家禽抗菌药物使用的良好兽医规范

抗菌药物的良好兽医临床应用可以被定义为合理的抗菌药物治疗方案,当然要基于所治疗家禽的情况进行综合考虑：临床判断结果;实验室诊断结果;医学知识;流行病学背景;饲养管理条件。抗菌药物的应用不应该替代畜牧管理的缺点、生物安全措施和预防性卫生措施。在发病情况下使用抗菌药物是作为养殖场良好管理和合理免疫程序的辅助。     

The effects of breed,season and parity on the reproductive performance of pigs reared under hot and humid environments

Tropical Animal Health and Production - A research aimed at evaluating the reproductive performance of pigs as influenced by breed, season, and parity was carried out. Reproductive performance...     

Influence of sulfate in drinking water on mouse reproduction during two parities

Field studies have suggested that high levels of sulfate in drinking water may alter water consumption and have an adverse effect on animal reproduction. This study was conducted to determine whether sulfate in the drinking water affects the reproductive performance of female mice during gestation and lactation over two parities. Sixty random-bred albino mice were randomly assigned to six sulfate treatments. Sodium sulfate was added to deionized distilled water to give sulfate levels in ppm as follows: (1) 0 (control); (2) 0 (Na control); (3) 625; (4) 1,250; (5) 2,500 and (6) 5,000. Treatments 2 to 6 contained the same Na content (2,392 ppm) by varying Na bicarbonate content. Mice receiving only the deionized distilled water drank less (P less than .05) than mice receiving the other treatments at all times measured. Animals offered the 0 (Na control) water drank more (P less than .05) water than mice on the other sulfate treatments. There was no difference (P greater than .10) in litter size, litter weaning weight, or gestational and lactational weight gain of the dam among water treatments. Although levels of sulfate up to 5,000 ppm and 2,392 ppm Na in the drinking water cubicly altered water consumption, they did not affect litter size, litter weaning weight, or gestational and lactational weight gain of the dam when sulfate ingestion was continued over two parities.     

Effects of feeding by crop intubation on energy metabolism and physical activity in domestic cockerels.

1. Heat production and physical activity were measured in cockerels given the same amount of food either conventionally or by direct intubation into the crop. 2. The thermogenic effect of feeding (heat increment per unit weight of food) was about 30% less with tube-feeding. 3. The difference in heat increment of feeding, and therefore in efficiency of energy utilisation, was entirely attributable to the circumvention of feeding activity by intubation.     

饮水温度对高温环境下奶牛生产性能及血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究饮水温度对高温环境下奶牛生产性能和血清生化指标的影响。试验选用12头泌乳后期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因子完全随机试验设计。试验分为4组,试验组A、B、C三组饮水温度分别为22、24、26℃,D组为对照组,饮水温度28℃,试验期49d。试验结果表明,与对照组组相比:①饮用22、24、26℃的水对奶牛直肠温度和呼吸频率无显著影响(P>0.05);②饮用22℃的水可使干物质采食量提高5.14%(P<0.05),而饮水量无显著差异(P>0.05),饮用24、26℃的水不影响干物质采食量和饮水量(P>0.05);③饮用22℃的水可使产奶量提高6.38%(P<0.05);饮用24、26℃的水对产奶量无显著影响(P>0.05),饮用22、24、26℃的水对乳成分的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05);④饮用22、24、26℃的水对奶牛血清中常量矿物元素无显著影响(P>0.05)。综合分析试验奶牛的生产性能和血清生化指标变化,夏季给奶牛饮用22℃的水有助于提高干物质采食量和产奶量。     

Effect of restricted cooled drinking water on the performance of broiler breeder hens in a hot,dry climate

1. We tested the effect of cooled drinking water on the performance of broiler breeder hens maintained in a hot, dry climate. Hens from 24 weeks of age (mean body mass = 2.5 kg) were offered one of three treatments: cooled water (18.5°C, COLD) or tap water (27.5°C, CONR) twice a day for a total time of 2–5 h, or tap water ad libitum (CONA). Food was restricted for all hens.

2. Daily water influx in the COLD hens (120 ml/kg) was similar to that of the CONR hens (123 ml/kg), but was 36% lower than that of the CONA hens (163 ml/kg). The same pattern was found in the ratio of water drunk (ml/d) to food intake (g/d): 1.85 and 1.88 in the COLD and CONR hens, respectively, and 2.73 in the CONA hens.

3. There were no significant differences in body mass change among groups. Over the first 28 d of treatment, the COLD hens increased their body mass by 20.9 g/d, the CONR hens by 19.6 g/d and the CONA hens by 21.8 g/d.

4. When offered cooled water from 24 to 30 weeks, egg production decreased in the COLD hens. Egg production in this group was similar to controls during weeks 31 and 32, 1 to 2 weeks after treatment had stopped and at a time that all hens were receiving tap water ad libitum.     

Leg health and performance of broiler chickens reared in different light environments

1. The effects of light source and intensity on leg health and performance of female ROSS 308 broiler chickens were investigated in a 2 x 2 experimental design (8 groups of 275 chicks) of two light sources (Osram biolux and Osram warm-white) and two light intensities (5 and 100 clux, adjusted to fowl-perceived illuminance). 2. At 41 d of age, body weight, gait-score, footpad dermatitis and hock-burn were measured on 50 birds from each light environment. In addition, weekly feed intake and body weight were determined on a group basis and mortality was recorded continuously. 3. The light environment did not affect the severity of the gait-score or hock-burns. The risk of moderate to severe lameness and hock-burns increased with body weight. Birds weighing more than 2400 g had an increased probability of moderate footpad lesions in biolux light. 4. Weight and gait-score, as well as gait-score and hock-burn were positively correlated. Podo-dermatitis was weakly correlated with hock-burn, which contradicts earlier findings. The light environment did not affect feed intake, body weight or mortality. 5. The light sources and intensities employed in this study did not adversely affect production or leg health of broiler chickens reared semi-commercially.     

Microbial diversity in the large intestine of pigs born and reared in different environments

Pigs born outdoors and reared on deep litter (straw) have been reported to experience less of a growth check after weaning and have a higher dressing percentage than counterparts born and reared under conventional (indoor) systems. The reason(s) for this difference is/are presently unknown, but differences in the gut environment might contribute to these observations. PCR-DGGE techniques were used in this study to examine microbial diversity and banding patterns in the large intestine of piglets that were reared under different rearing conditions. Six piglets per treatment were euthanised at weaning (21 days) and at 7 days and 21 days after weaning from two extreme treatments [indoor-born: conventionally-raised after weaning (‘Indoor’) or outdoor-born, deep-litter raised after weaning (‘Outdoor’)]. The Shannon diversity index was calculated, and multivariate analysis of banding patterns was performed. Indoor pigs had a more diverse bacterial population at weaning and 21 days after weaning than Outdoor pigs. However at the end of the first week after weaning, outdoor-born and deep-litter pigs had a more diverse microbiota. The Shannon diversity index continued to increase with time after weaning in Outdoor pigs, which did not occur in Indoor pigs. Multivariate analysis of banding patterns showed there was a trend (P = 0.109) for a difference in microbial structure depending on housing type. There was also a significant (P < 0.001) effect of sampling time after weaning and a significant interaction (P < 0.001) between housing and time after weaning.     

Influence of caecectomy and dietary protein concentration on apparent excreta amino acid digestibility in adult cockerels

1. The influence of caecectomy and dietary crude protein content (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g/kg diet) on the apparent excreta amino acid digestibilities in adult cockerels fed on semi‐purified diets containing soyabean meal (SBM) or cottonseed meal (CSM) as the sole source of protein was investigated.

2. Caecectomy had no influence on the apparent digestibilities of most amino acids in SBM, the exceptions being histidine, arginine and lysine, but lowered the apparent digestibility of amino acids in CSM.

3. The protein content in assay diets has a strong influence on the apparent amino acid digestibility values for poultry. Apparent values are lower when the dietary protein content is low.

4. The use of a single endogenous amino acid output value, generated by regression analysis or protein‐free diets, for true digestibility adjustments across a wide range of protein intakes is questioned. In particular, such an application will penalise estimates of apparent digestibility when the dietary protein content is high.     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic pigs reared under different management systems in Zimbabwe

Serum samples from 474 domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) from Zimbabwe were tested for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The results showed that T. gondii infection is widespread in Zimbabwean pigs. Seroprevalence was lowest in fattening pigs from large and small-scale commercial farms that practise good hygiene (19.75% of 238) and highest in backyard scavenging pigs (35.71% of 70). Only 11.7% (11) of the 127 positive samples had titres of > or = 1:400 and nine (81.82%) of these 11 originated from pigs reared under poor hygienic conditions. A prevalence of 3.51% was found in the same group of fattening pigs using an indirect IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the single serum dilution of 1:400. The serosurvey shows the importance of modern intensive husbandry systems in reducing the prevalences of T. gondii infection in domestic pigs.     

饮用水水质与动物生产

论述了水的感官性状指标、化学指标和细菌学指标对动物健康与生产的影响,介绍了各项指标的卫生要求与 卫生标准以及保证饮用水水质的措施     

Effect of carbonated water on arterial pH, PCO2 and plasma lactate in heat-stressed broilers

1. The effects of tap (TW) or carbonated (CW) water on arterial pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and plasma lactate were determined in heat-stressed broilers. Water treatments were infused directly into the crop at a rate of 0.4 ml/min kg BW. 2. Heat stress increased body temperature (Tb) and respiration rate (RR) but both were higher in birds given CW after 4 and 5 h than in TW-infused controls. However, PCO2 was lower and arterial pH and plasma lactate were higher in TW-infused birds after 4 and 5 h of heat stress than in CW-infused birds. Hematocrit was also higher in CW-treated birds after 4 and 5 h of heat stress than in TW controls. 3. The results indicate that CW is capable of attenuating changes in blood pH and PCO2 in heat-stressed domestic fowl. The lower pH in CW birds after 4 and 5 h of heat stress may have suppressed plasma lactate concentrations in these birds.     

Influence of short-term confinement and exercise on tibia development in growing pigs

The influence of short-term confinement and moderate exercise on tibia development was investigated in growing pigs (36-41 kg, 10 weeks at the beginning of the study). Animals were kept for 2 weeks either in individual crates of 0.8 m(2) ('confinement', n = 4) or kept in groups of four animals in large crates of 5.6 m(2) without ('control') or with additional exercise (30 min walking at 5 days/week; 'exercise'). Bone density and morphological parameters were evaluated by computer tomography (CT). Periosteal apposition and longitudinal growth were determined after polychrome sequential labelling in weekly intervals. Cortical areas of the cross sections at the mid-shaft and at 75% of the length of the bone measured distal to the carpus by CT were significantly correlated to each other (r = 0.70) and revealed a significant reduction in confined animals. This difference was explained by lower periosteal apposition rates in these animals compared with exercised and group-housed pigs. Similarly longitudinal growth and the formation and calcification of spongiosa of the tibiae were inhibited by confinement. Thus, 2 weeks of confinement led to significant differences in bone growth and metabolism in young growing piglets when compared with animals with moderate activity.     

Effects of increasing dietary niacin on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs reared in two different environments

We conducted two experiments to determine the effects of added dietary niacin on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs. Pigs were blocked by weight and assigned to one of six dietary treatments in both experiments. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based control diet (no added niacin) or the control diet with 13, 28, 55, 110, or 550 mg/kg of added niacin. In Exp. 1, pigs were housed at the Kansas State University research from with two pigs per pen (six pens per treatment per sex). In Exp. 2, pigs were housed with 26 pigs per pen (four pens per treatment per sex) in a commercial research barn. In Exp. 1, 144 pigs (initially 51.2 kg) were fed diets in two phases (d 0 to 25 and 25 to 62) that were formulated to 1.00 and 0.75% lysine, respectively. In Exp. 2, 1,248 pigs (initially 35.9 kg) were fed diets in four phases (d 0 to 28, 29 to 56, 57 to 84, and 85 to 117), with corresponding total lysine concentrations of 1.25, 1.10, 0.90, and 0.65% lysine, respectively. Added fat (6.0%) was included in the first three phases. In Exp. 1, average daily feed intake tended (quadratic, P < 0.07) to increase then return to values similar to control pigs as dietary niacin increased. Longissimus muscle (LM) 24-h pH (longissimus of pigs fed added niacin) tended to increase (control vs niacin, P < 0.06) for pigs fed added niacin. In the commercial facility (Exp. 2), increasing added niacin improved gain:feed (quadratic, P < 0.01) and subjective color score, and ultimate pH (linear, P < 0.01). Added niacin also decreased (linear, P < 0.04) carcass shrink, L* values, and drip loss percentage. Results from these two studies show that 13 to 55 mg/kg added dietary niacin can be fed to pigs in a commercial environment to improve gain:feed. It also appears that pork quality, as measured by drip loss, pH, and color, may be improved by higher concentrations of added dietary niacin.     

Efficacy of lincomycin-spectinomycin water medication on Mycoplasma meleagridis airsacculitis in commercially reared turkey poults

A field trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of a combination of the drugs lincomycin and spectinomycin (LS) with Tylan (tylosin, T) against Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) airsacculitis in 50,320 commercially reared turkey poults in Ohio. Both drugs were administered at 2 g per gallon of drinking water for the first 5 days of life. The poults were allotted randomly to two treatment groups with 8 or 5 replicates each. Initially, 250 poults were weighed, necropsied, and examined microbiologically and grossly for airsacculitis. At 3 weeks of age, 33 poults from each replicate were randomly selected, necropsied, and examined for airsacculitis. The data indicate that LS is superior to T as an aid in the control of MM airsacculitis in poults, as reflected by fewer air-sac lesions and greater improvement in weight gain (P less than 0.05).     

Effect of temporary transfers to 14 h on age at first egg in domestic pullets reared on 8-h photoperiods

1. Brown-egg pullets were reared on 8-h photoperiods and temporarily transferred at 80 d of age to 14-h photoperiods for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12 d. Controls were either maintained on 8 h or permanently transferred to 14 h at 80 d. 2. Pullets given 8 or 12 long days matured 8-9 d earlier than constant 8-h controls, but 22-23 d later than pullets transferred permanently to long days. Mean age at first egg for the groups given 2, 4, 6 or 10 d of 14-h days were not significantly different from the 8-h controls. The mean weight of first egg and body weight at first egg for the temporarily-photostimulated groups were not significantly different from constant 8-h controls, but egg weights were > or = 5.1 g and body weights at first egg > or = 200 g heavier than the birds transferred permanently to 14 h. 3. It is concluded that up to 6 temporary long days may be given (from 80 d of age) without affecting the timing of sexual maturity, but that the provision of 8 or more long days will accelerate sexual development, thought not to the extent of a permanent transfer, in most birds within a flock. A regression analysis of the ages at which the first and last birds in the groups given 6, 8, 10 or 12 long days matured suggested that about 20 d of photostimulation are required to achieve a mean age at first egg similar to that of birds permanently transferred to long days.     

家禽饮水免疫的注意事项

饮水免疫是家禽常用的免疫方法之一，目前可供饮水免疫的疫苗有新城疫Ⅱ系及Ⅳ系苗、传染性支气管疫苗、传染性腔上囊病弱毒疫苗等，饮水免疫虽省时省力，但由于受水质、水温、水量、停水时问等影响，造成每只鸡疫苗用量不一，免疫抗体参差不齐。为使饮水免疫达到理想效果，必须注意以下几个问题：