Single-crystal nanorings formed by epitaxial self-coiling of polar nanobelts

Freestanding single-crystal complete nanorings of zinc oxide were formed via a spontaneous self-coiling process during the growth of polar nanobelts. The nanoring appeared to be initiated by circular folding of a nanobelt, caused by long-range electrostatic interaction. Coaxial and uniradial loop-by-loop winding of the nanobelt formed a complete ring. Short-range chemical bonding among the loops resulted in a single-crystal structure. The self-coiling is likely to be driven by minimizing the energy contributed by polar charges, surface area, and elastic deformation. Zinc oxide nanorings formed by self-coiling of nanobelts may be useful for investigating polar surface-induced growth processes, fundamental physics phenomena, and nanoscale devices.     

Scanning electron microscopy of evaporating ice

Direct observation of evaporating ice with a scanning electron microscope indicates that the surfaces of single-crystal and polycrystalline ice are markedly different. In specimens of single-crystal ice the crystal planes are revealed by evaporation, whereas polycrystalline ice develops a fibrous surface.     

Interband electronic excitation-assisted atomic-scale restructuring of metal surfaces by nanosecond pulsed laser light

Interaction of high-power laser light with materials often causes irreversible damage of the near-surface region. It is shown that copper single-crystal surfaces can be patterned by laser light. Irradiation with green light produced adatoms and vacancies, which self-organized into nanoscale pyramids. This restructuring can be removed by annealing. In contrast to green light, infrared laser irradiation at equivalent absorbed energy density did not produce any structural change. This, for metallic systems, unforeseen spectral difference in laser light action points to a concerted process as the source for structural modification, which involves long-lived primary excitation of localized d-electrons through interband transition together with phonon excitation.     

Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene

Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.     

Effects of Boundaries on Pattern Formation: Catalytic Oxidation of CO on Platinum

The effect of boundaries on pattern formation was studied for the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum surfaces. Photolithography was used to create microscopic reacting domains on polycrystalline foils and single-crystal platinum (110) surfaces with inert titanium overlayers. Certain domain geometries give rise to patterns that have not been observed on the untreated catalyst and bring to light surface mechanisms that have no analog in homogeneous reaction-diffusion systems.     

Heterogeneous three-dimensional electronics by use of printed semiconductor nanomaterials

We developed a simple approach to combine broad classes of dissimilar materials into heterogeneously integrated electronic systems with two- or three-dimensional layouts. The process begins with the synthesis of different semiconductor nanomaterials, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes and single-crystal micro- and nanoscale wires and ribbons of gallium nitride, silicon, and gallium arsenide on separate substrates. Repeated application of an additive, transfer printing process that uses soft stamps with these substrates as donors, followed by device and interconnect formation, yields high-performance heterogeneously integrated electronics that incorporate any combination of semiconductor nanomaterials on rigid or flexible device substrates. This versatile methodology can produce a wide range of unusual electronic systems that would be impossible to achieve with other techniques.     

Nanoscale friction varied by isotopic shifting of surface vibrational frequencies

Friction converts kinetic energy at sliding interfaces into lattice vibrations, but the detailed mechanisms of this process remain unresolved. Atomic force microscopy measurements reveal that changing the mass of the terminating atoms on a surface, and thus their vibrational frequencies, affects nanoscale friction substantially. We compared hydrogen- and deuterium-terminated single-crystal diamond and silicon surfaces, and in all cases the hydrogenated surface exhibited higher friction. This result implies that the lower natural frequency of chemisorbed deuterium reduces the rate at which the tip's kinetic energy is dissipated. This discovery is consistent with a model describing energy transfer to adsorbates from a moving surface.     

Dynamics of molecular motion at single-crystal surfaces

Dramatic advances in our understanding of the motion of individual atoms and molecules at single-crystal surfaces have been made within the past 5 years. Recent experimental and theoretical studies of the interaction of nitric oxide with metal surfaces illustrate the depth of understanding now obtainable. General principles, applicable to a broader range of molecule-surface encounters, have begun to emerge out of the systematic and in-depth analyses of these and related studies.     

Synthesis of tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals with high-index facets and high electro-oxidation activity

The shapes of noble metal nanocrystals (NCs) are usually defined by polyhedra that are enclosed by {111} and {100} facets, such as cubes, tetrahedra, and octahedra. Platinum NCs of unusual tetrahexahedral (THH) shape were prepared at high yield by an electrochemical treatment of Pt nanospheres supported on glassy carbon by a square-wave potential. The single-crystal THH NC is enclosed by 24 high-index facets such as {730}, {210}, and/or {520} surfaces that have a large density of atomic steps and dangling bonds. These high-energy surfaces are stable thermally (to 800 degrees C) and chemically and exhibit much enhanced (up to 400%) catalytic activity for equivalent Pt surface areas for electro-oxidation of small organic fuels such as formic acid and ethanol.     

Controlled folding of micrometer-size structures

Several types of microactuators have been fabricated, from simple paddles to self-assembling and -disassembling cubes. Conducting bilayers made of a layer of polymer and a layer of gold were used as hinges to connect rigid plates to each other and to a silicon substrate. The bending of the hinges was electrically controlled and reversible, allowing precise three-dimensional positioning of the plates. The structures were released from the substrate with a technique based on differential adhesion. This method, which avoids the use of a sacrificial layer and allows the actuators to pull themselves off the surface, may have general applications in micromachining. Possibilities include the manufacture, of surfaces whose light reflection or chemical properties can be switched.     

体育馆屋盖的风洞试验研究和数值计算

对一系列不同倾角的体育馆悬挑屋盖进行了风洞试验;模型比例为1:50,在屋盖上下表面安装128对测压管,在同步测压的基础上,我们获得每个测点的风压时程,通过对试验数据的处理,分析平均风压和脉动风压的产生机理.试验表面明,风压分布是受屋盖表面的气流流动分离所影响的.同时,对这种形式屋盖进行计算分析.     

The promotional effect of gold in catalysis by palladium-gold

Acetoxylation of ethylene to vinyl acetate (VA) was used to investigate the mechanism of the promotional effect of gold (Au) in a palladium (Pd)-Au alloy catalyst. The enhanced rates of VA formation for low Pd coverages relative to high Pd coverages on Au single-crystal surfaces demonstrate that the critical reaction site for VA synthesis consists of two noncontiguous, suitably spaced, Pd monomers. The role of Au is to isolate single Pd sites that facilitate the coupling of critical surface species to product, while inhibiting the formation of undesirable reaction by-products.     

Voyager 2 at neptune: imaging science results

Voyager 2 images of Neptune reveal a windy planet characterized by bright clouds of methane ice suspended in an exceptionally clear atmosphere above a lower deck of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia ices. Neptune's atmosphere is dominated by a large anticyclonic storm system that has been named the Great Dark Spot (GDS). About the same size as Earth in extent, the GDS bears both many similarities and some differences to the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. Neptune's zonal wind profile is remarkably similar to that of Uranus. Neptune has three major rings at radii of 42,000, 53,000, and 63,000 kilometers. The outer ring contains three higher density arc-like segments that were apparently responsible for most of the ground-based occultation events observed during the current decade. Like the rings of Uranus, the Neptune rings are composed of very dark material; unlike that of Uranus, the Neptune system is very dusty. Six new regular satellites were found, with dark surfaces and radii ranging from 200 to 25 kilometers. All lie inside the orbit of Triton and the inner four are located within the ring system. Triton is seen to be a differentiated body, with a radius of 1350 kilometers and a density of 2.1 grams per cubic centimeter; it exhibits clear evidence of early episodes of surface melting. A now rigid crust of what is probably water ice is overlain with a brilliant coating of nitrogen frost, slightly darkened and reddened with organic polymer material. Streaks of organic polymer suggest seasonal winds strong enough to move particles of micrometer size or larger, once they become airborne. At least two active plumes were seen, carrying dark material 8 kilometers above the surface before being transported downstream by high level winds. The plumes may be driven by solar heating and the subsequent violent vaporization of subsurface nitrogen.     

Nanotribology and Nanofabrication of MoO3 Structures by Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the sliding of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) nanocrystals on single-crystal molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) surfaces. Highly anisotropic friction was observed whereby MoO3 nanocrystals moved only along specific directions of the MoS2 surface lattice. The energy per unit area to move the MoO3 nanocrystals along their preferred sliding direction was an order of magnitude less than required to slide macroscopic MoS2-bearing contacts. This extreme friction anisotropy was exploited to fabricate multicomponent MoO3 nanostructures. These reversibly interlocking structures could serve as the basis for devices such as mechanical logic gates.     

Oscillatory kinetics and spatio-temporal self-organization in reactions at solid surfaces

Chemical reactions far from equilibrium on solid surfaces may exhibit typical phenomena of nonlinear dynamics, as exemplified by the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on a platinum(110) single-crystal surface. Depending on the external parameters (temperature and partial pressures of the reactants), the temporal variation of the reaction rate may become oscillatory or even chaotic. In a parallel way, the concentration distributions of the adsorbed species on the surface form spatio-temporal patterns including propagating and standing waves, rotating spirals, as well as irregular and rapidly changing structures denoted "chemical turbulence."     

三疣梭子蟹对蟹笼网目和刚性矩形逃逸口的逃逸行为比较

为了解东海近海蟹笼逃逸口类型对三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）逃逸行为的影响，本研究使用红外水下摄像装备，对入笼的三疣梭子蟹在不同行为阶段对安装于侧网靠近笼底一侧的刚性矩形逃逸口（40mm高×200mm宽）和网目逃逸口（由2个位置较低的40mm×60mm和1个位置较高的60mm×60mm破目构成）的行为反应进行了观察。根据三疣梭子蟹探索、发现并接近、穿越企图和穿越逃逸口个体连续行为的4个阶段观察结果显示：相比刚性矩形逃逸口，三疣梭子蟹在网目逃逸口实验蟹笼中的探索行为持续时间更长；在笼底探索的个体能定位、发现并接近2种不同类型逃逸口，但发现并接近网目逃逸口时距离入笼的平均时间（P<0.01）和平均次数（P=0.061）均大于刚性矩形逃逸口；约85%发现并接近逃逸口的三疣梭子蟹企图穿越逃逸口，且在逃逸口类型之间没有显著差异；三疣梭子蟹在网目逃逸口前停留了更长的时间（P=0.006），且这一时间显著影响着个体是否企图逃逸的行为。所有个体均采用侧身姿态穿越逃逸口，对于刚性矩形逃逸口，个体甲高与逃逸口高度的关系是决定个体能否成功逃逸的关键因素；对于网目逃逸口，个体优先尝试穿越较低逃逸口，并最终全部逃逸。实验结果表明网目逃逸口可以作为蟹笼渔具逃逸装置，生物可降解材料应用可成为缓解蟹笼幽灵捕捞问题的技术手段之一。     

酸性耕作土壤中Zn、Cd、Cu、Co、Ni和Pb的形态

采用连续提取法研究了福建省酸性耕作土壤中Zn、Cd、Cu、Co、Ni和Pb的形态分布及其影响因素.结果表明,各元素水溶态和交换态所占比例均很小,Zn、Co、Ni和Pb均以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,Cu以残渣态和有机结合态为主,Cd以碳酸盐结合态与专性吸附态、铁锰氧化物结合态和交换态为主.相关分析表明,土壤理化性质对重金属形态有较大影响,但影响程度因元素而异.Zn、Ni和Co的形态受游离氧化铁、阳离子交换量和粘粒含量的影响较大;Cd和Pb的形态受土壤pH、游离氧化铁和粘粒含量的影响较大;Cu的形态与土壤粘粒含量呈较显著相关.     

Calibration of sulfate levels in the archean ocean

The size of the marine sulfate reservoir has grown through Earth's history, reflecting the accumulation of oxygen into the atmosphere. Sulfur isotope fractionation experiments on marine and freshwater sulfate reducers, together with the isotope record, imply that oceanic Archean sulfate concentrations were <200 microM, which is less than one-hundredth of present marine sulfate levels and one-fifth of what was previously thought. Such low sulfate concentrations were maintained by volcanic outgassing of SO2 gas, and severely suppressed sulfate reduction rates allowed for a carbon cycle dominated by methanogenesis.     

海洋立管错列涡激振动特性数值模拟

为了掌握海洋立管系统的涡激振动规律,发展了广义α法求解圆柱振动方程,增强了解法的稳定性,在改进特征线算子分裂(Characteristic Based Split,CBS)求解流场方程的基础上,提出了流-固耦合有限元解法计算涡激振动问题,并通过基准算例验证了解法的精度和稳定性。运用该解法数值模拟了低雷诺数下多种工况条件时两错列圆柱的涡激振动过程,结果表明:当攻角较小时,上游圆柱脱落的涡直接与下游圆柱相互作用,增加了下游圆柱上、下表面的压差,导致大尺度涡激振动现象,而此时下游圆柱的振动频率由上游圆柱的涡脱落过程决定;当攻角较大时,下游圆柱将脱离上游圆柱的尾迹区,其绕流流场、受力情况及振动频率均趋近于单圆柱情况。研究结果可为海洋立管系统布置的工程应用提供参考。     

福建浮宫红树林区的硅藻组成研究

[目的]初步分析了福建九龙江浮宫红树林区的硅藻组成。[方法]此次研究分析鉴定了浮宫红树林区6个表层样和1个柱状样的硅藻属种组成。[结果]①浮宫红树林沉积硅藻植物群属种多样性强,共鉴定出硅藻34属103种(含不定种),大部分为中心纲的圆筛属;②红树林区底泥中硅藻数量丰富。[结论]沉积硅藻种群以浮游的海水种和咸水半咸水种为主,说明浮宫红树林处于以海水作用为主的沉积环境中。