Mechanical behaviour of finger joints at elevated temperatures

Finger joints are commonly used to produce engineered wood products like glued laminated timber beams. Although comprehensive research has been conducted on the structural behaviour of finger joints at ambient temperature, there is very little information about the structural behaviour at elevated temperature. A comprehensive research project on the fire resistance of bonded timber elements is currently ongoing at the ETH Zurich. The aim of the research project is the development of simplified design models for the fire resistance of bonded structural timber elements taking into account the behaviour of the adhesive used at elevated temperature. The paper presents the results of a first series of tensile and bending tests on specimens with finger joints pre-heated in an oven. The tests were carried out with different adhesives that fulfil current approval criteria for the use in load-bearing timber components. The results showed substantial differences in temperature dependant strength reduction and failure between the different adhesives tested. Thus, the structural behaviour of finger joints at elevated temperature is strongly influenced by the behaviour of the adhesive used for bonding and may govern the fire design of engineered wood products like glued laminated timber beams.     

Failure analysis of laminated timber beams reinforced with glass fibre composites

Summary A qualitative analysis is presented of failure, perpendicular to the grain, in laminated timber reinforced with a glass fibre composite. The study is focused on beams with holes of different shape. The stress by corners, infinitesimal cracks and finite cracks are investigated. An initial crack model is suggested that brings about some of the phenomena observed in earlier performed experiments. A crack appears to propagate in the wood but is retarded in the reinforced beams. Eventually, the composite will fracture and failure of the beam follows. Finite element computations suggest that the reinforcement decreases the stress intensity at cracks in the wood and acts as a crack stopper. The reinforcing effect increases with the crack length. A point stress criterion is used to predict failure in the fibre composite.     

Strength properties of glued laminated timber made from edge-glued laminae II: bending,tensile, and compressive strength of glued laminated timber

The purpose of this study was to investigate the strength properties of glued laminated timber composed of edge-glued laminae and to investigate the influence of edge gluing on the strength properties. Glued laminated timber composed of multiple-grade laminae (symmetrical composition, strength grade E95-F270, 10 laminations) was produced from karamatsu (Larix kaempferi) edge-glued laminae according to the Japanese Agricultural Standard. The bending, tensile, and compressive strengths of the glued laminated timber were measured. The average bending, tensile, and compressive strengths were 33.4, 24.5, and 35.9 MPa, respectively, and these values are almost equal to those of glued laminated timber composed of karamatsu single-piece laminae. It was determined that finger-joints and knots in the edge-glued laminae played a significant role in the failure of specimens. However, the use of glued edge-joints did not appear to affect the failure of specimens.     

ACQ防腐处理对马尾松木材胶合强度的影响研究

采用铜氨(胺)季铵盐(ACQ-D)防腐剂处理马尾松木材,以水性高分子异氰酸酯(API)、聚氨酯(PUR)和间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂(RPF)为胶黏剂制备防腐材胶合试样,研究胶黏剂种类和防腐剂处理浓度对马尾松胶合强度的影响。结果表明:API、PUR、RPF适用于ACQ处理马尾松的胶合,平均剪切强度和木破率均达到GB/T 26899—2011《结构用集成材》要求。胶黏剂种类对防腐材胶合强度有显著影响,表现为PUR和RPF的剪切强度优于API。与未处理材相比,ACQ处理对API胶合有负面影响,对PUR胶合有增强效应,对RPF胶合没有显著影响。在ACQ浓度为0.1%～1.0%范围内,胶合强度没有显著变化。     

Shear behaviour of bond lines in glued laminated timber beams at high temperatures

A comprehensive research project has been carried out at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) on the fire behaviour of timber-concrete composite slabs (Frangi and Fontana 2000). The glued laminated timber beams used for the fire tests were bonded with a one-component polyurethane (1-K-PUR) adhesive. As one fire test on a slab showed an unexpected shear failure of a glued laminated timber beam, a series of tests was carried out to study the shear behaviour of different types of adhesives at high temperatures. The first part of the paper describes the results of the shear tests at elevated temperatures, in the second part the shear test results are compared to the fire test on a slab.     

竹板增强单板层积材组合梁受弯性能

单板层积材加工成梁构件应用于建筑结构材时,由于材料本身的强度和刚度不足,其结构构件不能满足现代多、高层以及大跨度建筑的需求。竹集成材是原竹经过切削成竹片、低温干燥、碳化、涂胶,再同方向平面或侧面组坯、热压胶合而成的竹基复合材料,其力学性能与稳定性优于木材。将集成竹材作为增强材料用于加固单板层积材梁是一种简单有效的提高梁极限承载力的方法。通过进行竹板增强单板层积材组合梁四点弯曲试验,研究了集成竹板对单板层积材受弯性能的增强效果。结果表明,在单板层积材受弯构件上下部粘贴集成竹板可提高构件极限承载力10%～50%。同时,考虑单板层积材和集成竹材料的非线性,推导出了适用于组合梁的极限承载力计算公式,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

水基聚氨酯胶粘剂在集成材生产中的应用

讨论了水基聚氨酯木材胶粘剂的反应机理和影响其胶接性能的主要因素，进行了ＳＲ－１００木材结构胶制备集成材的应用试验。结果表明：该胶用于针叶材云杉和阔叶材水曲柳、榆木、柞木，所制得集成材的粘接性能达到结构用集成材的指标要求，为生产结构集成材提供技术依据。     

三种典型竹质工程材料纵向弹性模量评价

以重组竹、竹束单板层积材（BLVL）、竹集成材为代表的竹质工程材料受到越来越多的关注和应用。文中采用超声波法、自由横向振动法和力学法分别对上述3种典型竹质工程材料的纵向动态弹性模量（MOE）进行评价比较,结果表明,横向自由振动法能较为快速、准确和无损地评价出竹质工程材料的MOE,MOE的变异系数与其自身铺装结构有关;重组竹、BLVL和竹集成材的一阶共振频率分别为455.73、380.41和487.62 Hz;超声波在竹集成材的纵向上传播速度最快,重组竹其次,BLVL最慢;三点弯曲力学测试发现3种竹质工程材料的断裂模式不同,全顺向的重组竹为竹纤维拉断和界面剪切破坏,纵横组坯的BLVL为横向竹束拉断以及竹/木复合界面分层,而更多体现实竹性能的竹集成材为底层竹材维管束拉断和拔出破坏,其断裂载荷为重组竹> BLVL >竹集成材,而断裂位移为竹集成材> BLVL >重组竹。     

Development of LVL frame structures using glued metal plate joints II: strength properties and failure behavior under lateral loading

In past years high priority was given to developing a seismic design for wood structures, including research on the response of wood structures to earthquakes. In this study a new type of portal frame with relatively large span was developed for the traditional Japanese wooden houses with large openings at the front to strengthen the structure. Stainless steel plates coated with zinc and glued with epoxy adhesives on laminated veneer lumber (LVL) members, composed of Douglas fir veneer and bonded with phenolformaldehyde resin, were used. The connection between the frame's beam and columns and between the columns and groundsills was mechanical, with bolts. The subject of this research was to analyze strength properties and failure behavior of glued LVL metal joints used as structural components and to evaluate the response of LVL portal frames under cyclic lateral loading. The results show that portal frames using glued LVL metal plates have a good multiplier for the shear walls and may be applied to traditional Japanese structures. The equivalent viscous damping provided good energy dissipation in the frames. The joints displayed good mechanical behavior during tests; moreover, the structures demonstrated high strength, stiffness, and ductility, which are necessary for a seismic design.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kouchi, April 1997; and at the 5th world conference on timber engineering. Montreux, Switzerland, August 1998     

胶合木国产化生产线关键设备

简述了胶合木的基本概念,根据胶合木生产工艺流程介绍了目前国产化生产线及其关键设备。对胶合木生产线的发展及应用前景进行了分析与展望。     

Numerical simulation of embedding strength of glued laminated timber for dowel-type fasteners

A non-linear material model is proposed to describe the timber behavior. Anisotropic elasto-plastic constitutive law with hardening according to Hill yield criterion was used for the compressive behavior. Brittle behavior in tension and shear was modeled using the modified Hill failure criterion. The material model was implemented in a finite element code to simulate embedding strength of glued laminated timber for dowel-type fasteners. Reasonable agreement is found between numerical simulations and experimental measurements.     

Air-coupled ultrasound as an accurate and reproducible method for bonding assessment of glued timber

Glued timber products are widely used in construction; therefore, it is necessary to develop non-destructive bonding quality assessment methods for long-term structural health monitoring. Air-coupled ultrasound (ACU) inspection is a novel technique, with phenomenal improvements in reproducibility compared to traditional contact ultrasonics, unlimited scanning possibilities, and a high potential for delamination detection in wood products. As part of an ongoing project, glued timber samples of 10 mm thickness with artificial glue line defects were inspected. A normal through-transmission set-up with 120 kHz transducers allowed for successful and accurate imaging of the geometry of glued and non-glued areas in all inspected objects. The influence of wood heterogeneity and the reproducibility of ACU amplitude measurements were analysed in detail, identifying the main sources of variation. Future work is planned for the inspection of more complex glued timber objects.     

结构用竹集成材物理力学性能研究

测定结构用竹集成材及其竹指接集成材的主要物理力学性能,并将测试结果与几种人工林单板层积材以及常见建筑用材种的相关性能进行比较.结果表明:竹集成材的水平剪切强度、静曲强度以及弹性模量等力学性能非常优越,浸渍剥离性能较差.     

落叶松集成材木材干燥系统设计与控制分析

针对落叶松集成材中的木材干燥问题,阐述太阳能-热泵联合干燥系统,并对木材干燥室进行了设计研究,实现对木材干燥中温度、湿度、空气流动、加热时间等影响木材干燥的关键因素进行全程监测和精确控制。     

FGRG: Fibreglass reinforced gluelam — A new composite

Beams of a composite made from wood and fibreglass layers glued with a phenolic adhesive were tested in three point bending. Experimental results indicate an increase in mechanical properties in comparison with equivalent beams without fibreglass. An interesting modification is obtained in the mode of fracture. Values of the modulus of elasticity for the adhesive, fibreglass and wood were obtained in separate loading tests and used to derive the modulus of the composite using a general relationship for layered systems. Good agreement was found between theoretical and experimental values of modulus.     

杨木单板实木门的制造工艺及应用研究

探讨了利用速生杨木单板层积材及科技木生产实木门的可行性,介绍了杨木单板实木门的制造工艺。速生杨木单板层积材压缩率、硬度、抗弯强度、尺寸稳定性等指标均远高于普通板材,是一种很好的结构用材,可用其替代高档硬质实木使用,以提升杨木产品的科技含量和附加值。     

Compressive and tensile properties of a butt-jointed lamination model

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of glue application and placement of butt-joints on the compressive and tensile properties in a butt-jointed lamination. The aim was to provide background information for producing butt-jointed, glued, laminated timber. Three butt-jointed lamination models were prepared from spruce-pine-fir (S-P-F) dimension lumber with glued and nonglued butt joints, with different placements of the butt joints in the models. The axial stiffness and strength properties were assessed using both compressive and tensile tests. The results of the study indicated that for the compressive lamination model the application of glue at the butt joint gave more stiffness than the nonglued butt joint. Neither glue application nor placement of the joint had a statistically significant effect on the compressive strength. There were no significant differences between the glued and nonglued butt joint for either tensile strength or stiffness.     

Strength properties of thermally modified softwoods and its relation to polymeric structural wood constituents

Thermal modification at relatively high temperatures (ranging from 150 to 260 °C) is an effective method to improve the dimensional stability and resistance against fungal attack. This study was performed to investigate the impact of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of wood. An industrially-used two-stage heat treatment method under relative mild conditions (< 200 °C) was used to treat the boards. Heat treatment revealed a clear effect on the mechanical properties of softwood species. The tensile strength parallel to the grain showed a rather large decrease, whereas the compressive strength parallel to the fibre increased after heat treatment. The bending strength, which is a combination of the tensile stress, compressive stress and shear stress, was lower after heat treatment. This decrease was less than the decrease of only the tensile strength. The impact strength showed a rather large decrease after heat treatment. An increase of the modulus of elasticity during the bending test has been noticed after heat treatment. Changes and/or modifications of the main wood components appear to be involved in the effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties. The possible effect of degradation and modification of hemicelluloses, degradation and/or crystallization of amorphous cellulose, and polycondensation reactions of lignin on the mechanical properties of heat treated wood have been discussed. The effect of natural defects, such as knots, resin pockets, abnormal slope of grain and reaction wood, on the strength properties of wood appeared to be affected by heat treatment. Nevertheless, heat treated timber shows potential for use in constructions, but it is important to carefully consider the stresses that occur in a construction and some practical consequences when heat treated timber is used.     

竹增强环氧集成材的改性研究

采用高强度玻璃纤维对竹环氧集成材进行改性试验。结果表明:当采用热压压力为1.4 MPa、玻璃纤维均布密度为7.5 mm/根、热压时间为1.0 min/mm(厚)、热压温度为145℃的生产工艺,环氧集成材压缩强度最佳;当采用热压压力为1.4 MPa、玻璃纤维均布密度为5.0 mm/根、热压时间为1.2 min/mm(厚)、热压温度140℃的生产工艺,环氧集成材层间剪切性能最佳。