芽前除草剂和地膜对杂草防除和牛至生长的影响

牛至Orianum vulgare是唇形科多年生草本植物,牛至精油具有抗菌消炎功效,是重要的中兽药和饲料添加剂.牛至在苗期生长缓慢,杂草防除是牛至田建植的基础.本研究分析了芽前除草剂和地膜对牛至田杂草防控和牛至生长的影响.结果 表明,除草剂和地膜覆盖对杂草防除和牛至生长的交互效应显著.其中,覆盖黑色地膜并喷施960 g...     

Oregano green manure for weed suppression in sustainable cotton and corn fields

A 2 year field experiment was conducted in northern Greece to study the biomass effects of four oregano (Origanum vulgare) biotypes, used as incorporated green manure, on the emergence and growth of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus‐galli), bristly foxtail (Setaria verticillata), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and corn (Zea mays). The oregano biotypes were selected on the basis of their high phenolic content. The phytotoxic potential of the oregano biotype extracts also was determined in the laboratory by using a perlite‐based bioassay with cotton, corn, and barnyard grass. The bioassays indicated that the germination, root elongation, and fresh weight of cotton, corn, and barnyard grass were reduced by the oregano biotype extracts. In the field, the emergence of common purslane, barnyard grass, and bristly foxtail was reduced by 0–55%, 38–52%, and 43–86%, respectively, in the oregano green manure treatments, as compared with the oregano green manure‐free treatments (the controls). At harvest, the cotton lint and corn grain yields in the oregano green manure treatments were 24–88% and 5–16%, respectively, greater than those in the corresponding green manure‐free, weedy treatments. These results indicated that when the biomass of the oregano biotypes with a high phenolic content were incorporated into the soil as green manure, they could be used to suppress barnyard grass, bristly foxtail, and common purslane in cotton and corn and consequently to minimize herbicide usage.     

Composition and biological activity of essential oils from Labiatae against Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) soybean pest

BACKGROUND: Plant essential oils have been recognised as an important natural source of insecticide. This study analysed the chemical constituents and bioactivity of essential oils that were isolated via hydrodistillation from Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) against eggs, second instar and adults of Nezara viridula (L.). RESULTS: The major component of oregano was p‐cymene, and, for thyme, thymol. The ovicidal activity was tested by topical application; the essential oil from thyme was more effective. The fumigant activity was evaluated in an enclosed chamber; the LC₅₀ values for oregano were 26.8 and 285.6 µg mL^?1 for nymphs and adults respectively; for thyme they were 8.9 µg mL^?1 for nymphs and 219.2 µg mL^?1 for adults. To evaluate contact activity, a glass vial bioassay was used; the LC₅₀ values for oregano were 1.7 and 169.2 µg cm^?2 for nymphs and adults respectively; for thyme they were 3.5 and 48.8 µg cm^?2 respectively. The LT₅₀ analyses for contact and fumigant bioassays indicated that thyme was more toxic for nymphs and adults than oregano. Both oils produced repellency on nymphs and adults. CONCLUSION: These results showed that the essential oils from O. vulgare and T. vulgaris could be applicable to the management of N. viridula. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Propolis extract combined with oregano essential oil applied to lima bean seeds against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

European Journal of Plant Pathology - In this study, propolis extract (EPE) and oregano essential oil (OEO), both natural products with different bioactive compounds, were evaluated in vitro and in...     

Note: First record ofGaleruca tanaceti in organicOriganum vulgare in Crete

The tansy leaf beetleGaleruca tanaceti (L.) is recorded for the first time in Crete as a pest of oreganoOriganum vulgare (L.). Oregano is an important herb extensively cultivated both in Crete and mainland Greece. The absence of serious pests due to the production of phenolic compounds and essential oils in the plant tissue has promoted the organic cultivation of oregano.G. tanaceti is a pest of herbaceous plants that has developed appropriate behavioral and biochemical strategies to circumvent host plant defences. In addition, the tansy leaf beetle has very few natural enemies and may pose a serious threat to the organic oregano crops, unless extensive studies of the biology and integrated control of the pest are undertaken. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 18, 2006.     

A comparative evaluation of Origanum onites essential oil and its four major components as larvicides against the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams

The pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams. (Lepidoptera: Thaumatopoeidae), is an important forest pest in the Mediterranean area, and urticating hairs of the caterpillars of this species cause allergic reactions on skin of humans and animals. In the present study, the larvicidal activities of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) essential oil and its four major components, carvacrol, gamma-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol and thymol, were evaluated against fourth/fifth-instar larvae of PPM under laboratory conditions. The essential oil was larvicidal to PPM with an LD(50) value of 3800 microL L(-1) when 0.1 mL was applied per larva. Carvacrol was the most toxic component found in the essential oil (LD(50) = 3100 microL L(-1)), followed by thymol (LD(50) = 5500 microL L(-1)). The other two components, gamma-terpinene and terpinen-4-ol, were less effective. The results showed that Turkish oregano essential oil and its two components, carvacrol and thymol, could be potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of PPM.     

3种植物次生物质对金银花蚜虫的活性测定及防效评价

为明确反式-2-己烯醛、牛至油和百里香油对金银花蚜虫的生物活性及橙皮精油、有机硅对这3种药剂杀蚜活性的增效作用,本研究以金银花蚜虫的优势种胡萝卜微管蚜为试虫,采用浸虫浸叶法和叶面喷雾法进行生物活性测定及防效评价。室内测定结果显示百里香油毒力最高,LC 50为1.793 mg/L,添加橙皮精油、有机硅对供试药剂杀蚜活性均有提高,其中反式-2-己烯醛、牛至油、百里香油与有机硅组合有明显增效作用,毒力系数为1.80、1.48、1.45。田间试验结果表明常规施药后百里香油校正防效最高,施药7 d后3种药剂防治效果均高于对照组;3种药剂减量20%添加有机硅处理施药1 d后防治效果提高约10%,施药4 d后防治效果均高于对照组,施药14 d后防治效果达98%。综上,百里香油对胡萝卜微管蚜的毒力和防治效果最高,3种药剂结合有机硅使用减量增效作用明显,具有进一步开发的潜力。     

Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of essential oils and individual monoterpenoids on growth and sporulation of four soil-borne fungal isolates of Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum, and Verticillium dahliae

The effect of essential oils and individual monoterpenoids on soil-borne fungi, in pure and mixed cultures, in growth media and in the soil environment, was investigated. Essential oils were extracted from lavender (Lavandula stoechas), oregano (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum), sage (Salvia fruticosa) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). The monoterpenoids tested were fenchone, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, carvone, α-pinene and terpinen-4-ol. Their effect was examined on growth and sporulation of Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum and Verticillium dahliae isolated from an organic cultivation of tomato. All tested essential oils and individual monoterpenoids inhibited mycelial growth in all fungi and conidial production in most fungi. The strongest inhibitory activity on mycelial growth was exhibited by oregano and spearmint oils and by carvacrol and carvone, respectively their main constituents. The inhibitory activity was clearly fungistatic in A. terreus and F. oxysporum but fungicidal in V. dahliae. On sporulation, clearly stimulatory effects were observed alongside inhibitory ones. Conidial production was always promoted by α-pinene in P. expansum and by sage oil in F. oxysporum. At certain dosages it was promoted by cineole and carvone in F. oxysporum, and by lavender oil in A. terreus and V. dahliae. Experiments with carvone and carvacrol against mixed fungal cultures in a soil environment showed that V. dahliae was the most sensitive and A. terreus the most tolerant of the four fungi. Our results demonstrate strong but divergent effects and selectivity of action of the lower terpenoids on fungal strains that can become serious pests of tomato. Of special importance is the complete inhibition of growth and conidial production of V. dahliae, a pathogen otherwise very resistant to chemical control.     

Contact and fumigant toxicity of plant essential oils and efficacy of spray formulations containing the oils against B‐ and Q‐biotypes of Bemisia tabaci

BACKGROUND: The contact + fumigant toxicity of 92 plant essential oils and control efficacy of 18 experimental spray formulations containing nine selected essential oils (0.5 and 0.1% sprays) and six commercial insecticides to females from B‐ and Q‐biotypes of Bemisia tabaci were evaluated using vapour‐phase mortality and spray bioassays. RESULTS: Garlic and oregano (LC₅₀, 0.15 mL cm^?3) were the most toxic oils against B‐ and Q‐biotype females. Strong fumigant toxicity to both biotype females was also obtained from catnip, cinnamon bark, clove bud, clove leaf, davana, savory and vetiver Haiti oils (LC₅₀, 0.17–0.48 mL cm^?3). The 0.5% sprays of these oils (except for thyme red oil) resulted in 90–100% mortality against both biotype females. Only garlic applied as 0.1% spray provided 100% mortality. Spinosad 100 g L^?1 suspension concentrate (SC) treatment resulted in 92 and 95% mortality against both biotype females, whereas acetamiprid 80 g L^?1 wettable powder (WP), imidacloprid 80 g L^?1 SC, thiamethoxam 100 g L^?1 water‐dispersible granule (WDG) and pyridaben 200 g L^?1 WP treatments resulted in 89–100% mortality against B‐biotype females only. CONCLUSION: In the light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the agricultural environment, the essential oils described, particularly garlic, cinnamon bark and vetiver Haiti, merit further study as potential insecticides for the control of B. tabaci populations as fumigants with contact action. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Postharvest evaluation of natural coatings and antifungal agents to control <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rosa</Emphasis> sp.

Botrytis cinerea is a fungal pathogen that limits rose production and commercialization worldwide. Therefore, we evaluated a novel postharvest treatment against Botrytis cinerea in roses (Rosa sp. cv Vendela) using coating bases and antifungal agents of natural origin. Aloe vera pulp, cassava starch and gelatin were used as coating bases. Oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare), thyme essential oil (Thymus vulgaris) and chitosan were used as natural antifungal agents. The coating bases were evaluated in different concentrations to observe effects of toxicity and opening diameter in rose buds. Gelatin and cassava starch coatings inhibited rose opening and showed petal damage in all concentrations tested. However, Aloe vera pulp at 25% allowed normal buds’ opening and no damage was observed, indicating that Aloe vera could be an ideal coating base for rose postharvest treatments. During in vitro assays, natural antifungal agents efficiently inhibited Botrytis cinerea growth in the concentrations tested. Further, mixture treatments of Aloe vera pulp (25%) with oregano essential oil (1%), thyme essential oil (0.1%) and chitosan (0.1%) showed independently neither damage nor opening inhibition in rose buds. Selected combinations of Aloe vera pulp and natural antifungal agents were applied in roses infected with Botrytis cinerea to evaluate their control of this pathogen. Unfortunately, the selected combinations did not reduce pathogen growth during postharvest treatments since they were similar to untreated controls. Further research has to be performed to find ideal combinations with Aloe vera that could inhibit B. cinerea during postharvest treatments in roses.     

寄主植物上喷药对大螟产卵选择性的影响

为明确稻田适量喷施保护性农药是否影响周边香根草对水稻螟虫的诱集效果,通过室内盆栽试验测定了在水稻和香根草上分别喷施氯虫苯甲酰胺对大螟成虫趋性及产卵选择性的影响。结果表明:在水稻上喷药后第1天,栖息在香根草上的大螟雌、雄成虫总量分别为4.2头和3.8头,显著高于水稻上雌、雄成虫的总量1.00头和0.60头;在水稻上喷药后1~3 d接入大螟,在水稻上不产卵,直到第6天才出现卵块;喷药后6 d和12 d接入大螟,在香根草上的卵粒数分别为287.2粒和309.2粒,显著高于其在水稻上的57.2粒和81.4粒,约为水稻上的5.0倍和3.8倍。在香根草上喷药后1~3 d接入大螟,成虫选择水稻居多,在香根草上的产卵量为0;喷药后6 d接入大螟,成虫对2种寄主植物的选择性无显著差异;喷药后12 d接入大螟,在香根草上的成虫数量为9.8头,约为水稻上的2.5倍,产卵量也约为水稻上的1.9倍,二者均差异显著。表明香根草喷施氯虫苯甲酰胺后其对大螟的诱集作用有一定影响,但这种影响会随着施药时间的延长而逐渐减弱。     

Pflanzliche Immunit?t und ihre Anwendung im Pflanzenschutz

Intensive research on plant immunity revealed detailed knowledge on how plants recognize and defend plant pathogens. This knowledge is ready to use for genetic plant protection of crop plants, which does not rely on xenobiotic principals. Here, we report on important success in research on plant immunity and on recent and future possibilities of biotechnological plant protection that builds on intrinsic plant immunity.     

14种农药的非致死浓度对拟长毛钝绥螨繁殖和定居的影响

在室内测试了１４种农药对拟长钝缓螨的非致死浓度及其对定居和繁殖的影响。氯氰菊酯，粉锈宁，克螨特，三氯杀螨醇对拟长毛钝绥螨的繁殖，叶上定居及着卵量都有很大的影响。氧化乐果影响拟长毛钝绥螨的繁殖，对定居影响不大。天王星，高效灭百可，灭扫利，功夫不影响，镇量影响在植侏上定居和叶上着卵量。双甲脒，卡死克，阿波罗对拟长毛钝绥螨影响不显著。爱力螨克和尼索朗对拟长毛钝缓螨的繁殖，定居，着卵量均不良的影响。     

Relationships between establishment of Erysiphe cruciferarum and soluble amino-acids in leaves of Brussels sprouts

The ability of Erysiphe cruciferarum to establish infections on detached foliage and button leaves of two F_l cultivars of Brussels sprouts grown in the field was examined under standard conditions. Consistently more infections developed on Goldmine than on Ulysses. On foliage leaves of both cultivars the numbers of infections fluctuated from week to week but generally increased with time on samples taken from September to December. On Goldmine, more infections developed on the oldest foliage leaves than on those of intermediate position on the stem and only infections on the mature leaves sporulated well. The number of infections increased progressively on leaves further into the sprout buttons of both cultivars. Fungal establishment on foliage and button leaves of Goldmine was related to the amino-acid content of comparable uninoculated leaves.     

不同基质及颜色背景对井上蛀果斑螟产卵生物学的影响

为明确产卵基质和环境颜色对井上蛀果斑螟成虫产卵生物学特性的影响,在室内条件下,研究了井上蛀果斑螟对PE保鲜膜、硫酸纸、蜡纸3种介质的产卵选择性和绿、橙、红、黄、粉、紫、蓝7种不同颜色背景对成虫寿命、产卵期、产卵量和卵孵化率等生物学参数的影响。结果表明:井上蛀果斑螟在硫酸纸上的累积落卵量最高,对其选择率也最高,分别为130.33粒和58.67%;蜡纸最低,分别为29.00粒和8.00%。绿色背景下雌、雄虫寿命均最短,分别为8.55 d和7.65 d;雌虫寿命在红色背景下、雄虫寿命在黄色背景下最长,分别为15.22 d和15.50 d。粉色背景下雌虫产卵前期较短,为1.50 d,显著短于除绿色背景外的其余处理,红色背景下产卵前期最长,为4.50 d;蓝色背景下雌虫的产卵期最短,为8.25 d,橙色背景下产卵期最长,为17.25 d。粉色背景下雌虫单雌产卵量为73.75粒,显著高于除橙色背景外的其余处理;红色背景下单雌产卵量最少,为28.60粒。绿色背景下卵的发育历期较长,为5.71 d,显著长于除红色和黄色背景外的其余处理;蓝色背景下卵的发育历期较短,为4.66 d。红色背景下卵孵化率较高,为79.53%,其次为紫色背景的79.06%,绿色背景下卵孵化率最低,为54.08%。产卵基质和环境颜色可显著影响井上蛀果斑螟的产卵生物学特性。     

茶树品种对侧多食跗线螨种群的影响

研究结果表明:侧多食跗线螨种群在各品种上的田间密度有明显差异,平均螨量早白尖上最多,906最少。室内该螨在各品种上的发育历期、产仔动态、增长速度、生命参数均有明显差异。雌成螨历期蜀永3号最长,蜀永1号最短;产卵数以早白尖最多,906最少,内禀增长率蜀永3号最大,蜀永1号和906最小。因此,蜀永1号和906抗螨性强,蜀永3号抗螨性弱。     

Effect of certainBrassica plants on biology of the cabbage aphidBrevicoryne brassicae under laboratory conditions

The development time, mortality, survivorship and reproduction of the cabbage aphidBrevicoryne brassicae (L.) were evaluated on detached leaves of sixBrassica species (cabbage cv. ‘Yalova 1’, cauliflower cv. ‘Early Snowball’, broccoli cv. ‘Marathon’, turnip cv. ‘Antep’, rapeseed cv. local variety, and wild mustard) at a constant temperature of 20°C. Total development time ofB. brassicae was the shortest (8.9 days) on cauliflower and the longest (10.4 days) on cabbage. Mortality of immature stages varied from 16% on cabbage to 88% on turnip. Longevity of the cabbage aphid was the shortest (6.2 days) on mustard, and the longest (21.8 days) on cauliflower. The net reproductive rate was highest (35.98) on cauliflower, and lowest (1.89) on turnip. The intrinsic rate of increase was 0.2345 on cauliflower, followed by 0.2009 on cabbage, 0.1976 on broccoli, 0.1662 on mustard, 0.1357 on rapeseed, and 0.0465 on turnip. Cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli were susceptible host plants for the cabbage aphid. Rapeseed, turnip and mustard showed resistance to the pest.     

玉米及玉米田3种杂草对草地贪夜蛾生长发育和产卵的影响

为研究草地贪夜蛾在玉米田周围杂草上的生长发育情况,对草地贪夜蛾田间防控提供参考,本研究在(28±1)℃,相对湿度(70±5)%,光周期L∥D=16 h∥8 h的人工气候箱条件下,选用玉米Zea mays及玉米田常见的主要杂草扁穗雀麦Bromus catharticus、白花三叶草Trifolium repens、三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa,探究了草地贪夜蛾在这4种植物上不同虫态的发育历期、蛹重以及卵的孵化率、1~3龄幼虫对4种植物的选择性等。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾在4种植物上均可完成整个世代的生长发育。其中三叶鬼针草处理的草地贪夜蛾幼虫期和蛹期最长,分别为15.97 d和8.33 d;三叶鬼针草处理下草地贪夜蛾蛹重为107.90 mg,显著低于其他3种植物处理的蛹重(P<0.05),玉米、白花三叶草、扁穗雀麦处理的蛹重分别为243.50、239.97、235.80 mg;草地贪夜蛾在4种植物上产卵量具有显著差异(P<0.05),白花三叶草上最高,为2302粒,三叶鬼针草上最低,为827粒;草地贪夜蛾1~3龄幼虫在玉米、扁穗雀麦和白花三叶草上的发育适合度高于三叶鬼针草。草地贪夜蛾在玉米田周围常见3种杂草上可完成生长发育,在防治草地贪夜蛾时,玉米收获后应尽快清除田边杂草,以减少第二季或者次年玉米上的种群基数。     

Components of spore production in apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

The morphology of powdery mildew ( Podosphaera leucotricha) colonies of known age was studied on six apple cultivars inoculated in a glasshouse. Colonies were observed first on the older leaves. Mean disease incidence ranged from about 20% for cv. Laxton's Superb to about 45% for cv. Crispin. Conidiophore density (number of conidiophores/mm² colony) was higher on younger than on older leaves, higher on the upper than on the lower leaf surface, and decreased with the age of the colony. The number of hyphal interceptions on a line transect was higher on the upper surface but the ratio of conidiophore density to hyphal interceptions was greater on the lower surface and did not differ with colony age or cultivar. The number of conidia/conidiophore was higher on the younger leaves and on the upper surfaces and was at a maximum 7-12 days after the first sign of the colony. The number of conidia/mm² colony was higher on lower surfaces, especially of the younger leaves. There was generally an associated variation between cultivars in components of spore production.     

亚洲玉米螟在玉米和甘蔗不同种植模式下的产卵行为

为明确玉米和甘蔗间作对亚洲玉米螟产卵行为的影响,在尼龙网室研究了亚洲玉米螟在玉米和甘蔗不同种植模式下的产卵时间、产卵部位及产卵量的差异。结果表明,不同种植模式下亚洲玉米螟均于23∶00开始产卵,02∶00~03∶00达产卵高峰。单作甘蔗、单作玉米和间作甘蔗叶背的玉米螟卵块和卵粒数均高于叶面,而间作玉米叶背与叶面的玉米螟卵块数无显著差异,叶背的卵粒数高于叶面。单作玉米叶脉的玉米螟卵块和卵粒数均显著高于叶缘;间作玉米和单作甘蔗叶脉与叶缘卵块数间无差异,但叶脉处卵粒数高于叶缘,间作甘蔗叶脉的卵块数高于叶缘,叶缘卵粒数高于叶脉。单作甘蔗叶背的亚洲玉米螟卵块主要分布在距叶鞘69.14 cm处,而叶面的卵块主要分布在距叶鞘21.09 cm处;间作甘蔗叶背和叶面卵块分布于距叶鞘35.17 cm和12.34 cm处,二者差异显著。单作玉米上亚洲玉米螟卵块仅分布于叶背沿叶脉远离叶鞘处,而间作玉米叶背和叶面卵块分布于近叶鞘。表明玉米和甘蔗间作对亚洲玉米螟雌蛾产卵选择性具有明显的影响。