A method of inoculating barley seedlings with Ramularia collo‐cygni

A method of inoculating seedlings with the fungus Ramularia collo-cygni, the causal agent of ramularia leaf spot (RLS), an increasingly important problem in barley in Europe and elsewhere, is described. Symptoms of RLS similar to those found in the field were reproduced on seedlings and the fungus was re-isolated from them, fulfilling the third and fourth of Koch's postulates. The method was similar to one used for the related fungus, Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria tritici), a pathogen of wheat. Briefly, plants were sprayed with a suspension of R. collo-cygni mycelium fragments, incubated at 15°C, first in darkness for 48 h then in a 16-h-light/8-h-dark cycle. Disease levels reached saturation when plants were sprayed to runoff with a suspension of 480 cm² of mycelium, scraped from the entire surface of 7·5 Petri dishes (9 cm diameter) and sieved, in 50 mL water. Growth of seedlings in high light intensity (900 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 16-h daylength) before inoculation increased disease symptoms, but reduced disease when applied after inoculation. In contrast to M. graminicola, near-ultraviolet light after inoculation reduced symptom development. It is proposed that for the full development of RLS, plants should be grown in a stressful environment before inoculation. Nine barley lines were assessed for their resistance to RLS as seedlings and a subset were tested in field trials with natural infection by R. collo-cygni. There was cultivar-by-isolate interaction in the amount of RLS symptoms on seedlings. RLS levels on adult plants in field plots were correlated with RLS scores on seedlings formed by one isolate but not the other.     

Brachypodium distachyon exhibits compatible interactions with Oculimacula spp. and Ramularia collo‐cygni,providing the first pathosystem model to study eyespot and ramularia leaf spot diseases

Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) has established itself as an essential tool for comparative genomic studies in cereals and increasing attention is being paid to its potential as a model pathosystem. Eyespot and ramularia leaf spot (RLS) are important diseases of wheat, barley and other small‐grain cereals for which very little is known about the mechanisms of host resistance despite urgent requirements for plant breeders to develop resistant varieties. This work aimed to test the compatibility of interaction of two Bd accessions with the cereal pathogens Oculimacula spp. and Ramularia collo‐cygni, the causal agents of eyespot and RLS diseases, respectively. Results showed that both Bd accessions developed symptoms similar to those on the natural host for all pathogen species tested. Microscopy images demonstrated that R. collo‐cygni produced secondary conidia and both Oculimacula spp. formed characteristic infection structures on successive tissue layers. Visual disease assessment revealed that quantitative differences in disease severity exist between the two Bd accessions. The results presented here provide the first evidence that Bd is compatible with the main causal agents of eyespot and RLS diseases, and suggest that future functional genetic studies can be undertaken to investigate the mechanisms of eyespot and RLS disease resistance using Bd.     

Frequency of a mutant allele of cytochrome b conferring resistance to Ool fungicides in the Czech population of Ramularia collo-cygni

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Ramularia collo-cygni (RCC) is a fungal pathogen infecting both spring and winter barley and causing Ramularia leaf spot (RLS). Fungicides based on...     

A hypothesis on physiological alterations during plant ontogenesis governing susceptibility of winter barley to ramularia leaf spot

The occurrence and epidemic spread of ramularia leaf spot (RLS) caused by Ramularia collo-cygni was studied with relation to the plant age-dependent alterations in the antioxidative defence systems in the leaves during mature stages of field-grown winter barley. The breakdown of enzymatic activities of dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase in the two uppermost fully expanded leaf layers correlated well with a decrease in the pool of the non-enzymatic antioxidants ascorbate and glutathione. The general decline in the antioxidative systems occurred between 31 May and 8 June after ear emergence stages and preceded the first visible symptoms of RLS. The activities of peroxidases corresponded to an increase in phenolics and lignification which seemed to enhance the infectivity of the fungus rather than to protect the plant. The first R. collo-cygni conidia were trapped in the field about 4 weeks before the latent infection was first detected by ELISA, and 5 weeks before the first disease symptoms became visible. Both the counts of airborne conidia and the weather data recorded between April and June suggest that neither inoculum nor the weather conditions are limiting factors for infection by R. collo-cygni at earlier growth stages of barley. It is concluded that the relatively late development of RLS in the field in mid June is governed by the significant degradation of the antioxidative protection systems in the leaves of barley at the onset of ripening stages, rather than by environmental factors or the availability of airborne inoculum.     

Characterization of DMI,QoI and SDHI fungicides sensitivity of Ramularia collo-cygni isolates in Argentina

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) caused by the fungus Ramularia collo-cygni (Rcc) has become a threat to barley production in Argentina. All barley varieties are...     

Infection strategy of Ramularia collo‐cygni and development of ramularia leaf spot on barley and alternative graminaceous hosts

Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) is a newly important disease of barley across temperate regions worldwide. Despite this recent change in importance, the infection biology of the causal agent Ramularia collo‐cygni (Rcc) remains poorly understood. Confocal microscopy of the infection process of two transgenic Rcc isolates, expressing either GFP or DsRed reporter markers, was combined with light microscopy during field infection to track the progression of Rcc in planta. Infection of stomata, including the development of a previously unreported stomatopodium structure, results in symptomless development and intercellular colonization of the mesophyll tissue. Transition to necrotrophy is associated with breakdown of host chloroplasts and the formation of aggregates of conidiophores. In addition to barley, Rcc forms a compatible interaction with winter wheat and a number of perennial grass species. An incompatible reaction was observed with two dicotyledonous species. These results provide further insights into the host interactions of this fungus and suggest that RLS could be a potential threat to other agriculturally important crops.     

High levels of genetic and genotypic diversity in field populations of the barley pathogen Ramularia collo-cygni

The ascomycete pathogen Ramularia collo-cygni causes Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) on barley. Although R. collo-cygni is considerd an emerging disease of barley, little is known about genetic diversity or population genetic structure of this pathogen. We applied a set of polymorphic AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) markers to investigate population genetic structure in two Northern European populations of R. collo-cygni. The distribution of AFLP alleles revealed low levels of population subdivision and high levels of genetic diversity at both locations. Our analyses included 87 isolates and of these 84 showed a unique genotype pattern. The genetic structure of populations in Scotland and Denmark is highly similar and we find no evidence of population sub-division. An analysis of molecular variance was used to show that 86 % of the variance is attributable to within field genetic variance. In spite of the high levels of genetic and genotypic diversity in the R. collo-cygni populations, we find significant evidence of linkage disequilibrium among the AFLP alleles using a multilocus analysis. We propose that the high levels of genotypic diversity and the lack of population differentiation result from considerable levels of gene flow between populations most likely mediated by seed borne dispersal of inoculum.     

宁夏贺兰山野生食用真菌营养价值的研究

宁夏贺兰山共有野生可食大型真菌137种,其中味道鲜美的有52种,它们中能形成产量的有19种。对其营养成分的研究结果表明:粗蛋白含量在13.25%～51.52%之间,平均含量为30%,比栽培种高10%;粗脂肪的含量在0.68%～6.22%,平均含量为4.30%,与栽培种接近;淀粉含量在1.06%～13.79%之间,平均含量为5.09%;可溶性糖含量在1.18%～15.32%之间,平均含量为5.66%;还原糖含量在1.02%～14.89%之间,平均含量为4.90%;灰分含量在8.46%～19.02%之间,平均含量为13.95%,比栽培种平均高出5.81%。     

伊犁河流域地表水资源优势及开发利用潜力研究

伊犁河流域是新疆地表水系最发达、径流最发育、水资源最丰富的内陆河流域,具有流域降水丰沛,径流补给充分,径流量大;水系发达,河川密布;水量变化较小、泥沙含量较少、水质较好的资源优势。但受经济发展水平及产业结构层次的限制,伊犁河流域水资源总体上仍处于利用效率低下、生产经营方式落后、综合利用潜力巨大的初级开发阶段。依据部颁SL201-9《江河流域规划编制规范》和流域整体规划目标,经过水资源多目标开发平衡分析与评价,给出了伊犁河流域水资源综合开发和合理配置远景规划方案。     

海河流域近50年降水量时空变化特征分析

依据海河流域1960—2010年逐日降水资料,采用泰森多边形方法将各站点的降水量展布到全流域,并采用M-K法计算Kendall倾斜度,分析降水的时空变化特征。结果表明:时间上,海河流域总体降水呈减少趋势,春季降水虽然呈增加趋势,但仍是少雨季节,夏季降水变化趋势缓慢,少雨现象出现的频率相对较小,秋季降水逐渐减少,少雨现象出现的频率与春季相似,冬季出现极端降水情况,降水呈增加趋势,降水等级集中在极度少雨,另外,存在春夏连续少雨、秋冬连续少雨,甚至四季连续少雨的情况;空间上,整个流域年降水量由南向北逐渐减少,春季五台山、天津变化显著,夏季全流域降水量呈增加趋势,且渤海西南地区增加显著,秋季全流域中东部分降水趋势下降显著,冬季全流域降水上升、下降趋势变化均较缓慢。     

不同水分状况对箭杆杨叶中输导组织及叶肉组织的影响

自然条件下水分状况对箭杆杨叶中输导组织及叶肉组织有一定的影响。水分状况好的叶中导管管腔直径大于水分状况差的，而管壁厚度却相反，水分状况差的导管管壁厚度大于水分状况好的。此点与试验条件下所得的结果略有差异，原因在于，试验条件下所用的材料为植物的幼茎或同化枝，而此项工作所用的材料为叶，在对干旱环境及水分状况变化的适应上，叶比茎或同化枝更为敏感。叶肉中栅栏组织在水分状况较差时发育程度比水分状况时高。无论     

太行山前平原动水条件下地下调蓄功能实验研究——以滹沱河冲洪积平原为例

实验研究表明 ,在河道过水动水条件下 ,太行山前冲洪积平原地下调蓄功能不仅与总过水量、过水时间有关 ,而且还与河道过水流量的大小有关 ;平均每增加 1个流量 ,引起距河道 95m处地下水位上升 0 .0 31～ 0 .0 36m。距河道不同距离的地下水 ,获取河道渗漏补给的初始时间和强度存在一个随着距离增长而逐步衰减的过程 ;但是地下水位对河道渗漏补给的响应规律是一致的 ,初期为补给强度快速增大过程 ,达到极限后 ,转变为缓慢衰减过程。最有利地下水获取河道渗漏补给的地下水位埋深为 2 .0～ 2 .5m ,入渗速率大小与河道地层岩性有关。一般规律是 ,颗粒愈粗 ,入渗率愈大 ;当地下水埋深小于 2 .0m时 ,受支持毛细水顶托作用影响 ,亚沙土比粉沙的入渗率大。总之 ,山前冲洪积平原具有较强的地下调蓄能力 ,但不恒量 ,是随着各种因素改变而不断变化。     

细沟侵蚀临界坡度研究

根据细沟泥沙运动特点,考虑细颗粒泥沙的粘着力作用和非均匀沙的暴露度,建立了细沟泥沙起动公式。结合细沟泥沙起动公式和细沟稳定条件得到坡面侵蚀临界坡度的计算方法。通过计算得到如下的结论:(1)坡面细沟侵蚀临界坡度是土壤性质的函数,在反映土壤性质的容重等参数一定的情况下,仅是粒径的函数。(2)黄土坡面细沟侵蚀临界坡度在21.3°~50.4°之间。对于中值粒径为0.0185mm的黄土坡面,临界坡度为39.9°。(3)对应细沟侵蚀临界坡度存在一临界粒径,当粒径大于该粒径时,不存在细沟侵蚀临界坡度。当临界粒径为0.0198mm,对应的最大临界坡度为50.4°。     

葡萄贮藏中有机酸代谢与果实褐变的关系

葡萄的褐变与其有机酸的代谢密切相关,褐变的程度与有机酸含量下降的梯度成正比。有机酸含量的降低使pH向碱性方向移动,从而诱发多酸氧化酶的活性,引起褐变。所以一定含量的有机酸是保持果实品质、防止酶促褐变的重要因素。贮藏期间,无核白葡萄有机酸含量急剧减少,pH环境变化剧烈,果实褐变程度最重;喀什哈尔葡萄有机酸贮备的绝对值虽然小于无核白,但下降平缓,变化幅度小,所以褐变程度小于无核白;木纳格葡萄有机酸的损失最少,pH环境变化细微,无褐变发生。所以多酚氧化酶引起果实褐变与有机酸损失率有密切关系。     

玉米叶面积生长的影响研究

通过对西峰农业气象试验站观测的玉米叶面积指数资料变化分析得出:玉米叶面积指数年内变化呈缓慢增长—快速增长—缓慢下降趋势;年际变化因发育期不同,环境因子不同,存在着较大差异;叶面积指数的变化与降水相关较好,与积温和日照仅在三叶~七叶期呈现正效应,其它时段相关不显著;玉米产量与抽雄和乳熟期叶面积指数显著相关,抽雄期叶面积指数小于3时,产量不高,达到4以上时,产量开始下降,叶面积指数适合范围为3~4,高产田为3.5以上。     

伊犁可克达拉剖面有机碳、碳酸钙分布特征及其环境意义

选取位于新疆伊犁塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠中部的可克达拉剖面作为研究对象,分析了该剖面不同深度土壤有机碳和碳酸钙的组成变化。该剖面的土壤有机碳含量变化范围为1.02g/kg～4.97g/kg,平均值2.52g/kg,标准偏差1.04g/kg,变异系数41.3%;碳酸钙含量变化范围为8.71%～15.99%,平均值13.44%,标准偏差1.94%,变异系数14.4%。整个剖面有机碳的含量较碳酸钙的含量有较大的变化,二者随剖面深度变化的总体趋势比较相似,但仍有较大差异。对有机碳和碳酸钙含量进行相关性分析,通过了0.01极显著水平的检验,呈正相关,相关系数R2=0.498。结合两种物质在剖面不同深度的含量变化,探讨了它们所对应的环境信息;结果表明有机碳、碳酸钙含量变化可以作为分析沙漠古环境的有效代用指标。     

高原鼠兔时空动态的元胞自动机模拟

利用高寒草甸和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的生态特征建立了元胞自动机模型,并通过模拟得到了高原鼠兔种群时空动态的规律。结果表明:高原鼠兔有效洞口的扩散量与扩散力的变化基本一致,扩散可减轻高原鼠兔对高寒草甸的危害;高原鼠兔对原栖息地的留恋指数α越小,高原鼠兔越易扩散;退化草甸上高原鼠兔密度越大,对已治理草地的入侵就越远;退化草甸恢复后,植被低矮时,入侵距离短、危害重,而植被较高时,入侵距离远、危害轻;全球气候变暖后,如果高原鼠兔的繁殖期不延长,则增温前后的种群动态相差不大;如果增温后高原鼠兔的生长期延长,在非退化高寒草甸上,增温前后种群动态差别不大,在退化高寒草甸上,高原鼠兔种群将迅速增大。     

土圈与土资源

本文提出了土圈(Sesosphere)与土资源(Sesotic Resource)的概念。认为在自然地理环境中,应该把岩石圈中的风化残积层和第四系松散堆积层(Sediment)从基岩中划分出来;把生物圈中的土壤(Soil)划分山来。将Sediment和Soil归并作为土圈,各取字首两字母Seso-对应中文的“土”。文中还提出了计算土资源的一些定量指标。     

新疆巴音布鲁克高山草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系

利用野外调查的物种丰富度和生物量资料,对位于新疆天山中段巴音布鲁克草地的20个样地进行群落数量分类,揭示每种群落类型的物种丰富度和生产力特征,在此基础上,考察了群落内和群落间物种丰富度与生产力的关系,并探讨其形成机制.结果表明:利用TWINSPAN将20个样地划分为6个群落类型(亚高山草原、亚高山草甸化草原、亚高山草原化草甸、亚高山草甸、高山草甸和高山沼泽草甸).6个草地群落类型地上生物量、物种丰富度差异明显:就地上生物量而言,亚高山草原和亚高山草甸较低,高山沼泽草甸和高山草甸较高,而亚高山草甸化草原和亚高山草原化草甸处于两者之间;就物种丰富度而言,亚高山草甸和高山草甸较高,亚高山草原和高山沼泽草甸较低,而亚高山草甸化草原和亚高山草原化草甸处于两者之间.群落内物种丰富度与生产力的关系表现出多种形式:亚高山草原、亚高山草甸和高山草甸的物种丰富度与生产力呈正相关,亚高山草甸化草原的物种丰富度与生产力呈负相关,而亚高山草原化草甸和高山沼泽草甸的物种丰富度与生产力没有表现出显著的相关关系.群落间物种丰富度与生产力呈现"单峰"关系.群落内生产力范围不够大,可能是群落内未能观察到"单峰"关系的原因;环境异质性是导致群落间出现"单峰"关系的关键因素.     

节水农业的形成与灌溉水价改革

我国人均水资源占有量仅为世界人均水资源占有量的1/4,但目前在水资源的使用上存在着惊人的浪费现象,水资源的利用率极低。为解决水资源严重短缺的问题,可行的途径是大力普及各项节水技术,以提高水的利用率,努力建成节水型社会。当务之急是尽快建成节水型农业。而节水农业的形成首先必须依赖于水价制度的改革,利用经济杠杆以提高广大用水者的节水意识。深化水价制度的改革必须走出两个思想误区:其一是误认为农业供水成本远低于工业供水成本,所以农业水价必须远低于工业水价;其二是认为农业是弱质产业,所以农业供水已没有涨价的空间。