农药对人体健康影响的风险评估

介绍了有关农药对人体健康风险评估的基本原则及程序。农药对人体健康的风险评估被许多国家政府机构和国际组织用作农药登记评审和农药安全性评价的重要依据,其风险评估程序包括危害性鉴定、剂量-反应评定、接触评定和风险描述四个步骤。危害性鉴定主要是研究农药可能对人体健康产生的影响;剂量-反应关系主要是研究对农药的不同接触水平可能导致的相应的影响健康的程度;接触评定是研究人们从食物、饮用水和其他各种可能途径中接触到的农药量,其中包括:饮食接触评定、职业接触评定和居住环境接触评定;风险描述是将危险鉴定、剂量-反应评定和接触评定的结果进行综合分析,来描述农药对公众健康总的影响。     

Four near-isogenic lines of cotton with different genes for bacterial blight resistance

ABSTRACT The development and genetic characterization of four near-isogenic lines (NILs) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is described herein. Each line contains a single, but different, gene for resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum. The lines were derived using at least six backcrosses to the susceptible recurrent parent 'Acala 44', followed by single plant-progeny row selection for uniformity. The NILs are homozygous for the B(2), B(4), B(In), or b(7) genes and are designated as AcB(2), AcB(4), AcB(In), and Acb(7), respectively. In the 'Acala 44' background, B(2), B(4), and B(In) are partially dominant genes; b(7) is partially recessive. Relative strengths of resistance conferred by those genes toward race 1 of the pathogen were B(4) b(7)>B(In) B(2). B(4), B(In), and b(7) each conferred resistance toward X. campestris pv. malvacearum carrying a single avirulence gene, whereas B(2) was less specific.     

Control of Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production using natural maize phytochemicals under different conditions of water activity

The effects of the natural phytochemicals trans-cinnamic acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA) alone at concentrations of 1-25 mM and in 16 combinations (M: mixtures) on growth and aflatoxin B(1) production by Aspergillus flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare were evaluated. Studies on growth rate and aflatoxin B(1) production were carried out in vitro in relation to a water activity a(w) of 0.999, 0.971, 0.955 and 0.937. Overall, CA at concentrations of 10 and 20 mM and FA-CA mixtures M3 (20 + 5 mM respectively), M8 (25 + 5 mM), M9 (1 + 10 mM), M10 (10 + 10 mM), M11 (20 + 10 mM), M12 (25 + 10 mM), M13 (1 + 20 mM), M14 (10 + 20 mM), M15 (20 + 20 mM) and M16 (25 + 20 mM) were the treatments most effective at inhibiting growth of the four species assayed. All strains were much more sensitive to all natural phytochemicals tested on growth rate at a(w) = 0.937. CA and the FA-CA mixtures M1 (1 + 1 mM respectively), M4 (25 + 1 mM), M5 (1 + 5 mM), M6 (10 + 1 mM), M7 (20 + 1 mM), M8 (25 + 5 mM), M9 (1 + 10 mM), M10 (10 + 10 mM), M11 (20 + 10 mM), M12 (25 + 10 mM), M13 (1 + 20 mM), M14 (10 + 20 mM), M15 (20 + 20 mM) and M16 (25 + 20 mM) completely inhibited aflatoxin B(1) production by all strains at a(w) = 0.999, 0.971, 0.955 and 0.937. Decreased aflatoxin B(1) levels in comparison with the control were observed with FA at 1, 10, 20 and 25 mM with the strains RCM89, RCM108 and RCM38 at a(w) = 0.971, 0.955 and 0.999 respectively. The data show that CA and FA can be considered as effective fungitoxicants for A. flavus and A. parasiticus in in vitro assay. The information obtained is part of an ongoing study to determine their application at the storage level.     

Genetic Analysis of Isolates of Botrytis cinerea Sensitive and Resistant to Benzimidazole and Dicarboximide Fungicides

ABSTRACT A total of 56 isolates of B. cinerea collected from ornamental crops from commercial greenhouses were examined by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint analyses. Isolates were examined as two independent sets of 35 and 36 isolates, with 15 isolates common to both sets. The isolates had four phenotypes: 17 were sensitive to two commonly used fungicides, thiophanate-methyl (a benzimidazole) and vinclozolin (a dicarboximide) (S(T)S(V)); 18 were resistant to both fungicides (R(T)R(V)); 16 were resistant to thiophanate-methyl but sensitive to vinclozolin (R(T)S(V)); and 5 were sensitive to thiophanate-methyl but resistant to vinclozolin (S(T)R(V)). Relationships among the isolates were determined by cluster analyses of mean character differences using the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average and cladograms were constructed. Isolates were clustered primarily by fungicide-sensitivity phenotype. In one set of greenhouse isolates, 6 of 10 S(T)S(V) isolates clustered together with a bootstrap confidence value of 91%. In the other fingerprint set of greenhouse isolates, 9 of 11 S(T)S(V) isolates clustered together and had a bootstrap confidence value of 98%. Isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl, vinclozolin, or both fungicides usually were not clustered with other isolates or were clustered with isolates of the same phenotype. To further elucidate these relationships, variant isolates resistant to one or both fungicides were produced on fungicide-amended agar medium from 14 S(T)S(V) greenhouse isolates. These 14 S(T)S(V) parent isolates, 57 resistant variant isolates, and 11 resistant greenhouse isolates were analyzed as three independent RAPD fingerprint sets. Variants selected from eight S(T)S(V) parent isolates were resistant to both thiophanate-methyl and vinclozolin even though parent isolates were exposed to only one of the fungicides. Isolates resistant only to vinclozolin (S(T)R(V)) had fingerprint patterns similar to and clustered with those of parent isolates, while fingerprint patterns of isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl (i.e., R(T)R(V) or R(T)S(V)), regardless of sensitivity to vinclozolin, clustered differently from both those of S(T)S(V) parent isolates and those of S(T)R(V) isolates derived from the same parent. R(T)R(V) and R(T)S(V) variant isolates derived from the same fungicide-sensitive parents only clustered with other variants having the same phenotype.     

Acaricidal properties of some synthetic unconjugated allenic anilides

Seven unconjugated allenic anilides with the allenic moiety situated at the 3, 4 position were synthesized and evaluated for acaricidal activity against Boophilus microplus (Canestrinii). The order of toxicity (% adult mortality) of the anilides against adult B. microplus at 0.5 μg tick^?1 was: N-(3-chloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-5-methylhexa-3, 4-dienamide, (I) = N-(4-bromophenyl)-5-methylhexa-3, 4-dienamide(III)(100%) > N-(4-bromophenyl)-deca-3, 4-dienamide (VI)(68%) > N-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methylhexa-3, 4-dienamide (II) (32.3%) > N-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methylhepta-3, 4-dienamide (IV) (28%) > N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-5-ethylhepta-3, 4-dienamide (VII) (24%) > N-(4-bromophenyl)-5-methylhepta-3, 4-dienamide (V) (20%). Comparison of the relative potencies (in parenthesis) at 1.5 μg tick^?1 of the anilides with three commercial acaricides: pyrenone, lindane and carbaryl, revealed the following orders of activities: in comparison with pyrenone: pyrenone = I = II (1) > VI(0.93) > II (0.67) > IV (0.55) > VII (0.46) > VI (0.37); in comparison with lindane: I = HI (6.06) > VI (5.65) > II (4.04) > IV (3.36) > VII (2.76) > V (2.39) > lindane (1.0). All anilides were more toxic than carbaryl which gave no mortality at 1.5 μg tick^?1. The need for developing more effective control agents for B. microplus is highlighted by the high levels of resistance found in some Jamaican populations of the pest. Resistance of the orders of 31- to 227-fold had been reported against lindane and between 15- and 67-fold to carbaryl.     

华南籼稻稻瘟病菌致病型单基因鉴别寄主筛选

采用35个单基因鉴别寄主、12个日本清泽鉴别寄主共47个具有已知基因的鉴别寄主,对147个籼稻稻瘟病菌株进行致病型鉴别研究.147个菌株被划分为28个不同的致病类型.优势致病型为I-04、I-02和I-01,这3个致病型的菌株数占参试菌株的74.8%,而且与其他致病型比较,它们的致病谱较广.研究结果表明,F80-1(Pi-k)、IRBL7(Pi-kp)、IRBL16(Pi-sh(1))、IRBL21(Pi-7(t))、IRBL3(Pi-i)、IRBL9(Pi-z)、IRBL19(Pi-3)、IRBL10(Pi-z5)、IRBL11(Pi-zt)、IRBL18(Pi-1)、IRBL10(Pi-2)、F128-1(Pi-ta2)、F145-2(Pi-b)和IRBL22(Pi-9(t))等14个单基因鉴别寄主对以广东为主的华南籼稻区稻瘟病菌具有较好的鉴别能力,其中尤以F80-1(Pi-k)、IRBL7(Pi-kp)、IRBL16(Pi-sh(1))、IRBL21(Pi-7(t))、IRBL3(Pi-i)、IRBL9(Pi-z)、IRBL19(Pi-3)和IRBL10(Pi-z5)等8个单基因鉴别寄主的鉴别能力最强,IRBL11(Pi-zt)、IRBL18(Pi-1)、IRBL10(Pi-2)、F128-1(Pi-ta2)、F145-2(Pi-b)和IRBL22(Pi-9(t))等6个单基因鉴别寄主可鉴别抗性反应表现型较相似的致病型,并可用于细分致病型.3个优势致病型I-04、I-02和I-01对F80-1(Pi-k)等上述8个单基因鉴别寄主的抗性反应表现型依次为RRSRSSSMR、SSSSSSSS和SSRSSSSR.     

Acaricidal activities of paeonol and benzoic acid from Paeonia suffruticosa root bark and monoterpenoids against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae)

The acaricidal activities of paeonol (2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone) and benzoic acid identified in the root bark of tree peony, Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, against copra mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), adults were examined using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays and compared with those of cinnamyl acetate, cinnamyl alcohol and 37 monoterpenoids as well as the acaricides benzyl benzoate, dibutyl phthalate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Based on LD(50) values in fabric piece contact toxicity bioassays, the acaricidal activities of benzoic acid (4.80 microg cm(-2)) and paeonol (5.29 microg cm(-2)) were comparable to that of benzyl benzoate (4.46 microg cm(-2)) but more pronounced than those of DEET (30.03 microg cm(-2)) and dibutyl phthalate (25.23 microg cm(-2)). In vapour phase toxicity bioassays, paeonol and benzoic acid were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effects of these compounds were largely due to action in the vapour phase. As judged by 24 h LD(50) values, (1S)-(-)-verbenone (7.42 mg per disc) was the most toxic fumigant, followed by (1S)-(-)-camphor, (S)-(+)-carvone, (R)-(-)-linalool and (+/-)-camphor (10.45-18.18 mg). Potent fumigant toxicity was also observed with paeonol, (2S,5R)-(-)-menthone, (+/-)-citronellal, benzoic acid, (1S,4R)-(-)-alpha-thujone and (R)-(+)-pulegone (25.10-34.63 mg). Neither benzyl benzoate, DEET nor dibutyl phthalate caused fumigant toxicity. Paeonia root bark-derived materials, particularly paeonol and benzoic acid, as well as the monoterpenoids described, merit further study as potential acaricides or as leads for the control of T. putrescentiae.     

Toxicity and feeding deterrence of crude toxin extracts of Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii (Hyphomycetes) against sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Crude toxins [toxin(V3450) and toxin(Vp28,) extracted from Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii (Zimmermann) Gams & Zare strain V3450 and Vp28 respectively] were tested for contact toxicity, feeding deterrence and repellent activity against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Both toxins showed ovicidal activity to eggs, with LC(50) values of 447 and 629 mg L(-1) respectively. Nymphs of B. tabaci were the most susceptible stages (LC(50) values were calculated at 111 mg L(-1) for toxin(V3450) and 216 mg L(-1) for toxin(Vp28)), and adults were the second most susceptible stages (48 h LC(50) values were calculated at 178 mg L(-1) for toxin(V3450) and 438 mg L(-1) for toxin(Vp28)). Applied to seedlings at a concentration of 400 mg L(-1), the toxins significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the hatching of whitefly eggs and the subsequent survival rate of the nymphs, and the emergence and fecundity of the progeny adults. Both toxins exhibited repellent activity at low concentration (100 mg L(-1)), with repellency index (RI) values of 0.645 for toxin(V3450) and 0.642 for toxin(Vp28), and antifeedant activity at high concentration (1000 mg L(-1)) to adults, with antifeedant index (AFI) values of 0.713 for toxin(V3450) and 0.749 for toxin(Vp28). The results of the present study demonstrate the toxicity, repellence and antifeedant properties of the fungi metabolite toxins on B. tabaci, which might develop as environmentally friendly plant protectant(s).     

Survey for viruses infecting onion, garlic and leek crops in Iran

Surveys to identify virus diseases affecting garlic ( Allium sativum ), onion ( Allium cepa ) and Persian leek ( Allium ampeloprasum var. persicum ) were conducted from 1999 to 2002. Surveys covered different regions of Iran (Tehran [different vegetable markets, farmer fields and cultivation areas], Noushahr, Chalous, Roudbar, Sari, Hamadan, Touyserkan, Ghazvin and Jiroft). A total of 2045 (1285 garlic, 525 onion and 230 leek) samples showing symptoms of virus infection were collected and tested by ELISA; and in some cases tests were also confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) for the presence of Allium viruses. ELISA results showed that the following viruses were detected: Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) (genus Potyvirus , family Potyviridae ), Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV), Shallot latent virus (SLV) (genus Carlavirus ), Garlic virus D (GarV-D), Garlic virus B (GarV-B) and Garlic virus C type (GarV-C) (genus Allexivirus ). None of the samples reacted with antibodies to Shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV) genus Potyvirus , family Potyviridae ), Shallot virus X (ShVX) and Garlic virus A (GarV-A, genus Allexivirus ). GarCLV, SLV, GarV-D, GarV-B and GarV-C are reported for the first time from Allium crops in Iran.     

大黑和暗黑蛴螬危害花生的防治指标研究

花生种苗期大黑蛴螬和花生生长期大黑、暗黑蛴螬的虫口密度(X)与减产率(Y)呈明显的直线正相关,其相关式苗期网池接虫为Y=0.7245 0.004X±3.3957(r=0.9520,n=39);同步模拟为Y=0.4452 0.0040X±1.3959(r=0.9661,n=28);接虫示范为Y=0.1360 0.0074X±1.5888(r=0.9800,n=4);生长期接大黑金龟甲卵为Y=1.2927 0.0042X±3.2704(r=0.8993,n=36);接暗黑金龟卵为Y=0.7308 0.0042X±2.1344(r=0.9568,n=32)。研究分析提出花生种苗期防治指标为三龄大黑蛴螬每平方米2头;生长期防治指标为每平方米大黑卵3粒,暗黑卵5粒。     

Water snails as paratenic hosts of Hymenolepididae Fuhrmann, 1907 in Czechoslovakia

The distribution of cysticercoids of Hymenolepididae Fuhrmann, 1907 parasitizing water birds (Anseriformes and Ralliformes) in Czechoslovakia was studied. A total of 2970 snail specimens (429 Lymnaea stagnalis (L.), 531 L. ovata (Drap.), 1, 462 L. peregra (O. F. Müll.), 158 L. auricularia (L.), 262 Planorbis planorbis (L.) and 65 Viviparus viviparus (L.)) were examined for this purpose. Among them, 122 snails were infected with cysticercoids of 13 cestode species (Dicranotaenia coronula (Dujardin, 1845), Diorchis inflata (Rudolphi, 1810), D. nyrocae Yamaguti, 1935, D. ransomi Schultz, 1940, Diploposthe laevis (Bloch, 1782), Echinocotyle rosetteri Blanchard, 1891, Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781), Microsomacanthus compressa (Linton 1892), M. paracompressa (Czaplinski, 1956), M. paramicrosoma (Gasowska, 1931), M. spiralibursata (Czaplinski, 1956), Sobolevicanthus gracilis (Zeder, 1803), and S. octacantha (Krabbe, 1869).     

干旱区杨树用材林土壤特性和林木生长对供水的响应

经过4年试验,结果表明,(1)供水对土壤水分调控作用明显,土壤各项含水指标均随供水量的增加而增加;(2)通过灌溉可改善土壤的三相比结构和土壤容重;灌溉对总孔隙度影响不明显;(3)灌溉对地下水位的影响显著,灌水前林地地下水埋深为3.46m,而灌水期内地下水埋深在2.36~2.87m之间,在7500m3/hm2.a灌溉定额以下时,不会造成土地次生盐渍化;(4)不同供水量对林木生长的效应是不同的,随灌溉量增加而造成不同程度的正增长;(5)人工林的蒸腾耗水量随供水量的增加而增加;(6)河套灌区杨树速生丰产林的合理灌溉量为7500m3/hm2.a。     

Identification of the molecular make-up of the Potato virus Y strain PVY(Z): genetic typing of PVY(Z)-NTN

Potato virus Y (PVY) strains were originally defined by interactions with different resistance genes in standard potato cultivars. Five distinct strain groups are defined that cause local or systemic hypersensitive responses (HRs) in genetic background with a corresponding N gene: PVY(O), PVY(N), PVY(C), PVY(Z), and PVY(E). The nucleotide sequences of multiple isolates of PVY(O) and PVY(N) differ from each other by ≈8% along their genomes. Additionally, complete genome sequences of multiple recombinant isolates are composed of segments of parental PVY(O) and PVY(N) sequences. Here, we report that recombinant isolate PVY-L26 induces an HR in potato 'Maris Bard' carrying the putative Nz gene, and is not recognized by two other resistance genes, Nc and Ny(tbr). These genetic responses in potato, combined with the inability of PVY-L26 to induce vein necrosis in tobacco, clearly define it as an isolate from the PVY(Z) strain group and provide the first information on genome structure and sequence of PVY(Z). The genome of PVY-L26 displays typical features of European NTN-type isolates with three recombinant junctions (PVY(EU-NTN)), and the PVY-L26 is named PVY(Z)-NTN. Three typical PVY(NTN) isolates and two PVY(N) isolates, all inducing vein necrosis in tobacco, were compared with PVY-L26. One PVY(NTN) isolate elicited HR reactions in Maris Bard, similar to PVY-L26, while two induced a severe systemic HR-like reaction quite different from the quasi-symptomless reaction induced by two PVY(N) isolates. 'Yukon Gold' potato from North America produced HR against several PVY(NTN) isolates, including PVY-L26, but only late and limited systemic necrosis against one PVY(N) isolate. Consequently, according to symptoms in potato indicators, both PVY(Z) and PVY(NTN) isolates appeared biologically very close and clearly distinct from PVY(O) and PVY(N) strain groups.     

Response of susceptible and resistant peach-potato aphids Myzus persicae (Sulz.) to insecticides in leaf-dip bioassays

The response of susceptible (S), moderately resistant (R₁) and strongly resistant (R₂) peach-potato aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) to organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides was tested by a leaf-dip bioassay. The aphids were placed on potato leaves (dipped in insecticide solutions 1–2 or 24 h before infestation) and their mortality examined 48 h later. R₁ aphids were virtually susceptible to most of the carbamates, demephion and acephate, but were slightly to moderately resistant (2.1–9.4 times) to permethrin, cypermethrin and (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (I), (NRDC 161), to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-methylquinolin-4-yl dimethylcarbamate (II), (Hoechst 25 682) and demeton-S-methyl. R₂ aphids resisted more strongly or very strongly (between 65 and 1280 times) the pyrethroids, demeton-S-methyl (×94), II (×83) and demephion (×9), and were slightly to moderately (2–5 times) resistant to acephate, pirimicarb, ethiofencarb and 2-(dimethylcarbamoyloxyimino)-3-methoxyimino-N,N- dimethylbutyramide (III), (DPX 3853). Both resistant strains were susceptible to nitrilacarb [4,4-dimethyl-5-(methylcarbamoyloxyimino)pentanenitrile] complex (1:1) with zinc chloride (IV), (AC 85 258). The implications of these results in terms of practical aphid control are discussed.     

Synthesis of new aliphatic and aromatic phytotoxic derivatives of 2alpha,4alpha-dimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one

Several new compounds with potential herbicidal activity were synthesized from 2alpha,4alpha-dimethyl-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one (4). Seven aromatic alcohols were prepared by reaction of (4) with aryllithium reagents, where the aryl groups were 4-ethoxyphenyl (5, 70% yield), 4-ethylphenyl (6, 82% yield), 4-butylphenyl (7, 78% yield), 4-tert-butylphenyl (8, 81% yield), 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl (9, 75% yield), 2-ethylphenyl (10, 12% yield) and para-(4-bromophenoxy)phenyl (11, 24% yield). Reaction of the acetonide (4) with Grignard reagents formed also four aliphatic alcohols where the alkyl groups are ethyl (13, 78%), butyl (14, 85%), hexyl (15, 81%) and octyl (25, 92%). The alcohols (5), (6), (7), (8), (13), (14), (15) and (25) were reacted with thionyl chloride in pyridine, forming their respective alkenes (17, 76%), (18, 74%), (19, 83%), (20, 73%), (22, 78%), (26, 62%), (23, 77%) and (24, 66%). The effect of these compounds, at the concentration of 5.5 microg g(-1), on the development of radicle and aerial parts of Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench, Euphorbia heterophylla L, Brachiaria decumbens and Desmodium tortuosum DC was evaluated.     

Interrelationships Among SADIE Indices for Characterizing Spatial Patterns of Organisms

ABSTRACT The SADIE (spatial analysis by distance indices) methodology for data analysis is a useful approach for quantifying the patterns of organisms (in terms of patches and gaps) and testing for randomness of the patterns. We investigated the interrelationship among key SADIE indices: index for distance to regularity for a data set (I(a)), a global measure of aggregation or clustering; the local clustering indices (v(i) and v(j)), scaled distances to regularity for each individual sampling unit; and the averages of v(i) and v(j) across all sampling units, which are additional global measures of aggregation. We demonstrated that v(i) and v(j) are mathematically related to I(a) and showed conditions when I(a) and mean local clustering indices give very similar results. Overall differences in average v(i) and Iv(j) I values, and between I(a) and these averages, decreased with increasing size of the sampling grid in a simulation study. This was because one component of v(i) and v(j) (iY)-a measure of the distance to regularity under randomness for a given location (not a given count)-was found generally to vary little with location, except for locations near corners of the sampling grid. Nevertheless, because distance to regularity for individual observed counts was location-dependent, and this location effect varied with the observed counts value as well, a new-scaled index for each count x location combination may be warranted. The implications of these findings on epidemiological research are discussed.     

Evaluation of the status of capsicum viruses in the main growing regions of Turkey

The incidence, severity and distribution of six viruses infecting capsicum were determined in the main growing areas of Turkey during the 2004 growing season. The surveys covered 50 randomly selected capsicum fields from four different areas in south-east Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean region. 515 samples were individually collected and tested by DAS-ELISA for Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), Potato X potexvirus (PVX), Potato Y potyvirus (PVY), Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (PMMoV) and Tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV). 64.8% of ELISA-tested capsicum samples (334 out of 515) were infected by one (41.7%) or more (23.1%) viruses. PVY was the most widespread (26.4%), followed by PVX (25.8%), AMV (25.2%), TEV (23%), PMMoV (9.1%) and CMV (8.3%). Surprisingly high AMV infection was found in three areas (Kahramanmaraş, Şanlıurfa and Gaziantep) where AMV is reported for the first time in this study. However, AMV was not detected in Hatay. PMMoV is another new virus, in all the tested areas.     

Optimized mixture of sex pheromonal components for trapping of maleSpodoptera littoralis in Israel

The sex pheromone gland extracts ofSpodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in Israel were reexamined by capillary gas chromatography and capillary gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The following compounds were identified: (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (46%), (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (33%), (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (4%), (E)-11-tetradecadienyl acetate (9%), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (7%), and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (0.5-1%). Field tests with various combinations of the major attractant (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate and the minor components indicated that the best lure forS. littoralis in Israel is 2 mg (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate containing 0.2-1% of (Z,E)9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate.     

不同理化因子对荒漠生物结皮中三种蓝藻生长的影响

对实验室分离荒漠生物结皮中的具鞘微鞘藻〔Microcoleus vaginatus(Vauch.)Gom.〕、眼点伪枝藻(Scy-tonema ocellatum Lyngb)、地木耳(Nostoc commune Vauch.)3种蓝藻分别进行了培养,利用正交设计的方法研究了pH值、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+4种理化因子对其生长的影响,初步探讨了3种蓝藻在实验室内生长所需的最适生理条件。研究结果表明,具鞘微鞘藻的最适生理条件:pH值为8,Ca2+浓度为3.54×10-5mol/L,Mg2+浓度为5.1×10-5mol/L,K+浓度为1.345×10-5mol/L;眼点伪枝藻的最适生理条件为:pH值9,Ca2+浓度为1.77×10-5mol/L,Mg2+浓度为5.1×10-5mol/L,K+浓度为2.69×10-5mol/L;地木耳的最适生理条件为:pH值为10,K+浓度为5.38×10-5mol/L,Ca2+浓度为1.77×10-5mol/L,Mg2+浓度为1.02×10-4mol/L。     

Plant‐parasitic nematodes of potential phytosanitary importance,their main hosts and reported yield losses

The potential phytosanitary importance of all named plant‐parasitic nematode species was determined by evaluating available information on species characteristics, association with economically‐important crop hosts, and ability to act as vectors of viruses or form disease complexes with other pathogens. Most named species of plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPN) are poorly known, recorded from a single location only, not associated with economically‐important crops, and not known to be associated with other plant disease organisms. However, 250 species from 43 genera fulfilled one or more of the criteria to be considered to present a phytosanitary risk. The genera and number of species (in parentheses) considered as posing phytosanitary risk included: Achlysiella (1), Anguina (8), Aphasmatylenchus (1), Aphelenchoides (12), Aphelenchus (1), Belonolaimus (2), Bitylenchus (3), Bursaphelenchus (4), Cactodera (3), Ditylenchus (8), Dolichodorus (1), Globodera (3), Helicotylenchus (7), Hemicriconemoides (3), Hemicycliophora (3), Heterodera (25), Hirschmanniella (5), Hoplolaimus (5), Ibipora (3), Longidorus (10), Macroposthonia (2), Meloidogyne (38), Merlinius (3), Nacobbus (1), Neodolichodorus (2), Paralongidorus (2), Paratrichodorus (11), Paratylenchus (3), Pratylenchus (24), Punctodera (3), Quinisulcius (3), Radopholus (5), Rotylenchulus (3), Rotylenchus (1), Scutellonema (5), Sphaeronema (1), Subanguina (3), Trichodorus (5), Tylenchorhynchus (8), Tylenchulus (2), Vittatidera (1), Xiphinema (15) and Zygotylenchus (1). For each of the 250 species main hosts and yield loss estimates are provided with an extensive bibliography. Of the 250 species, only 126 species from 33 genera are currently listed as regulated pests in one or more countries worldwide. Almost all of these 250 species were also associated with economically important crops and some also acted as vectors for viruses.