面积枝量的年增长速率大于高纺锤形;并棒形2016年中枝(5～15 cm)比例、果台副梢长枝比例高于高纺锤形,2017年营养长枝(> 30 cm)比例低于高纺锤形,同时并棒形2018年枝梢成花率高于高纺锤形;两种树形果实品质及单位面积产量无差异,并棒形单株果实数量、2017年单株产量以及2016—2017年单位面积产量在增长速率大于高纺锤形。综合认为,矮化自根砧‘富士’系幼树采用并棒树形,可以显著削弱树体高度,减小行间冠幅,树体生长及枝量增长速...     

台农一号芒果树形研究

以台农一号芒果为试材,设置纺锤形、开心形和自然圆头形(对照)3种树形处理,研究不同树形芒果树生长、结果、果实品质、抗白粉病能力等方面的差异。结果表明,纺锤形具有生长快、定植后第3年产量高的优点;开心形树体较矮、冠径较大、通风透光条件好,进入第4年产量开始超过纺锤形树,白粉病感染率最低。     

常绿果树整形修剪的研究与思考

论述了常绿果树整形修剪的必要性。通过对石硖龙眼、台农一号芒果、脆蜜毛叶枣试验。结果表明,幼树整形以纺锤形效果最好,毛叶枣保留纺锤形结合盛花期环剥,能收二次果,总产量显著高于收一次果;开心形属于高光效树体结构,郁闭树改造成开心形,可以显著改善通风透光条件,提高产量和品质,降低大小年幅度;疏枝改造郁闭树具有促进生殖生长,抑制营养生长,简单易行的显著优点。     

苹果树整形修剪新技术

1　整形新技术1 1　树形　由疏散分层形、小冠疏层形向自由纺锤形、细长纺锤形转化。树高 3～ 3.5ｍ ,骨干枝变少、变小 ,树冠由自然圆头形向矮、小、扁方向发展 ,株间相接 ,整行树呈篱壁状 ,行间留足 1ｍ宽的营养带。1 2　树体结构　由复杂变简单。骨干枝 8～ 10个 ,级次降低     

树形对杨梅生长及果实品质的影响

以8~9年生东魁杨梅为试材,以不整形修剪为对照,调查了定植后按不同树形整形修剪对杨梅生长结果和果实品质的影响。结果表明,与不整形修剪相比,杨梅采用开心形、圆头形和主干形树形均可控制树体生长;3种树形对树高和东西冠径的影响相近,但南北冠径为开心形圆头形主干形。采用开心形和圆头形整形修剪后,促进着色、提早成熟和改进果实品质的效果明显,尤其以开心形的效果最好。主干形促进着色和提早成熟的效果不明显;虽然有改进单果质量、总糖含量、总多酚含量、维生素C含量和总黄酮含量等品质指标的趋势,但果实偏酸,固酸比低。3种树形的效益有所增加,其中,开心形和圆头形的单株产量和效益相近,但高于主干形。整体效果为开心形圆头形主干形CK。     

高干Y形石榴树的光合性能及果实品质

2009 ～2011年,以5年生大青皮甜石榴为测定对象,研究了高干Y形树和多主干自然圆头形树的光合性能、产量、果实品质和果实病害情况.结果表明,高干Y形树3年每666.7m2产量分别为304.1kg、555.0kg和1106.5kg,极显著高于自然圆头形树;果实可溶性固形物含量略高;树冠内光照强度大、C02浓度高、叶片光合速率明显高;果实干腐病害指数小.     

不同树形对早实核桃‘鲁光’坚果产量和品质的影响

【目的】探索适宜‘鲁光’核桃优质高产的树形。【方法】以‘鲁光’核桃树为研究对象,分析主干分层形、开心形和自然圆头形3种树形的结构参数、坚果产量和品质,并进行主成分分析。【结果】主干分层形的树高、基径、骨干枝数、单株平均坚果产量、树冠投影面积平均产量、单果质量、仁质量、种仁粗脂肪和抗坏血酸含量最高;开心形的坚果壳厚最小,出仁率和种仁蛋白质含量最高;自然圆头形的总糖和氨基酸含量最高。坚果外观形状无显著的树形间差异。主成分分析表明主干分层形有利于产量的形成,开心形有利于品质的形成,3种树形的综合排名顺序为主干分层形>开心形>自然圆头形。【结论】济南市章丘区‘鲁光’核桃的适宜树形为主干分层形。     

V字形树形对板栗光合特性及生长结果的影响试验初报

以‘燕山红栗’为试材,以自然圆头形树形为对照,对初果期板栗树进行V字形整形探索性试验,研究V字形树形对板栗光合特性及生长结果的影响。结果表明:V字形树形叶绿素含量略高于对照,差异不显著;2个树形的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化趋势基本一致,其中9:00—13:00 V字形树形的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均显著高于自然圆头形;透光率除下-西-2、上-东-1、上-东-2等3个测试点外,V字形树形较自然圆头形高9.58%~89.39%;V字形树体营养生长得到有效控制,产量高于自然圆头形,其中667 m2产量提高8.62%~128.77%,树冠投影面积产量提高10.99%~136.88%。综合来看,V字形树形较自然圆头形受光面积大、光能利用率高,更有利于光合产物的形成与积累,从而有利于产量的提高。     

整形修剪技术对仁用杏生长结果的影响

以龙王帽、优1和白玉扁等3个仁用杏品种为试材,进行整形修剪技术对仁用杏生长结果的影响试验.结果表明,采用分层形、自由纺锤形或自然圆头形,单果重和株产无明显差异.1年生枝中短截可提高成枝力,增加枝量,适用于骨干枝延长枝的修剪;重短截可形成少量中、长果枝,适用于骨干枝和结果枝组的更新复壮以及内膛结果枝组的培养;枝条缓放或轻短截可以增加枝量,促进结果枝尤其是短果枝和花束状果枝的形成,提高早期产量,适用于辅养枝,但缓放2年后应及时回缩.     

Effect of different girdling dates on tree growth,fruit characteristics and reserve accumulation in a late-maturing persimmon

Trunks of 8-year-old vigorous ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) were girdled to a 1 cm width on April 20 and June 10 2004. Tree growth and fruit characteristics were monitored for two years, with special emphasis on the carry-over effect in 2005. Girdling reduced trunk and shoot growth especially of April-girdled trees over two consecutive years. However, the most significant effect of girdling was in the occurrence of water sprouts: a control tree had 29.5 in 2004 and 27.3 in 2005, whereas the April-girdled trees had only 0.3 and 5.3, respectively. Girdling increased fruit set by nearly 50% and enhanced fruit colour in 2004 only. Girdling date did not significantly affect fruit size and soluble solids for two years. Fruit flesh of girdled trees in 2004, especially in the April-girdled trees, had lower N and P concentrations. The levels of starch, soluble sugars, and inorganic elements in flower-bearing distal buds measured just before new growth in 2005 were not significantly altered by the girdling in 2004.     

The influence of tree training and plant density on growth,yield components and yield of Arabica coffee cv. Ruiru 11

Assessment of tree growth and yield components of Coffea arabica L. cv. Ruiru 11, as influenced by tree training on single or two-stem systems at densities between 1600-4800 trees per ha during the first production cycle was carried out at Ruiru, Kenya over three years. Trees trained on the two-stem system tended to be taller than those on singlestems. Although the results were not clear, trees at low plant densities had thicker stems irrespective of the training system. The total number of primary branches was significantly higher on trees trained on the two-stem system. However, bearing primaries and productive wood were higher on the single-stem system during the first year of production. The number of bearing primaries and productive wood increased in subsequent production years on the two-stem system. Training trees on the two-stem system significantly depressed yields in the first production year by 245 to 842%, irrespective of plant density. Yields of clean coffee increased significantly with tree density irrespective of the tree training method. Yields over the production period increased by 33, 45,27 and 9% with increases in planting densities from 1600 to 2400, 2400 to 3200, 3200 to 4000 and 4000 to 4800 trees per ha, respectively. However, yields increased at a decreasing rate at densities above 3200 trees per ha. The proportions of the large grade ‘A’ sized coffee beans were not significantly affected by the treatments. It was concluded that it is possible to raise two stems during the first production cycle of ‘Ruiru 11’, although this might not be economical. Single stems would be preferred and a high plant density of between 3200-4000 trees per ha would be optimum during the first coffee production cycle.     

龙眼成龄树树形的研究

通过对“早熟一号”龙眼不同树形盛果期成龄树进行试验,发现开心形树形在光合生理指标、叶绿素含量和叶片N、P、K含量、果实产量和品种等方面都显著优于对照圆头形树形,也明显优于纺锤形树形。     

Growth, survival, and root system morphology of deeply planted Corylus colurna 7 years after transplanting and the effects of root collar excavation

Urban trees are frequently planted with their root collars and structural roots buried well below soil grade, either because of planting practices, nursery production practices, or both. These deeply planted structural roots can impair tree establishment and are thought to reduce tree growth, lifespan, and stability, although research has provided few and contradictory results on these questions to date. This study examines container-grown (55 L) Turkish hazel trees (Corylus colurna L.), planted either at grade, 15 cm below grade, or 30 cm below grade into a well-drained silt loam soil, over nearly 8 years. Five years after planting, in 2004, remediation treatments (root collar excavations) were performed on two replicates of each below-ground treatment. Subsequently, all trees were subjected to flooding stress by being irrigated to soil saturation for approximately 6 weeks. In 2006, flooding stress was repeated. Trees root systems were partially excavated in 2007, and root architecture was characterized. Deep planting did not affect trunk diameter growth over 8 years. Survival was 100% for the first 5 years; however, one 30 cm below grade tree died after flooding in 2004 and another died after the 2006 flooding. Photosynthesis was monitored during the 2004 flooding and all trees experienced decline in photosynthetic rates. There was an apparent slight delay in the decline for trees with excavated root collars and those planted at grade. Girdling roots reduced trunk taper and occurred primarily on unremediated trees planted 30 cm below grade.

Selected individual roots were excavated and followed from the root ball and were observed to gradually rise to the upper soil regions. Analysis of roots emerging from excavation trench faces indicated that vertical root distribution at approximately 1.25 m from the tree trunks was the same regardless of planting depth. Longterm consequences of planting below grade are discussed.     

Fractal characteristics of two-dimensional images of ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to two tree configurations after their winter pruning

The structural diagrams of apple trees are the comprehensive reflection of the effects of their training and pruning as well as their physiological and ecological characteristics and yield. However, there have been few research reports on the characteristics of the structural diagrams of apple trees. The study investigated the fractal dimension numbers and fractal characteristics of the two-dimensional images of 5-year-old and 10-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to the tall spindle configuration and the open-center configuration employing box-counting in combination with the image processing technology of the Photoshop. The two-dimensional images of apple trees with the different configurations differed and varied with their ages. The fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 10-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6625 and 1.6531 respectively while the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 5-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6429 and 1.6377 respectively. As the age of the apple trees increased, the spatial quantities and distributions of trunks and branches got slightly intensified, and the fractal dimension numbers of their two-dimensional images and the apple yield increased correspondingly. The comparison of the fractal characteristics of the apple trees with the same age, which were trained to the different configurations, revealed that under the same age, the branch quantities and the apple yield of the apple trees with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration, so that under the same age the fractal dimension numbers with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration. These results showed that the fractal dimension number of the two-dimensional images of apple trees depended upon their trunk and bough distribution and at the same time it increased with their apple yield as well. Therefore, the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of apple trees could be employed as an indicator for assessing training and pruning effects on apple trees and their fruit yield.     

不同树形对毛叶枣结果的影响

毛叶枣树形试验表明,纺锤形与开心形相比,具有产量高、果实品质好,节省架材等优点。纺锤形果实产量比开心形高,枝叶重量比开心形低。2次结果试验表明,纺锤形果实采收后,留中央领导干和大枝基枝回缩修剪,结合盛花期环剥,能在10月和1月收2次果,产量显著高于收1次果。     

改善树体结构对提高龙眼产量和品质的影响试验

通过培育不同树形,并对郁闭的龙眼果园进行疏枝、间伐试验。结果表明,建立高光效树体结构,减少郁闲果园株数,能有效改善果园通风透光条件、提高产量和果实品质;林华果场试验因疏枝改造后树高降低,冠径扩大,单株产量比对照增加121kg,果实品质显著提高;密龙果场试验园间伐后,虽然总产量略有降低,但是667m2产值比对照增加687．8元。通过调查不同果园的龙眼产量和树体结构,得到龙眼产量与树体结构相关性回归方程为Y=-60．98＋0．28X1＋3．90x2＋2．29X3。     

Effects of grafting height of MM106 rootstock on growth,lateral shoot formation and yield in apple trees

Summary

Between 2004 and 2008, the effects of different grafting heights on sylleptic shoots were tested in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, and cumulative fruit yields were evaluated. MM106 apple rootstocks were grafted 10, 20, 40, or 60 cm above soil level in August 2004. The results showed that an increased grafting height significantly decreased tree height in both cultivars. The tallest and shortest trees were observed at grafting heights of 10 cm (153.0 and 170.0 cm) and 60 cm (141.3 and 143.5 cm) in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively.Among the various grafting heights tested, 60 cm in ‘Granny Smith’ and 20 cm in ‘Gloster’ gave the largest stem diameters (17.6 mm and 16.8 mm, respectively). The number of lateral shoots increased significantly with increased grafting height in both cultivars. The largest numbers of lateral shoots in ‘Granny Smith’ (10.75) and ‘Gloster’ (2.00) were obtained from a grafting height of 60 cm, while 2.55 and zero lateral shoots occurred at 10 cm grafting height in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively. Shoot lengths decreased significantly by increasing the grafting height. Grafting heights of 10 cm and 60 cm resulted in the tallest and shortest shoots in both cultivars. Cumulative fruit yields were significantly affected by grafting height in both cultivars. The highest yield was found for a 60 cm grafting height in both ‘Granny Smith’ (11.295 kg tree^–1) and ‘Gloster’ (4.818 kg tree^–1).The results of this study suggest that grafting heights of 40 cm and 60 cm have the potential to promote branching and early bearing for apple fruit production in sustainable and organic agricultural systems.     

Effects of different rootstocks and training systems on the mineral composition of ‘Delicious’ apple leaves

Leaf mineral composition as affected by different rootstocks, cultivars, training systems and their combinations was measured during 1987 and 1988. Trees on M.7 had significantly higher concentrations of N, P and Fe, whereas those on MM. 106 maintained higher values of K, Ca, Mg and Mn during both years. Between cultivars, Red ‘Delicious’ showed greater accumulation of N, P, Mg and Fe but K and Cu levels were found to be more in Starking ‘Delicious’. All mineral nutrients except Ca and Mg accumulated more in spindle-bush trained trees than those under modified central leader system. The Mineral composition of Starking ‘Delicious’ grafted on M.7 rootstock and trained as a spindle bush produced the best yield efficiency and fruit quality, and fell within the normal range.