Microbiological method for assaying lincomycin in animal feed: collaborative study.

A microbiological assay for determining lincomycin in swine feed, supplement, and a vitamin-mineral premix was studied collaboratively in 16 laboratories. The design of the study involved a complete feed, feed supplement, and a vitamin-mineral premix covering a range of fortification from 20 to 80 g/ton and 80 to 2600 g/ton. Two methods of sample preparation were used depending on the concentration of lincomycin in the sample. Statistical evaluation of the results from the 2 methods indicated that 10 and 11 collaborators, respectively, had mean recoveries which were not significantly different from one another. Ten laboratories obtained a mean recovery of 112.2% (range 102.3--123.5%) for the lower level, and 11 laboratories obtained a mean recovery of 104.4% (range 100.0--107.7%) for the higher level. The method has been adopted as official first action.     

Preparation and stability of animal feed mixtures dosed with rotenone

Studies at Midwest Research Institute for the National Toxicology Program show that rotenone/animal feed mixtures prepared by dry-mixing are more stable than mixtures produced by dosing the feed with alcoholic solutions of rotenone and then stripping the solvent. Also, recoveries of rotenone from the dry mix feeds are higher than those from feeds dosed by the solution method. A simplified analytical method from one previously reported for rotenone in feed is described.     

不同供硒水平对水稻硒的吸收和累积特性研究

以"南粳9108"为材料,在巢湖流域研究田间条件下不同供硒水平(Se0、20、40和60 g/hm2)以及等量硒肥二次施用对水稻产量和硒吸收、累积、转运及分配的影响.结果表明:一次性施用不同浓度硒肥对水稻有增产作用,但是增产效果甚微;施用硒肥能够显著促进水稻茎、叶和穗的硒含量,但随着时间的推移,茎、叶和穗的含硒量均出现...     

Use of selenium fertilizers for production of Se‐enriched Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus): Effect on Se concentration and plant productivity

Due to selenium (Se) deficiency, Se fortification of food and feed is applied in many countries. Therefore, potential use of Se‐enriched kenaf was investigated based on its Se accumulation, its potential to transform accumulated Se to other Se species, and effect of Se accumulation on its growth. Kenaf was grown with different levels of two Se fertilizers (selenite and selenate) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 4 mg Se (kg soil)^–1. Total Se concentrations in the plants grown on selenate‐treated soil amounted to (1019 ± 136) mg Se (kg dry weight)^–1 and were much higher compared to plants grown on selenite‐treated soil. Identified Se species were selenite, selenate, Se‐methionine, and Se‐cystine. Biomass yield, net photosynthesis, and chlorophyll index of the plants decreased when plants were grown on soils treated with high doses of selenate.     

外源硒对紫云英硒含量和产量的影响

硒是人体必须的微量元素,它是多种酶的活性成份,硒可防治人类多种疾病和具排毒作用[1-3].     

Effect of Humus on Activity of Mineral-Bound Hg: III.Effect on Leachability and Transfer of Mineral-Bound Hg Under Acid Leaching Condition

Effects of humus fractions (fulvic acid, brown humic acid and grey humic acid) on the leachability and transferring activity of five types of mineral-bound Hg were investigated. Under the acid leaching condition; fulvic acid could promote leachability and vertical transference of all the mineral-bound Hg. Brown humic acid could retard the leaching and transferring processes of CaCO3-Hg, Fe2O3-Hg, MnO2-Hg and kaolinite Hg but not bentonite-Hg. Grey humic acid could greatly enhance residing ability of the mineral-bound Hg in the soil column and restrain them from vertical transferring. The effect of humus on leachability and transferring activity on the mineral-bound Hg was closely related to its ability to convert the mineral-bound Hg into organic-bound form and the transferability of the latter in the soil column. The characteristics of the mineral-bound Hg in speciation were the internal factors that determined the extent and rate of the influence of the humus.     

Detection of ruminant meat and bone meals in animal feed by real-time polymerase chain reaction: result of an interlaboratory study

The commercialization of animal feeds infected by prions proved to be the main cause of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Therefore, feed bans were enforced, initially for ruminant feeds, and later for all feeds for farmed animals. The development and validation of analytical methods for the species-specific detection of animal proteins in animal feed has been indicated in the TSE (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies) Roadmap (European Commission. The TSE (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy) roadmap. URL: http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/food/biosafety/bse/roadmap_en.pdf, 2005) as the main condition for lifting the extended feed ban. Methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) seem to be a promising solution for this aim. The main objective of this study was to determine the applicability of four different real-time PCR methods, developed by three National expert laboratories from the European Union (EU), for the detection and identification of cattle or ruminant species in typical compound feeds, fortified with meat and bone meals (MBM) from different animal species at different concentration levels. The MBM samples utilized in this study have been treated using the sterilization condition mandatory within the European Union (steam pressure sterilization at 133 degrees C, 3 bar, and 20 min), which is an additional challenge to the PCR methods evaluated in this study. The results indicate that the three labs applying their PCR methods were able to detect 0.1% of cattle MBM, either alone or in mixtures with different materials such as fishmeal, which demonstrates the improvement made by this technique, especially when compared with results from former interlaboratory studies.     

紫云英叶面喷硒效应和硒素积累特性研究

田间小区试验研究了喷施亚硒酸钠不同浓度、时期、品种对紫云英硒含量的影响,结果表明:在120~360mg L-1亚硒酸钠溶液浓度范围内对紫云英鲜草产量可增产9.32%~14.8%,到420mg L-1对紫云英有轻微中毒现象,鲜草产量减产;在0~360 mg L-1浓度范围内,紫云英茎叶和花蕾的含硒量、硒蛋白含量和蛋白硒含量随喷施浓度的提高而增加,到420mg L-1紫云英茎叶和花蕾的硒含量降低。紫云英的茎叶浸出液的硒含量在0~300 mg L-1的范围内变化很小,但花蕾的浸出液的硒含量较大。在不同生长时期喷施对紫云英的硒含量影响较小,但随喷施时期的延迟对紫云英有机硒的含量有显著降低。不同品种紫云英在未喷施硒的情况下影响较小,喷施硒后,品种间有一定的差异,闽紫1号硒含量最高。     

叶面硒肥对春小麦的富硒效应及硒素吸收分配的影响

采用田间试验法,研究了不同浓度及不同时期喷施叶面硒肥对春小麦硒素吸收、转化分配规律及硒肥利用率的影响。结果表明:(1)在拔节期和孕穗期2次喷施10~20 mg/kg或孕穗期1次喷施40~50 mg/kg的亚硒酸钠溶液,都能使春小麦达到富硒标准。(2)在拔节、孕穗、乳熟期喷施40 mg/kg亚硒酸钠溶液都能使籽粒中的硒素含量达到富硒标准,孕穗至乳熟期为最佳喷施时期。(3)在生育进程中,全株硒素含量在0.062~0.187 mg/kg之间变化,平均0.086 mg/kg。叶面硒肥能显著提高各器官硒素含量,且富集效应顺序是叶籽粒颖壳茎。(4)全株硒素吸收量和吸收速率动态变化可分别用一元三次方程式和一元二次方程式定量表达。孕穗期喷施40 mg/kg亚硒酸钠溶液时,全株硒素最快吸收速率为0.030 5μg/(d·株),与对照相比,提高了9.5倍,出现时间提前4 d。     

Determination of ochratoxin A in animal feed and cereal grains by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for determination of ochratoxin A in animal feeds and cereal grains. Samples are initially extracted with chloroform-ethanol (8 + 2) and 5% acetic acid in water. Extracts are purified using a silica gel cartridge followed by a cyano cartridge. The samples are evaporated, diluted to a known volume, and analyzed using a 10 cm column of 3 micron C18 and a fluorescence detector. The method was applied to a variety of animal feeds and cereal grains at levels of 1.0-0.005 ppm added ochratoxin A. The overall recovery was 90.6% +/- 3.6.     

土培条件下外源硒对黄芪吸收和转运硒的影响

以黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)和2种价态的硒为主要研究对象,采用土壤盆栽试验方法探讨了添加不同浓度(0,2,4,6,8mg/kg土)硒酸钠(SeVI)和亚硒酸钠(SeIV)对黄芪地上部和根系硒累积与分配的影响。结果表明:土壤中添加硒浓度为2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠有利于黄芪地上部和根部干物质的累积,比CK增加34.55%~38.24%,但是添加硒浓度超过2mg/kg的硒酸钠抑制了黄芪植株的生长;添加不同浓度的2种形态硒均可显著提高黄芪地上部和根部硒浓度,且土壤中添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠的硒浓度分别与黄芪植株硒含量呈极显著正相关关系(SeVI:r=0.884**,SeIV:r=0.973**);随着硒处理浓度的升高,添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠处理的黄芪根系对硒吸收能力高于对照,转移系数和富集系数均大于1,且硒含量地上部根部,这表明土壤中添加外源硒可以提高黄芪对硒的吸收和转运能力。综上所述,在中性偏碱性土壤上施用硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠均可促进黄芪对外源硒的吸收、转运和累积,且土壤施用2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠对黄芪的生长和硒的累积效果更好。     

硒、钴配施对玉米产量及籽粒蛋白质和硒、钴含量的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了Se、Co配施对玉米产量和籽粒中蛋白质、Se、Co含量的影响。结果表明:单施Se对玉米产量无明显不良影响;单施5mg·kg-1的Co对玉米产量无明显影响,但10mg·kg-1和20mg·kg-1的Co处理可明显降低玉米产量;5mg·kg-1的Co和0.5mg·kg-1的Se配施可明显提高玉米产量,比对照(C0S0)提高35.75%。单施Se和单施Co以及Se、Co配施均对玉米籽粒中蛋白质含量无明显影响。单施Co对玉米籽粒的Se含量影响不大,而单施Se以及Se、Co配施均可明显提高玉米籽粒的Se含量。单一施Se和单一施Co可以提高玉米籽粒中Co的含量。Se、Co配施时,施Co10mg·kg-1和20mg·kg-1时,Se能抑制Co在玉米籽粒中的积累。Se、Co配施能明显改善玉米籽粒Se、Co的营养状况,且各处理玉米籽粒中Se、Co含量均低于牲畜、家禽的最大安全量。     

饲料分析及营养价值评定实验技术实验教学改革的做法及效果

饲料分析及营养价值评定实验技术课程．作为我校动物营养学和饲料学实验课独立开设的教改项目,实施几年来，取得了显著的成效。本文叙述了该课程教改的目的意义、思路、内容、具体实施过程及效果；分析了尚存的困难和问题；提出了进一步深化改革和完善该课程教学的措施和设想。     

硒钴配施对冬小麦产量品质及籽粒中硒、钴含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究硒钴配施对冬小麦产量及籽粒中粗蛋白、淀粉及硒、钴含量的影响.结果表明:单施硒或单施钴均可以提高小麦的产量,硒钴配施中,以低浓度(2 mg/kg)钴与低浓度(0.5mg/kg)硒配施处理对产量促进作用最明显,提高了29.7％.单施硒、低浓度的钴或低浓度的钴与硒配施及高浓度的钴与中低浓度的硒配施可显著提高冬小麦籽粒中粗蛋白含量.中浓度的硒与中低浓度的钴配施,对籽粒中淀粉含量有明显的促进作用,高浓度的硒处理与低浓度的钴处理配施促进作用最明显,比对照提高了27.5％.说明中低浓度的硒钴配施可作为改善冬小麦籽粒品质的一条有效途径.单施Se和单施Co及Se、Co配施均可提高小麦籽粒中的Co含量.单施Se,籽粒中硒含量随施硒量的增加显著提高;单施钴时,低浓度的钴有利于籽粒中硒含量的提高,而高浓度的钴则降低了籽粒中硒的含量.硒钴配施处理中,低浓度的钴与各浓度的硒处理均有利于籽粒中硒的积累,中高浓度的钴与中低浓度的硒配施能提高籽粒中硒的含量,以Co3Se2(Co浓度4 mg/kg,Se浓度0.5mg/kg)提高最多,达0.274 mg/kg,比对照提高了238.27％,而高浓度的硒钴配施则有明显的抑制作用.综合考虑对小麦产量、蛋白质、淀粉及硒含量的影响,建议最佳硒钴配施应该是Co2Se3,即Co浓度2mg/kg和Se浓度1 mg/kg配施.     

Uptake Kinetics of As, Hg, Sb, and Se in the Aquatic Moss Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw

Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the uptake kinetics of selected metals and metalloids in the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. For this purpose, moss specimens from a clean site were exposed to concentrations of As, Hg, Sb, and Se ranging from 0.1 to 10,000???g?l^?1, for incubation times of between 1 and 22?days, and the tissue concentrations of the metals in the moss specimens were then measured. Uptake kinetics followed different patterns in relation to exposure time, although the most common was Michaelis?CMenten kinetics. On the contrary, the contamination factors followed very similar patterns in relation to the exposure concentrations in all cases, with a good fit to logarithmic equations. The bioconcentration factors tended to decrease as exposure concentration increased. The bioconcentration factors for Hg were extremely high, even at the lowest concentration in water and for the shortest incubation time, which implies that F. antipyretica has a high capacity to magnify Hg levels in water, which is an important characteristic in a good biomonitor. According to the time to reach equilibrium, the minimum exposure time recommended for use in active biomonitoring by means of transplants is very variable, although high levels of the elements, except Sb, were found in the moss tissues within a few days. We do not recommend the use of this moss species to biomonitor low concentrations of Sb in water. The differences in maximum contamination factors and lowest bioconcentration factors suggest that As and Se were the most toxic of the elements under study.     

黔中地区水稻土的含硒量及其对糙米硒含量的影响

通过贵州开阳县水稻土硒含量特征和该区水稻硒含量之间关系的调查研究表明:开阳县水稻土水溶性硒含量高于一般水稻土水溶性硒的临界值(0.01μgg-1),这与该区的成土母质、地形等因素有关。富硒水稻土使水稻对硒的吸收增加,该县出产的稻米硒含量普遍比贵州省其它地区高,平均含硒量高于粮食硒的正常含量范围(0.04~0.07μgg-1)。水稻地上各部分含硒量存在差异,糠、秸秆中的含硒量高于糙米,糙米含硒量与土壤硒含量的相关性达极显著水平(r=0.7861*,P<0.05)。     

Comparison of HgO and CuSO4/TiO2 as catalysts in manual Kjeldahl digestion for determination of crude protein in animal feed: collaborative study

Because of environmental concerns about HgO, and because of lengthy digestion requirements for HgO and CuSO4, interest in alternative catalysts for the Kjeldahl determination of animal feeds remains high. A digestion system using a mixed CuSO4/TiO2 catalyst has been found to reduce digestion times to 40 min. A collaborative study was carried out to compare this system to the official AOAC HgO method, 7.015. Thirty-eight samples, consisting of blind duplicates of closely matched pairs and 2 standard materials, were analyzed once by each method. Results were received from 13 laboratories. Means and standard deviations of individual samples were comparable, with an overall difference of grand means of 0.005% protein. With only one exception, analyses of variance showed no significant method difference at the 95% confidence level. The CuSO4/TiO2 method has been approved interim official first action as an alternative method for determination of crude protein in animal feed.     

表面活性剂与EDTA对雪菜吸收镉的影响

采用表面活性剂与螯合剂处理,强化雪菜吸收土壤镉的盆栽试验表明,影响植物吸收镉的主要因子是表面活性剂类型。阴离子型与非离子型表面活性剂的强化修复效果要优于阳离子型表面活性剂,其中以十二烷基硫酸钠和Tween80为好。表面活性剂与EDTA复合使用,可以降低土壤对镉的吸附(顺序依次为EDTA/DBSSEDTA/TX-100EDTA/CTABEDTADBSSTX-100CTAB),增加土壤对镉的解吸,进而促使土壤镉向植物转移,有利于强化镉污染土壤的植物修复。