黑龙江省碳储量及碳汇潜力分析

通过研究分析证明,黑龙江省碳储量约为9.994×109t,其中,森林植物和林地土壤碳储量占52.31%;黑龙江省有机碳净增长约为每年9.381×107t,其中,森林碳汇净增长占88.89%;黑龙江省有机碳净增长价值合人民币为每年2.523×1010元,其中,森林碳汇价值净增长为每年2.242×1010元。     

广东省红树林湿地生态系统碳汇研究综述

红树林湿地生态系统是重要的碳汇生态系统。得益于国家对红树林资源的重视与相关措施政策的施行,广东红树林湿地生态系统资源及现状在过去的几十年里逐渐改善。红树林碳汇潜力巨大,影响其碳汇能力的因子除了植物组成外,还有温度、土壤、大气、人为干扰等多个因子。目前,红树林的碳汇能力研究方法有净生产力法、遥感反演法、异速方程法、模型模拟法等。研究红树林湿地生态系统的碳汇功能机制,能够对红树林湿地生态系统的保护和合理利用提供更有力的理论支持,对建设红树林具有重要意义。     

黑龙江大兴安岭森林碳储量与碳汇估算

依据大兴安岭森林资源统计数据,对2000年和2013年大兴安岭森林的碳储量与碳汇量进行了估算。结果表明:2000年森林碳储量为22 875.88万t,2013年森林碳储量为24 928.66万t,2000—2013年大兴安岭森林碳汇量为2 052.78万t,年均增加碳汇157.91万t,年均增长率为0.69%,吸收CO2量为7 526.86万t;预测到2020年,大兴安岭森林碳储量将达到26 865.34万t,森林碳汇量1 936.68万t,年增长率1.11%,可吸收CO2量达7 101.16万t。     

武汉市江夏区碳汇造林基线碳储量的计量

为了正确评估中国绿色碳基金中国石油武汉江夏碳汇项目在碳汇中的作用,在GPS技术的支持下,结合收集的基础研究资料数据、野外实地调查数据及2008年的江夏区森林资源调查资料,构建了马尾松、杉木的材积模型和土壤碳储量的计量模型,估算了基线的碳储量。计量结果为:非树木植被碳储量为1 463.06 t,马尾松、杉木等散生木的碳储量为364.03 t,土壤有机碳总储量为26 046.44 t,项目活动引起的CO2排放量为313.04 t。计量结果准确地反映了江夏区碳汇造林基线情景下的碳储量基本状况,对于准确预估(事前估算)江夏区碳汇项目造林的净碳汇量具有重要作用。     

蜀南苦竹林生态系统碳储量与碳汇能力估测

科学准确的碳计量是评价森林减缓大气CO2浓度增加、应对气候变化能力的关键,而竹林特殊的生物学与生态学特性使得竹林碳汇计量较其他森林生态系统更为复杂。采用生物量法研究蜀南苦竹林生态系统的碳密度、碳储量及其空间分配格局,并对苦竹林生态系统碳汇能力进行估算。结果表明:1)立竹平均含碳率为450.792g·kg-1,不同龄级苦竹各器官含碳率差异不显著。土壤有机碳含量为19.410g·kg-1,不同土层差异极显著;2)苦竹林生态系统总碳储量为156.823t·hm-2,其中土壤碳库是最大的碳库,为132.568t·hm-2,占总碳储量的84.53%,枯落物碳库为最小的碳库(4.823t·hm-2),只占总碳储量的3.08%;3)苦竹立竹碳储量为19.432t·hm-2,占总碳储量12.39%,其中近半(49.13%)贮藏于竹秆中。竹秆、竹枝、竹叶3部分地上碳储量总计达13.346t·hm-2,占立竹总碳储量的68.68%,地上部分碳储量为地下部分碳储量的2.19倍;4)苦竹林生态系统植被层年固碳量为8.262t·hm-2,相当于每年固定30.294t·hm-2CO2,固碳能力强于毛竹。     

基于碳储量分布状态分析黑龙江省典型林型碳汇结构

基于碳储量分布状态分析黑龙江省典型林型,对黑龙江省小兴安岭地区典型树种进行碳汇测定分析。结果表明,不同树种间不同组分（根、干、冠）碳比例存在显著的差异,但同一树种不同组分的碳密度比例不存在显著差异。不同林型不同样地针阔混交林垂直空间上不同组分（根、干、冠）的碳密度比例存在一定的差异,垂直空间碳比例平均值差异不明显,树根、树冠、树干的平均垂直碳密度比例平均值分别为：25.05±1.14%、16.35±0.96%、58.59±1.62%。     

龙山林场森林碳储量及碳密度研究

通过对龙山林场人工林及天然林的碳储量及碳密度进行计量研究,结果表明10种林分类型固定二氧化碳总量为113.08万t,其中红松林为57 085.86t,落叶松林为94 395.86t、樟子松林为77 493.36t、云杉林为540.8t、柞树林为838 309.87t、白桦林为3 306.04t、山杨林为1 890.56t、椴树林为2 102.03t、软阔混交林为3 655.93t、硬阔混交林为52 011.58t;天然林碳密度平均为179.26t CO_2-e·hm~(-2),人工林碳密度平均为88.03tCO_2-e·hm~(-2),天然林碳密度比人工林高,是人工林的103.64%。     

云南省“十三五”期间森林碳储量动态变化及碳汇潜力分析

采用云南省“十三五”期间森林资源监测成果数据,基于森林蓄积量换算因子法对云南省“十三五”期间森林碳储量动态变化和碳汇潜力研究分析,结果表明：云南“十三五”期间森林碳储量由21.9525亿t增加到23.9522亿t,森林碳储量净增加了1.9996亿t,年平均增量0.4999亿t。按假设单位面积蓄积目标法估算云南期未森林碳汇发展潜力,计算表明云南林业碳汇发展潜力巨大,“十四五”规划目标是可以实现的。     

丽水市森林碳储量和碳汇经济价值研究

为精确计量丽水市森林碳储量和碳汇量,核算森林碳汇经济价值,运用系统抽样方法,在丽水市全域系统布设固定样地716个,根据固定样地数据,结合单株生物量模型法和单位面积生物量模型,测算丽水市2016—2021年各年的森林碳储量和2017—2021年各年的森林碳汇量;在此基础上,利用碳税率法、造林成本法、碳市场CEA价格法,分别测算森林碳汇经济价值。结果表明,丽水市年平均森林碳储量为6 654.97万t,年平均森林碳汇量为290.32万t;森林植被碳储量组成主体是乔木林,占82.90%,其次为竹林,占7.98%,灌木林占2.67%;其他林地（包括疏林、散生木、四旁木等）占6.45%;在乔木林、竹林、灌木林3种森林类型中,乔木林的碳密度（单位面积的碳储量）最高,竹林居中,灌木林最低,同时,森林平均碳密度和乔木林碳密度呈逐年递增趋势;根据抽样估计理论与计算方法,在P<0.05的可靠性保证下,丽水市森林植被碳储量各年的估计精度都大于93%,估计结果有较好的精度保证;按碳税率法、造林成本法、碳市场CEA价格法,2017—2021年年平均森林碳汇价值为分别为34.84亿元、7.93亿元和1.68亿...     

永州市杉木林碳贮量及碳贮潜力分析

基于2014年永州市森林资源调查统计数据,利用生物量相对生长方程与转换系数之间的关系,估算永州市杉木林碳贮量及碳贮潜力,为永州市杉木林可持续经营和生态功能区划提供科学依据。结果表明:2014年永州市杉木林现存碳贮量为8.62×106 t,成熟林碳贮量最高,为2.27×106 t。如果采取合理经营措施,永州市杉木林的碳贮量可增加到17.73×106 t,为目前杉木林碳贮量的2.1倍;幼龄林碳贮量增加最多,为实际值的2.9倍。未来10年永州市杉木林的碳贮量可达到15.98×106 t,增加7.36×106 t。可见,永州市杉木林具有较大的碳贮潜力。加强现有杉木林尤其是中幼龄林的经营管理,调整杉木林龄组面积结构,适当限制采伐近熟林、成熟林和过熟林,可充分发挥杉木林的碳贮潜力。     

Carbon pools and sequestration in forest ecosystems in Britain

British vegetation is estimated to contain 113.8 million tC,80 per cent of which is in forests and woodlands (91.9 milliontC). Sitka spruce plantations, although covering 21.4 per centof the forest/woodland area, contain only 8.2 per cent of theforest/woodland carbon, because the plantations are young andhave an average of only 14.1 tC ha^–1. Broadleaved woodlandsin Britain have an average of 61.9 tC ha^–1 and contain46.8 per cent of the total carbon in all vegetation. A breakdownis given of the carbon density (tC ha^–1) and content ofdifferent tree species. A carbon density map of Britain highlightsthe concentration of carbon in the broadleaved woodlands insouthern England and in the large conifer plantations in southernScotland and northern England. Carbon storage in the trees, products, litter and soil can beevaluated in terms of long-term equilibrium storage or short-termrate of storage. These two components vary among forest typesin Britain and globally. Plantations harvested at the time ofmaximum mean annual increment (MAI) will not store as much carbonas mature, old-growth forests on the same site unless they havelong-lasting products and/or are very fast growing. Maximumequilibrium carbon storage is generally achieved by harvestingat the time of maximum MAI when the lifetime of products exceedsthe time to maximum MAI. Undisturbed peatlands sequester CO₂and emit CH₄, and may be greenhouse neutral. When peatlandsare drained and planted with trees, they stop emitting CH₄ andstore carbon in the trees, forest litter, forest soil and woodproducts. However, these greenhouse gas ‘gains’are offset by the oxidation to CO₂ of the peat, and the gainsare exceeded by CO₂ losses when 20–40 cm depth of peathas been oxidized. Forests in Britain are currently sequestering1.5–1.7 million tC a^–1 in trees, 0.3–0.5 tCa^–1 in litter and 0.5 million tC a^–1 in wood products,totalling about 2.5 million tC, equivalent to about 1.5 percent of the carbon currently emitted by burning fossil fuelsin the UK. In order to maintain the current forest carbon sink,the forest area needs to continue to expand at about 25 000ha a^–1 of upland conifers or 10 000 ha a^–1 of poplarson good land.     

Standing biomass and carbon storage of above-ground structures in dominant mangrove trees in the Sundarbans

We evaluated carbon stocks in the above-ground biomass (AGB) of three dominant mangrove species (Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha) in the Indian Sundarbans. We examined whether these carbon stocks vary with spatial locations (western region vs. central region) and with seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon). Among the three studied species, S. apetala showed the maximum above-ground carbon storage (t ha⁻¹) followed by A. alba (t ha⁻¹) and E. agallocha (t ha⁻¹). The above-ground biomass (AGB) varied significantly with spatial locations (p < 0.05) but not with seasons (p < 0.05). The variation may be attributed to different environmental conditions to which these areas are exposed to such as higher siltation and salinity in central region compared to western region. The relatively higher salinity in central region caused subsequent lowering of biomass and stored carbon of the selected species.     

低碳经济与森林碳汇

1全球变暖与低碳经济 1．1两个基本概念 温室效应（Green house effect） 现代工业化社会过多燃烧煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料,放出大量的二氧化碳等气体进入大气。二氧化碳气体具有吸热和隔热的功能,它在大气中增多的结果是形成一种无形的“玻璃罩”,使太阳辐射到地球上的热量无法向外层空间发散,其结果是地球表面变热,因此,二氧化碳也被称为温室气体。     

Forest soils and carbon sequestration

Soils in equilibrium with a natural forest ecosystem have high carbon (C) density. The ratio of soil:vegetation C density increases with latitude. Land use change, particularly conversion to agricultural ecosystems, depletes the soil C stock. Thus, degraded agricultural soils have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) stock than their potential capacity. Consequently, afforestation of agricultural soils and management of forest plantations can enhance SOC stock through C sequestration. The rate of SOC sequestration, and the magnitude and quality of soil C stock depend on the complex interaction between climate, soils, tree species and management, and chemical composition of the litter as determined by the dominant tree species. Increasing production of forest biomass per se may not necessarily increase the SOC stocks. Fire, natural or managed, is an important perturbation that can affect soil C stock for a long period after the event. The soil C stock can be greatly enhanced by a careful site preparation, adequate soil drainage, growing species with a high NPP, applying N and micronutrients (Fe) as fertilizers or biosolids, and conserving soil and water resources. Climate change may also stimulate forest growth by enhancing availability of mineral N and through the CO₂ fertilization effect, which may partly compensate release of soil C in response to warming. There are significant advances in measurement of soil C stock and fluxes, and scaling of C stock from pedon/plot scale to regional and national scales. Soil C sequestration in boreal and temperate forests may be an important strategy to ameliorate changes in atmospheric chemistry.     

关注林业碳汇 展望低碳未来

自《京都议定书》提出以来,林业碳汇已成为全球应对气候变化的重要手段。文章回顾了林业碳汇在国内外应对气候变化进程中的地位和作用,结合中国实际阐述林业碳汇目前面临的挑战和未来践行的措施,分析碳交易给我国林业带来的机遇以及在低碳发展环境下林业碳汇后续发展的瓶颈、契机和主要途径。     

The potential of REDD+ for carbon sequestration in tropical forests: Supply curves for carbon storage for Kalimantan,Indonesia

We study the potential of tropical multi-age multi-species forests for sequestering carbon in response to financial incentives from REDD+. Following existing carbon crediting schemes, the use of reduced impact logging techniques (RIL) allows a forest manager to apply for carbon credits whereas conventional logging (CL) does not. This paper is the first to develop a Hartman model with selective cutting in this setting that takes additionality of carbon sequestration explicitly into account. We apply the model using data for Kalimantan, Indonesia, for both private and government forest managers. The latter have a lower discount rate and are exempt from taxes. RIL leads to less damages on the residual stand than CL and has lower variable but higher fixed costs. We find that a system of carbon credits through REDD+ can increase carbon stored per hectare by 15.8% if the forest is privately managed and by 22% under government management if the carbon price equals the average 2015 price in the European Union's Emission Trading Scheme. Interestingly, awarding carbon credits to carbon stored in end-use wood products does not increase the amount of carbon stored, nor Land Expectation Value.     

Carbon storage and sequestration in the forests of Northern Ireland

The rate of accumulation of carbon in forests and woodlandsin Northern Ireland was estimated using the record of forestplanting since 1900 and a model that calculated the flow ofcarbon from the atmosphere to trees, litter, soil, wood productsand back to the atmosphere. It was assumed that all coniferforests had the carbon accumulation characteristics of Piceasitchensis, and upper and lower estimates of carbon storagewere calculated assuming Yield Class 16 m³ha^–1 a^–1unthinned and Yield Class 14 m³ ha^–1 a^–1 thinned.Broadleaved woodlands were assume to have the carbon accumulationcharacteristics of Fagus sylvatica, Yield Class 6 m³ha^–1a^–1. Northern Ireland currently has about 78 300 ha offorest, 83 per cent of which is coniferous, 77 per cent state-owned,mostly planted since 1945, with peak planting in 1960–1975.In 1990, conifer forests contained 3–4 MtC (trees + litter)and broadleaved wdlands contained about 0.8 MtC (trees + litter+ new forest soil). In 1990, conifer forests were sequestering0.15–0.20 MtC a^–1 and broadleaved woodlands about0.025 MtC a^–1. To maintain these sink sizes, new coniferforests need to be planted at 1500–2000 ha a^–1,and new broadleaved woodland at100–150 ha a^–1 inaddition to full restocking. Current carbon sequestration byNorthern Ireland forests represents around 6.5–8.2 percent of the total for UK forests and is greater per hectar thanin Britain because the average forest age is younger in NorthernIreland     

Forest carbon sequestration in China and its benefits

Carbon sequestration is important in studying global carbon cycle and budget. Here, we used the National Forest Resource Inventory data for China collected from 2004 to 2008 and forest biomass and soil carbon storage data obtained from direct field measurements to estimate carbon (C) sequestration rate and benefit keeping C out of the atmosphere in forest ecosystems and their spatial distributions. Between 2004 and 2008, forests sequestered on average 0.36 Pg C yr^?1 (1 Pg = 10¹⁵g), with 0.30 Pg C yr^?1 in vegetation and 0.06 Pg C yr^?1 in 0–1 meter soil. Under the different forest categories, total C sequestration rate ranged from 0.02 in bamboo forest to 0.11 Pg C yr^?1 in broadleaf forest. The southwest region had highest C sequestration rate, 30% of total C sequestration, followed by the northeast and south central regions. The C sequestration in the forest ecosystem could offset about 21% of the annual C emissions in China over the same period, especially in provinces of Tibet, Guangxi, and Yunnan, and the benefit was similar to most Annex I countries. These results show that forests play an important role in reducing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in China, and forest C sequestration are closely related to forest area, tree species composition, and site conditions.