Insecticide resistance in Heliothis armigera in Australia

A voluntary insecticide resistance management strategy for the control of H. armigera was implemented in Australia in 1983 after an outbreak of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids. This strategy restricts the use of pyrethroids to three sprays within a 42-day period in summer. The use of endosulfan is also restricted and rotation of other pesticides is encouraged. The effectiveness of the strategy is monitored by tests on larvae collected from two major cotton areas and from unsprayed crops in northern New South Wales. Research is under way to determine the genetic basis of two of the three mechanisms involved in resistance. One genetic component is associated with the mixed-function oxidases. Selection in the field for this semi-dominant gene (or genes) occurs in larvae 4 days or more old. It is not possible to evaluate directly the success of this strategy because there is no control area where it has not been implemented. While the long-term outcome of the strategy is uncertain, it is likely that resistance will increase in frequency.     

西安地区丰水年农田深层土壤含水量研究

通过对西安南郊吴家坟、长安区郭杜镇大学城和双竹村附近丰水年(年降雨量883 mm)麦地、玉米地土壤含水量的测定,以及与正常年份该地土壤含水量的对比,研究丰水年该地区农田0~6 m土壤含水量的变化。结果显示,正常年份西安地区麦地0~2 m土层含水量高于12%,2~6 m土层含水量高于13%;丰水年西安地区麦地0~2 m的土壤含水量在18%以上,2~6 m土层含水量达24%以上,远远高于正常年份这一层位的土壤含水量。分析得出,西安地区农田深层土壤含水量高的主要原因是重力水带分布范围大于或等于农作物的强烈耗水层范围。     

Chemical Weed Control in Tobacco in Trinidad

Abstract

Ramie, the vegetable fibre, is obtained from the stem of Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud, and is used in many textile products. It is grown in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions and the main countries where it is grown are China, Brazil and the Philippines. However, it is only a minor crop in terms of world trade. The diseases of ramie are discussed in relation to their occurrence, symptoms and control measures. The major and most widespread diseases are white fungus caused by Rosellinia necatrix, leaf spot caused by Cercosporo spp. and Phyllosticta spp., seedling rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani, cane rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and eye rot caused by Myrothecium roridum. A number of diseases of minor importance are also reviewed.     

重庆市不同类型植烟土壤肥力状况研究

对重庆市不同类型植烟土壤取样217个（石灰岩土土样20个,黄壤土样133个,黄棕壤土样34个,紫色土土样18个,黑色石灰土土样12个）,研究不同类型植烟土壤肥力状况。经测定分析得出：重庆烟区土壤大多呈酸性,有机质含量较高,与农户施用有机肥有关。大量元素中全氮含量较高,速效氮含量适中;钙、镁、硫等中量元素和铁、锰、铜、钼、锌等微量元素含量丰富,较适合烤烟生长。根据分析结果提出了控氮,适当补磷和硼,增钾,普遍增氯禁硫的原则以改良土壤质量。     

科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区荒漠化动态监测

利用科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都荒漠化试验站的监测资料,从植被、土壤、水分、气象和沙尘暴等方面分析了乌兰敖都地区的荒漠化发展动态.结果表明:近10年内气温有暖温化趋势,但灾害天气没有明显增加;流动沙丘侵蚀最严重,沙丘平均移动速率为2.2 m/a;人工植被发展良好,但原生草场的可持续发展能力有所下降;地下水位没有明显下降趋势.目前,科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区土地荒漠化呈逆转趋势,整体环境有所改善.     

西安地区不同降水年份人工林地土壤水分变化研究

通过对不同降水年份西安南郊、北郊和东郊人工林地土壤含水量的测定,研究了地下0～600 cm土壤含水量的变化与土壤干层水分恢复和消耗。结果表明:贫水年西安地区人工林地200～400 cm土壤含水量小于10%,发育了弱的土壤干层;丰水年人工林地200～400 cm土壤含水量大于20%,明显高于贫水年这一层位的含水量,指示土壤干层水分得到了恢复;平水年人工林地200～400 cm土壤含水量小于15.5%,表明恢复的水分再次被消耗。分析得出,在降水丰富的年份,发育较弱的土壤干层不仅可以得到恢复,而深层恢复在时间上具有滞后性。同时,土壤水分含量对西安城市绿化树种的选取具有指导意义。     

西北农村实施“六位一体”循环经济模式分析

“六位一体”循环经济模式是依据我国西北农村地区的自然条件提出的,以生态经济为原则,以提高资源利用效率、拓宽农民增收渠道为目的的农村生态经济模式。文章从投入费用和产出效益的比较中论证了这种模式的可行性,并对其发展前景进行了分析。     

河北省近50年蒸发量气候变化特征

利用河北省68个气象站1956～2000年20cm口径蒸发皿资料,分析了河北省蒸发量的气候变化趋势。结果表明:近50a来,河北省平均蒸发量呈明显下降趋势,各气候分区变化趋势与全省相似;各季平均蒸发量的年际变化趋势与年值相似,春季下降幅度最大、夏季次之、冬季最小;全省及各分区平均蒸发量大部在60年代最大,60年代至90年代逐渐下降。蒸发量的下降原因与平均风速的减小存在明显正相关。     

Phytopathological situation in potato in Belarus1

The control of potato diseases in Ukraine is reviewed. Control of potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) has only been adequate for limited periods in the past (when resistant cultivars were available and when the systemic fungicides were introduced). Currently, the disease is in a new epiphytotic phase and control has failed again, probably connected with the introduction of new mating types and the existence of greater variability. Blight now occurs earlier in the season and in most years (instead of only years when climatic conditions are favourable). Control has now to be essentially preventive, rather than based on forecasting. The importance and control of other potato diseases is also considered (Alternaria spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Geotrichum candidum, Phytophthora erythroseptica, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Streptomyces scabies).     

昆虫紫外视觉研究进展

昆虫在长期进化过程中形成的颜色视觉能力，是其直接获取外界信息的最主要途径之一。其中，紫外视觉在昆虫颜色视觉系统中普遍存在，通过紫外光感受器可以感知并辨别周围环境中光源或物体反射的特定波长紫外光，提高颜色辨别能力。自19世纪80年代证实昆虫具有紫外敏感性以来，陆续发现蜜蜂、蝴蝶、果蝇和蛾类等许多昆虫具有良好的紫外视觉能力，利用颜色、对比度和偏振光等紫外光特性调控昆虫的定向导航、觅食、种内通讯和昼夜节律等行为活动，对于其生存、繁殖和生态适应具有重要意义。此外，紫外敏感视蛋白是昆虫紫外视觉形成过程中的一类重要分子，不仅可以独立介导趋光性等特定波长行为，还可纳入整个颜色视觉系统，与其他视蛋白协同调控昆虫的颜色视觉，从而将紫外光当作一种基本颜色进行辨别。该文系统综述了昆虫紫外视觉的发现、特性、功能和感知机制，鉴于当前国内在相关领域研究的薄弱和局限性，建议今后可在解析植物-害虫-天敌生态系统中的紫外光特性、探究紫外光-B紫外视觉的生态学意义、揭示紫外敏感视蛋白基因的分子进化机制以及阐明昆虫避免或修复紫外光所致视网膜损伤相关适应机制方面进行深入研究。     

呼伦贝尔岭东南旱作丘陵区气候资源潜力分析

对呼伦贝尔市阿荣旗三道沟镇商品粮生产基地主要粮食作物的光合、光温、气候、气候-土壤资源潜力进行分析,结果表明热量条件是限制该地区粮食增产的主要非可控因素,如能改善热量条件,还有20%～30%的增产潜力;该地区的降水条件对玉米、大豆、马铃薯、水稻四种主要粮食作物的满足程度在80%左右,表明降水量及其季节分布是该镇粮食产量低的制约因素之一,存在的问题是水分利用率较低;土壤养分状况对马铃薯和水稻增产未表现明显的限制作用,而对玉米和大豆增产却是最主要限制因素。     

Differences in weed vegetation in response to cultivating methods and water conditions in rainfed paddy fields in north-east Thailand

Rainfed paddy cultivation predominates in north-east Thailand. Direct dry seeding is replacing transplanting rice cultivation to increase the frequency of successful plantings and to save labor. The present study clarified differences in weed vegetation of direct dry-seeded and transplanted paddy fields under rich, medium and poor water conditions from agricultural and ecological viewpoints. A large number of paddy fields from a wide range of climatic, topographic, soil and hydrological conditions were used. A survey was conducted every three weeks, and data regarding paddy cultivation, weeds and water conditions were collected. Expansion of direct dry seeding may increase species with in-between water adaptability to hygrophytes and mesophytes, and decrease hydrophytes and mesophytes. This characteristic was remarkable under poor water conditions. Rice cover was similar in either planting method under rich water conditions. However, cover of direct-seeded rice was significantly smaller than that of transplanted rice under medium and poor water conditions. Species diversity was higher in direct dry-seeded paddy fields than in transplanted paddy fields under medium and poor water conditions. Impact of direct dry seeding in the fields with rich water conditions on the vegetation is small in the context of maintaining rice production by transplanting and species diversity. However, direct dry seeding is mainly adopted in fields with poor water conditions. Impact of the changes in cultivating methods is large on rice productivity, species composition and species diversity under such conditions. Therefore, how to best use resource-poor fields may be the key to maintaining rice production and regional-level species diversity.     

乌鲁木齐城市表层土壤中磷的空间分布及赋存形态

研究表明,乌鲁木齐市城市表层土壤具有明显的富磷特征,空间分布差异性大。各形态磷含量特征为:钙结合态磷>闭蓄还原态磷>有机磷>铁铝结合态磷>可交换态磷。商业区人类活动频繁,人口流动密度大,污染物来源众多,富磷特征尤为明显,总磷、各形态磷、水溶磷含量都较高;工业区的可交换态磷、铁铝结合态磷含量较高;交通密集区的钙磷、有机磷含量较高。乌鲁木齐市表层土壤水溶磷含量远高于上海、南京等湿润区城市。     

最近10年来新疆风沙地貌研究进展

最新研究表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙活动与气温变化呈现"风热同步"现象,虽然其风况类型多样,但整个沙漠处于低风能环境。不同沙丘部位上风沙流输沙量的对数与高度之间表现为线性关系。当气流与沙丘走向斜交时,两侧相同部位输沙率的差异不大,这是线形沙丘保持其动力形态平衡的主要原因之一。古尔班通古特沙漠也处于复合型低能风环境之中,冬季积雪和冻土对沙漠地表形成有利的保护,有效植被覆盖和生物结皮是沙面整体处于稳定状态的重要因素,风沙活动仅存在于沙垄顶部和两坡上部。沙漠中生物结皮发育、种类丰富,其类型和分布具有明显的景观异质性特征。天山北坡和昆仑山北坡的黄土研究揭示,新疆两大沙漠从中更新世以来出现明显的干旱化,沙漠逐步扩大至今天规模。此外,塔里木沙漠公路和古尔班通古特沙漠输水明渠沿线的风沙危害具有明显的时空分异特点。因此,根据工程设施所处地形与地貌部位,可定性判断风沙危害类型与强度,进而确定防治方案和措施。今后新疆风沙地貌学研究应注重研究领域的拓展、研究方法的突破和实验手段的创新3个方面。     

Potato production and protection in Poland in the 1990s1

Potato is an important crop for Polish agriculture, now grown on an area of 1.8 million ha, with an annual production of about 35 million t. The crop is used for fodder (pork production), human consumption and as a raw material for various branches of industry. High quantity and quality are essential for proper utilization. The main limiting factors in Polish potato production are: water (shortage or excess), seed potato quality, cultivation practices, and damage by pests, diseases and weeds. Improving the economics of potato production depends on decreasing the acreage and increasing the extent of proper protection. The major constraint is late blight (Phytophthora infestans) which causes yield losses estimated at 22.8%. Blight control is indispensable. The level of resistance among Polish cultivars, both in haulm and tuber, is not satisfactory, so more intensive resistance breeding is needed. Chemical control has increased in popularity, but improper use of phenylamides has created new problems. Further progress will depend on cost-effective methods of control and reliable use of fungicides.     

Pest control in coffee

Coffee pests have been estimated to cause losses of about 13% of the world yield but are most serious in Africa, particularly where Arabica coffee is grown. Coffee pests are normally indigenous and except for the berry borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) there has been little movement between the main production areas. There is a great variety of pests but because the crop is perennial, evergreen and only grown in areas without climatic extremes, pest populations only rarely become intolerable, being held in check for most of the time by parasites, predators and diseases. Routine spraying of insecticides in coffee plantations is undesirable for these kill parasites and predators and often result in pest outbreaks. An effective but simple integrated control system has been evolved over many decades in East Africa, using a combination of cultural, biological and chemical control. Pest numbers are monitored continuously by growers and insecticides are used as selectively as possible. The system is ideally suited to areas where labour is cheap but technology is expensive.     

塔里木盆地2004年春季沙尘暴特征分析

利用逐日的Davis自动气象站和FD12水平能见度仪资料,分析了塔里木盆地2004年春季系统性沙尘暴和局地性沙尘暴的环流形势、气象要素及能见度变化特征.结果表明:(1)前期气温持续上升和特殊的地理环境以及下垫面条件为沙尘暴爆发提供了条件;(2)低压槽前暖平流提供了热力条件,低压槽前正涡度平流提供了动力条件;(3)下层锋区的加强是形成沙尘暴的动力因子,不稳定的大气层结是重要的局地热力因子,也是形成沙尘暴天气的内在动力;(4)系统性沙尘暴能见度变化趋势复杂;局地性沙尘暴能见度变化走向分明,器测值约为目测值2倍;(5)系统性沙尘暴持续时间长、强度大、各气象要素变幅很大;局地性沙尘暴持续时间短,各气象要素在短时间内有剧烈变化.     

西北地区秋季干旱指数的变化特征

利用甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆4省(区)的137个气象站30年的降水、蒸发资料,确定适合西北地区的干旱指数计算方法,分析中国西北地区秋季降水、蒸发、干旱指数的空间分布、时间演变等特征.结果表明:西北地区秋季平均自然降水从东南到西北依次减少,在甘肃西部、青海西北部、新疆南部有一条东西向的少雨带,是干旱最严重的地方.新疆南部、甘肃西部、青海西部重旱频率最高,平均2年一遇;新疆北部、甘肃南部、青海南部、中旱频率为30%左右,平均3年一遇,轻旱频率30%左右,平均3年一遇.表明西北地区的干旱有明显的地域特征,即新疆中南部、甘肃西部、青海西部为干旱区,新疆北部、甘肃中东部、青海东部和南部为半干旱区.     

Legislation for plant protection in Germany and in the European Union1

The first regulations on plant protection in Germany date from the last century and the first basic rules from 1937. New legislation was published in 1968. The key basis for modern plant protection is the Plant Protection Act of 1986. The legal basis, organization and scope of legislation i n the tield of plant protection in Germany are dcscrihed. The specific role of the rederal German states (Linder) is pointed out. The competent authority for granting authorization o f plant protection products in Germany is the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in Braunschweig. The maximum period of authorization is 10 years. The legal basis for placing plant protection products on the market within the Member States of the European Union is summarized. together with the main elements of the regulations regarding authorization of plant protection products. There is a need for international cooperation to overcome foreseeable problem and workload regarding risk reduction in plant protection.     

风蚀地区的保护性耕作探讨--以河北坝上地区为例

通过对河北省坝上地区农田风蚀的监测与分析,认为保护性耕作并不一定非免耕,在结构性差的土壤上适时耕翻也可以起到减降土壤风蚀的效果。