西瓜枯萎菌拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及防效测定

从内蒙古、新疆、安徽、河南、江苏、江西6省的西瓜、黄瓜和茄子3种作物根际土壤和病健组织中,共获得样本64份,分离得到细菌1050株。室内抑菌活性测定结果表明：9株细菌分离物对西瓜枯萎病菌Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.niveum、甘蓝黑斑病菌Alternaria brassicicola、辣椒疫霉病菌Phytophthora capsici和番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea均具有很强的拮抗作用,其中菌株NBT-15和PL-82对西瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用比较明显,抑制率分别为60.5%和55.3%。盆栽防病试验结果表明：NBT-15和PL-82对西瓜枯萎病的防治效果分别为80.4%和75.6%。形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析结果确定菌株NBT-15为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis,PL-82为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa。     

Induced resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt invoked by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi

Tomato plants, susceptible toFusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici, were inoculated by immersing the roots in a conidial suspension ofF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici race 1,F. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi race 2 or a mixture of both fungi. Plants inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici showed disease symptoms after 2 weeks, whereas plants inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi or a mixture of both fungi remained symptomless for over 7 weeks, the duration of the experiment. In another experiment root systems of plants were split and each half was separately inoculated. One half was firstly inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi or treated with water, followed after a week by a second inoculation of the other half withF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici or by a water treatment. The disease symptoms in the half firstly inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi were significantly delayed, compared to plants of which that half had been treated with water. BecauseF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi reduced disease symptoms caused byF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici without any direct interaction with this pathogen, it is concluded thatF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi is able to induce resistance againstF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici in tomato plants.     

棉花枯萎病拮抗放线菌K5的分离与鉴定

从扬州地区土壤中分离到207株放线菌,以棉花枯萎病菌为目标菌,采用抑菌带法测定,筛选到9株有拮抗活性菌株,占所分离总数的4.3%.其中K5对棉花枯萎病菌的拮抗作用最强,抑茜带宽为8mm,同时对其它病菌也有一定的拮抗作用.盆栽试验结果表明菌株K5对棉花枯萎病防治效果达46.5%,与多菌灵相当.通过对菌株K5的形态观察、培养特征、生理生化反应和16S rDNA测定,将其鉴定为玫瑰产色链霉菌Streptomyces roseochromogenus.     

香蕉枯萎病生防细菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌作用

采用平板对峙法,从香蕉根部土样中分离到1株枯萎病拮抗芽孢杆菌XY-10。根据形态特征及16S rDNA分析将其鉴定为多粘类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa。拮抗试验表明菌株XY-10不同浓度的发酵滤液均可抑制病原菌孢子萌发和生长,当发酵滤液浓度分别为10%、30%和50%时,其在高度抑制水平上的抑制率分别为7%、23%和40%。经发酵滤液处理,病原菌菌丝末端膨大成球状、菌丝破裂、消解,菌丝体分枝增多。     

黄瓜枯萎病菌拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定和防效测定

为获得对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum(FOC)具有拮抗作用的生防菌株,采用稀释涂布平板和平板生长对峙法从健康黄瓜根际土壤中分离、筛选对FOC具有强拮抗能力的拮抗细菌,并从形态学观察、生理生化特性、全细胞脂肪酸分析及16S rRNA和gyr B基因序列相似性对拮抗能力最强的菌株进行鉴定,同时测定拮抗菌无菌过滤发酵液对FOC菌丝生长、孢子萌发的抑制作用,并评价其发酵液对盆栽和大田黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。研究结果显示,从健康黄瓜根际土壤中分离获得23株对FOC具有拮抗作用的细菌,其中菌株FJ17-4对FOC抑菌作用最强,鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。FJ17-4抑制FOC引起菌丝畸形、扭曲、膨胀、皱缩、缠绕等异常现象。10%无菌过滤液对FOC菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率分别为70.96%和85.40%。50倍发酵液、菌体悬浮液和无菌过滤液盆栽防治效果分别为70.20%、58.87%和47.80%,大田防治效果分别为69.53%、58.46%和36.12%。综上,FJ17-4能有效抑制FOC,对黄瓜枯萎病具有显...     

香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病拮抗放线菌的筛选及菌株Da03047的鉴定

通过分离和筛选,从海南原始森林尖峰岭采集的土样中获得10株对香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病病源菌具有抑制作用的拮抗放线菌,其中菌株Da03047活性最强且遗传稳定,通过形态特征、生理生化特征、16S rDNA序列测定及其系统发育分析研究,鉴定为灰肉色链霉菌。     

番茄枯萎病和青枯病拮抗细菌的筛选、评价与鉴定

从宁夏银川、江苏沭阳和福建厦门的番茄、辣椒、西瓜等作物根际土壤中,分离纯化获得367株细菌菌株。以番茄枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici和番茄青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum为靶标菌,从367株菌株中筛选出对两种病菌皆具有很强拮抗作用的菌株22株。拮抗细菌抑菌物质的研究结果表明：22株拮抗细菌均能分泌蛋白酶;不能分泌几丁质酶;3株细菌能分泌纤维素酶;3株细菌能分泌嗜铁素。盆栽试验结果表明：拮抗细菌PTS-394对番茄枯萎病和青枯病的防效最高,分别为77.4%和80%;菌株H-70、L-1和SJ-280对番茄枯萎病和青枯病的防效均大于60%。对上述4株拮抗细菌进行16S rRNA种属鉴定,均为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。     

假单胞菌对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用

从已感染香蕉枯萎病的果园中分离到1株对香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense）抑制作用很好的菌种,命名为G1。采用固体和液体培养法从不同角度证实了G1对香蕉枯萎病菌生长的抑制作用。结果表明,G1的发酵液、无菌滤液、挥发性物质、非挥发性代谢产物的平均抑菌率分别为92.5%、27.4%、73.8%、57.7%,可见抑制作用与活菌体有直接关系,其中产生挥发性物质尤其重要。液体培养的病原菌浓度为1.0×107cfu/mL经G1作用10d后,取样镜检发现G1通过抑制病原菌菌丝正常生长以至不能产孢,从而导致菌丝消融;通过吸附在孢子的周围,融解细胞壁,造成原生质泄露致使孢子死亡。     

拮抗尖孢镰刀茵的木霉菌筛选方法评估

利用11株不同木霉菌株分别比较对峙培养法、病原菌存活率测定法、生防菌分泌物降解病原菌测定法、浸种抑菌萌发试验法及种苗接种活体筛选法对抑制黄瓜枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌Fusariumoxysporum的拮抗木霉菌的筛选效率。试验表明不同的筛选方法获得拮抗木霉菌菌株的结果差异较大,其中病原菌存活率测定法与种苗活体接种筛选法结果一致性较高,可推荐作为生防木霉菌株初筛的有效方法。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B006对黄瓜枯萎病菌和辣椒疫霉病菌的抑制作用及其抗菌组分分析

枯草芽孢杆菌菌株B006发酵液的甲醇提取物对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum菌丝的抑制作用大于对辣椒疫霉病菌Phytophthora capsici菌丝的抑制作用;但对P. capsici游动孢子萌发的抑制作用明显大于对黄瓜枯萎病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用,提取物原液在5 min内可使辣椒疫霉的游动孢子全部崩解。提取物经60、90和120℃加热处理10 min后仍保持抑菌活性,其盐酸水解液在TLC层析板显现橙红色斑点,说明提取物具有环肽结构。HPLC-ESI-MS分析可得到m/z为995、1009、1023、1037、1051和1436、1450、1478和1492的质谱峰,与抗菌物质surfactin和fengycin的分子量大小一致。以终浓度为10^6 cfu·g^-1的接种量将B006菌剂施入无菌育苗基质中,在黄瓜和辣椒4～6片叶期时用固相萃取法提取根际的抗菌物质,并进行HPLC-ESI-MS分析,可从根际检测到surfactin和fengycin,但未从对照处理根上检测到脂肽类抗生素。本研究对理解枯草芽孢杆菌在田间状况下的防病机理有一定意义。     

香蕉枯萎病颉颃放线菌的分离和筛选

从采自内蒙古、海南的土样中经分离、纯化得到64株优势放线菌,采用平板对峙培养法对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense)进行颉颃放线菌的筛选.通过皿内颉颃试验,获得4株抑菌效果较好的颉颃放线菌,以HN3菌株的抑菌效果最为明显,发酵液抑茵试验表明,其抑菌物质存在于菌丝内.     

Stem canker and wilt of delphinium caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. delphinii in Japan

Stem canker and severe wilt were observed on delphinium plants (Delphinium elatum) in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, in 2008. The fungus isolated from the diseased crown was identified as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. delphinii on the basis of morphological characteristics, nucleotide sequences, and host range. The isolate induced similar stem canker and wilt symptoms in inoculated delphinium plants. We propose the name “stem canker and wilt” for the disease.     

Genetic diversity in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and Fusarium redolens f.sp. dianthi

Pathogenic isolates were selected representing all known vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) and races of Fusarium oxysporum sensu lato from Dianthus spp. On basis of differences in the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA, six VCGs were classified as F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and four as F. redolens f.sp. dianthi. All VCGs of F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi were characterized by unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), unique overall esterase profiles, and unique virulence spectra, supporting a clonal lineage concept. Two VCGs of F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi nevertheless comprised more than one race, but races within the same VCG shared the same distinct overall virulence spectrum. VCGs belonging to F. redolens f.sp. dianthi also had unique RFLPs and unique virulence spectra, but had grossly identical esterase profiles. Three new races (9, 10 and 11) are described for F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi, and four for F. redolens f.sp. dianthi. Two races previously considered lost were recovered; race 7 was identified as a member of VCG 0021 of F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi while race 3 was identified as a distinct VCG and race of F. redolens f.sp. dianthi. A summary of races and VCGs in F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and F. redolens f.sp. dianthi is presented.     

香蕉枯萎病生防菌AF11的鉴定及其定殖研究

从健康大豆根系内分离出一株对香蕉枯萎病病原菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense Race 4（FOC Race4）有强拮抗效果的内生细菌AF11。盆栽防病试验结果表明其对香蕉枯萎病的防效达71.5%。形态特征、生理生化测定和16S rDNA序列及其系统发育树分析初步确定该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。从菌株AF11中筛选出抗利福平（100μg.mL-1）且对FOC Race 4拮抗活性稳定的变异菌株AF11Rif,采用灌根接种方法,研究菌株AF11Rif在香蕉体内定殖分布规律。试验结果表明,菌株AF11Rif能定殖于香蕉根部和茎部,接种50 d后根部定殖量为118 cfu.mg-1,茎部为32 cfu.mg-1。     

Plant defence reactions against fusarium wilt in chickpea induced by incompatible race 0 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris and nonhost isolates of F. oxysporum

Germinated seeds of 'kabuli' chickpea cv. ICCV 4 were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the incompatible race 0 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) or of nonhost F. oxysporum resistance 'inducers', and 3 days later were challenged by root dip with a conidial suspension of highly virulent Foc race 5. Prior inoculation with inducers delayed the onset of symptoms and/or significantly reduced the final amount of fusarium wilt caused by race 5. However, the extent of disease suppression varied with the nature of the inducing agent; the nonhost isolates of F. oxysporum were more effective at disease suppression than the incompatible Foc race 0. Inoculation with the inducers gave rise to synthesis of maackiain and medicarpin phytoalexins in inoculated seedlings; these did not accumulate in plant tissues but were released into the inoculum suspension. Inoculation with inducers also resulted in accumulation of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase activities in plant roots. These defence-related responses were induced more consistently and intensely by nonhost isolates of F. oxysporum than by incompatible Foc race 0. The phytoalexins and, to a lesser extent, the antifungal hydrolases, were also induced after challenge inoculation with Foc race 5. However, in this case the defence responses were induced in both preinduced and noninduced plants infected by the pathogen. It is concluded that the suppression of fusarium wilt in this study possibly involved an inhibitory effect on the pathogen of preinduced plant defences, rather than an increase in the expression of defence mechanisms of preinduced plants following a subsequent challenge inoculation.     

Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

Fungi known to produce lytic enzymes were used in an attempt to control wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Some of the fungal species (Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium purpurogenum and Aspergillus nidulans) damaged hyphae of FOL in vitro and reduced the numbers of microconidia in the soil. Treatments with fungi did not result in a reduction in either chlamydospores of FOL in soil or populations of FOL in the rhizosphere of tomato. P. oxalicum was the most effective agent of biocontrol, and it reduced disease severity in both non-autoclaved (20% decrease) and sterile soil. In sterile soil, P. oxalicum reduced disease with different levels of severity (27% decrease at high levels and 50% decrease at low levels). Disease control by A. nidulans and P purpurogenum was only achieved when disease severity was low in sterile soil (55% and 45%, respectively).     

Pathogenicity and vegetative compatibility grouping among Indian populations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing chickpea wilt

Thirty-nine isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri – the causal agent of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) wilt – collected from different parts of India and representing eight races of the pathogen, were analyzed for virulence and classified on the basis of vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG). The wilt incidence ranged from 24% to 100% on a highly susceptible cultivar JG 62. Six isolates, from Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Punjab and Rajasthan and belonging to six different races of the pathogen, caused 100% wilt incidence. Five isolates belonging to four different races, namely, Foc 143 from Andhra Pradesh, Foc 161 from Chhattisgarh, Foc 146 from Karnataka, Foc 158 from Madhya Pradesh and Foc 50 from Rajasthan, caused low wilt incidence. For VCG analysis, nitrate non-utilizing mutants (nit) were obtained by culturing wild-type isolates on 2.5% potassium chlorate and selecting resistant sectors. Complementary nit mutants were paired in all possible combinations to determine varying degrees of heterokaryon formation within the isolates, which showed that most of the isolates were self-compatible. Pairing of all the mutants showed that the isolates included in the present study belonged to a single VCG (0280). Thus, in spite of variability in the virulence, the Indian populations of the pathogen have only one VCG.     

Dispersal of Formulations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis by Ants

ABSTRACT A natural epidemic of Fusarium wilt on coca (Erythroxylum coca) in Peru prompted the suggestion of possibly using the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli as a mycoherbicide against this narcotic plant. During field trials conducted in Kauai, HI, to test the pathogenicity of the coca wilt pathogen, ants were observed removing formulations from test plots. While removal of formulations by ants was considered detrimental with respect to conducting field tests, ant removal was considered potentially beneficial in disseminating the mycoherbicide. Thus, research was initiated to assess the ability of formulation additives to alter the preference of ants for the formulated mycoherbicide. In Hawaii, preference of indigenous ants for removing formulations was tested using three different food bases (rice, rice plus canola oil, and wheat flour [gluten]). Similar tests were conducted at Beltsville, MD, using F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, in which the formulation based on wheat flour was replaced by a formulation based on canola meal. Formulations based on wheat were preferred by ants in both locations; up to 90% of the wheat plus rice flour granules (C-6) and the wheat gluten plus kaolin granules (pesta) were removed within 24 h, while only 20% of those containing rice without oils were taken. However, when either canola, sunflower (Maryland only), or olive oil was added to the rice formulation, up to 90% of the granules were taken. The formulation based on canola meal was less attractive to ants, as only 65% of the granules were removed within a period of 24 h. Ants showed no preference with respect to presence or absence of fungal biomass. To alter the attractiveness of the C-6 formulation to ants, C-6 was amended with three natural products. Canna and tansy leaves were added to C-6 at a ratio of 1:5 (wt/wt), while chili powder was added at 1:25 or 1:2.5 (wt/wt). Canna, tansy, and the higher rate of chili powder significantly reduced the number of C-6 granules removed by ants. Canna and tansy leaves affected neither germination nor sporulation of the mycoherbicide, while the high concentration of chili powder reduced viability of propagules in the formulation. More F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli-type colonies were recovered from inside ant nests (9 cm depth) than from nest surfaces, indicating that ants may distribute the mycoherbicide in the soil profile. Ants passively carried propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli outside their bodies, as well as either very closely adhering to the outside or within their bodies.     

香蕉枯萎病生防菌对杀虫剂的适应性研究

将4株香蕉枯萎病生防细菌bio ZK11、bio HN2、bio HN10和bio F4分别与杀虫剂噻唑磷、毒死蜱、辛硫磷混合,测定其混合液对香蕉枯萎病病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用以及杀虫剂对生防菌生长繁殖的影响。结果显示,噻唑磷对生防菌bio ZK11的抑菌作用没有影响,而毒死蜱和辛硫磷增强bio ZK11的抑菌作用;噻唑磷和毒死蜱增强bio HN2的抑菌作用,辛硫磷则对bio HN2的抑菌作用没有影响;噻唑磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷增强了生防菌bio HN10的抑菌作用;噻唑磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷对生防菌bio F4的抑菌作用没有影响。辛硫磷对生防菌bio HN2的菌落生长有一定的影响,对另外3种生防菌没有影响;噻唑磷对4种生防菌菌落大小都没有影响;毒死蜱对香蕉枯萎病生防菌bio HN10的菌落大小没有影响,但使生防菌bio ZK11、bio HN2和bio F4的菌落变小。3种杀虫剂除了对生防菌bio F4的生长量没有显著影响,对其他3种拮抗菌的生长都有一定的影响。