短期间伐对杉木人工林生态系碳储量的影响

间伐迫使林分环境改变,影响林分生长、生物量及碳储量,准确评估杉木人工林短期间伐后碳储量变化对碳汇林业的发展具有重要意义。在贵州榕江县开展了4种间伐处理{T00[未间伐(0.0%),1 800株·hm-2]、T11[轻度(16.7%),1 500株·hm-2]、T22[中度(33.3%),1 200株·hm-2]和T33[强度(50.0%),900株·hm-2]对18年生杉木人工林碳储量及其组分分配影响的研究。结果表明:经间伐3 a后杉木人工林乔木层碳储量随间伐强度增加而减小,T00、T11、T22和T33样地依次为194.32、174.39、153.74和125.12 t·hm-2,T33、T22和T11较T00降低了35.61%、20.88%和10.25%,T33间伐强度显著低于对照T00;杉木林下植被层碳储量随着间伐强度的增加而显著增加,占生态系统总碳储量的0.24%~1.98%;对其凋落物层碳储量无显著差异;杉木林地土壤有机碳储量随着间伐强度的增大也是逐渐增大,且有机碳储量在不同间伐处理间差异显著,除对照与轻度不显著外。间伐第三年杉木人工林生态系统总碳储量与凋落物现存量、土壤层和林下植被层碳储量呈负相关关系,且与林下植被层碳储量呈显著负相关;短期间伐后杉木人工林生态系统碳储量随着间伐强度的增加而逐渐降低,T00、T11、T22和T33样地分别为294.16、282.65、279.24和273.31 t·hm-2,T33与T00样地差异显著,表明间伐3 a样地仍处于恢复期,杉木人工林短期间伐试验会降低生态系统总碳储量。     

间伐对杉木人工林凋落物-土壤碳氮磷含量及储量的影响

森林经营管理影响植物-土壤系统碳氮磷元素转化及其计量关系。在浙江开化县林场开展了不同间伐强度下凋落物和土壤碳氮磷储量及其生态化学计量关系研究。结果表明,间伐7年后,凋落物生物量及碳氮磷储量在不同间伐处理之间没有显著差异,土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、总磷和有效磷储量在不同间伐处理之间的差异也不显著,但中度间伐处理土壤总氮和水解氮储量比未间伐处理分别增加了40.7%和32.3%,轻度间伐处理与未间伐处理之间土壤总氮和水解氮储量差异不显著。凋落物和土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量比在不同间伐处理之间差异不显著,但土壤易氧化有机碳/水解氮随间伐强度增大逐渐降低(50.1～35.9),水解氮/有效磷随间伐强度增大逐渐增加(60.0～81.6)。因此,间伐有利于土壤氮素的积累,这可能与间伐后凋落物生物量的增加有关。     

森林生态系统碳蓄积研究方法进展

作为陆地生态系统的主体,森林生态系统的碳循环与碳蓄积对研究陆地生态系统碳循环起着重要作用.生物量、生产力、土壤有机质以及凋落物量及其分解等相互关系决定了森林生态系统的碳库量和碳交换量.本文简单地介绍了在碳蓄积研究中森林生物量和生产力的几种研究方法,并对研究过程中的问题(大尺度生物量的精确估算,地下生物量的研究,森林生态系统土壤碳库估算)进行了探讨.     

我国森林凋落物分解研究进展

森林凋落物是指森林生态系统中,由地上植物部分产生并归还到地表面,作为分解者的物质和能量来源,借以维持生态系统功能的全部有机质的总称。文章综述了森林凋落物的概念、构成、分解的研究方法和模型、影响分解因素以及全球变化对凋落物分解的影响。凋落物分解是森林生态系统重要过程之一,受气候、凋落物性质、微生物等生物和非生物因子的影响。森林生态系统是陆地上最大的碳储库和最经济的吸碳器,而森林凋落物的分解对大气二氧化碳浓度增高、气候变暖和降水变化的反应,对深入理解森林生态系统土壤有机物形成和固氮能力十分重要。     

间伐对杉木叶凋落物和细根分解的影响

在浙江省开化县林场间伐2年后的杉木林分内,开展了长达24个月的叶凋落物和细根分解试验。结果表明:分解试验前叶凋落物和细根总有机碳、总氮、总磷和总钾含量在未间伐、中度间伐和强度间伐处理之间均没有显著差异;叶凋落物和细根的分解速率随间伐强度增加而增大,但细根平均腐解率低于叶凋落物。中度和强度间伐处理叶凋落物平均腐解率比未间伐处理高13.0%和35.1%,细根平均腐解率比未间伐处理高31.7%和44.9%,表明间伐更有利于细根的分解。这些研究结果有利于深入认识间伐对杉木人工林养分循环过程的影响,也对杉木人工林经营管理提供了参考。     

抚育间伐对森林生物多样性影响研究进展

森林生物多样性在一定程度上是衡量森林质量的重要指标, 丰富的生物多样性同时也是生态系统稳定的基础, 会促进生态系统功能的优化, 而抚育间伐与森林生物多样性存在密切的关系。文中针对国内外森林抚育间伐对植物、动物和微生物多样性影响的研究进行了综述, 同时针对我国森林尤其是人工林质量低的现状, 提出3点建议:(1)把生物多样性作为评价森林质量的一项重要指标; (2)把抚育间伐作为提高生物多样性和森林质量的一项重要措施; (3)对森林抚育对生物多样性的影响进行长期定位研究。     

抚育间伐对人工林凋落物分解的影响

抚育间伐是提高林分生产力的有效措施之一, 以往研究主要集中在间伐对凋落物分解速率、养分归还量以及对土壤肥力影响等直接效果方面, 而对间伐引起这些变化的原因涉及较少。文中主要综述了抚育间伐后凋落物性质、林下植被、林内小气候和土壤性质等的变化情况, 以及这些变化对凋落物分解的影响作用。     

贵州不同林龄华山松人工林生态系统碳储量

本研究调查分析了不同林龄华山松人工林生态系统土壤碳含量和碳储量,测定了林地凋落物层和林下植被层及根系碳储量,并用生物量方程法估测了乔木层碳储量。结果表明:华山松人工林生态系统碳储量随着林龄的增加而增加,在8、30和40年生华山松人工林生态系统内,总碳储量分别为104.9 t·hm-2、136.67t·hm-2和176.89 t·hm-2,乔木层碳储量所占比重分别为5.9%、14.97%和28.48%,土壤层碳储量所占比重为90.73%、72.98%和68.01%。乔木层和土壤层碳储量的正向积累是导致不同林龄华山松人工林生态系统碳储量逐年增加的主要因素。     

亚热带杉木人工林生物量及其碳储量分布——以福建将乐县杉木人工林为例

根据7块不同林龄杉木人工林标准地调查的数据,对亚热带杉木人工林生物量和碳储量及其垂直分布进行研究。结果表明:杉木人工林林木和各器官生物量随着林龄的增大而增加,树干所占比重最大且逐渐增大,在林龄28年时,乔木层的生物量最大为167.86 t/hm2。杉木人工林碳储量垂直分布序列为乔木层凋落物层草本层,分别为50.28 t/hm2、4.32 t/hm2、1.50 t/hm2,平均年固碳量分别为2.44 t/hm2·a-1、0.19 t/hm2·a-1、0.14 t/hm2·a-1。杉木人工林总平均生物量、总平均碳储量和总平均年固碳量分别为119.05 t/hm2、56.10 t/hm2、2.77 t/hm2·a-1。因此,乔木层作为森林生态系统中主要的碳库层,对于森林的碳汇功能发挥着重要的作用。     

竹林生态系统与大气二氧化碳减量

从竹林生态系统的生物量碳库、竹林产品碳库、竹林凋落物碳库、竹林土壤碳库等4个方面对竹林生态系统在大气二氧化碳减量方面的作用进行了描述，并与其他森林生态系统进行了比较，初步估算出我国竹林生态系统的碳储量为整个森林生态系统碳储量的4．05％，揭示了竹林在森林生态系统二氧化碳减量方面的重要作用。     

Thinning intensity affects microbial functional diversity and enzymatic activities associated with litter decomposition in a Chinese fir plantation

Microbial functional diversity and enzymatic activities are critical to maintaining material circulation during litter decomposition in forests. Thinning, an important and widely used silvicultural treatment, changes the microclimate and promotes forest renewal. However, how thinning affects microbial functional diversity and enzymatic activities during litter decomposition remains poorly understood. We conducted thinning treatments in a Chinese fir plantation in a subtropical region of China with four levels of tree stem removal (0, 30, 50, and 70%), each with three replicates, and the effects of thinning on microbial functional diversity and enzymatic activities were studied 7 years after treatment by collecting litter samples four times over a 1-year period. Microbial functional diversity and enzymatic activities were analyzed using Biolog Ecoplates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA, USA) based on the utilization of 31 carbon substrates. Total microbial abundance during litter decomposition was lower after the thinning treatments than without thinning. Microbial functional diversity did not differ significantly during litter decomposition, but the types of microbial carbon-source utilization did differ significantly with the thinning treatments. Microbial cellulase and invertase activities during litter decomposition were significantly higher under the thinning treatments due to changes in the litter carbon concentration and the ratios of carbon and lignin to nitrogen. The present study demonstrated the important influence of thinning on microbial activities during litter decomposition. Moderate-intensity thinning may maximize vegetation diversity and, in turn, increase the available substrate sources for microbial organisms in litter and promote nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.     

不同间伐抚育强度对华北落叶松人工林林下凋落物的影响研究

文章以塞罕坝地区华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,主要研究在不同间伐抚育强度下其林下凋落物的现存量和持水量的变化情况。试验选取立地条件和成林状况基本一致的林分进行研究,设置弱度、中度、强度3种不同程度的间伐抚育强度与未间伐抚育林分进行对比研究,研究结果发现:伐后林分凋落物现存量表现为未伐(6.747t/hm2)弱度(6.209t/hm2)中度(5.121t/hm2)强度(3.922t/hm2),各林分持水量表现为未伐弱度中度强度,依次是2.527t/hm2、2.218t/hm2、1.690t/hm2、1.251t/hm2,且均是半分解层大于未分解层,平均持水量与凋落物现存量表现趋势一致。     

西藏自治区森林枯落物碳储量估算

利用典型样地采样,建立了枯落物碳密度与厚度关系方程,并结合森林资源连续清查的样地坡度与枯落物厚度因子,估算出西藏自治区森林枯落物碳储量.结果表明,西藏自治区丰富的森林植被生产了巨大的枯落物层碳库,有机碳分解和碳库消耗缓慢.研究该部分碳库状况,为估算和评价陆地生态系统碳储量并据此制定相应的对策提供了基础数据.     

森林生态系统中凋落物的分解、积累与归还的模型计算

本文在森林生态系统生物量增长遵循Mitscherlich 模型的结果这一假定下,推导的模型对森林生态系统凋落物的年凋落量、年分解量及累积量进行了推算,并得到了很好的验证。该模型给出了林地凋落物贮量—年凋落量—年分解率三者是森林凋落物动态、养分循环的三要素的生物学意义,它们组成一个紧密联系的动态系统,若已知其中的任何二者,都可以推算出第三者。同时提出了用林地死根总量以及根系的分解速率来推算森林生态系统根系的年死量,为计算森林生态系统根系的生产力提供可靠方法。     

林火干扰对森林土壤活性有机碳影响的研究

土壤活性有机碳作为森林土壤有机碳的活跃成分,在凋落物分解和土壤碳循环中发挥着重要作用。林火干扰通过改变土壤底物的数量和理化性质进而影响土壤活性有机碳,因而阐明林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响是开展森林碳循环研究的基础。文中以6种土壤活性有机碳为研究对象,分别阐述林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳影响的研究进展。针对目前研究现状及存在问题,认为应进一步深化探究林火干扰后土壤微生物活性变化机制对土壤活性有机碳的影响,揭示土壤碳库平衡的影响机理;加强林火干扰后C-N耦合循环特征的研究;深入研究林火干扰后影响土壤活性有机碳的内在因素和外在因素的相互作用,综合评价林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳的短期与长期影响;加强林火干扰—土壤碳库—全球气候变化的交互关系研究,深入探讨林火干扰与土壤活性有机碳的相互作用关系及影响机理。     

凋落物分解模型研究进展

森林凋落物分解模型的研究经历了一个由简单到复杂的过程,从最初的对凋落物失重率的简单描述到广为人知的单指数分解模型,随着对凋落物分解研究的深入,双指数模型、三指数模型也应运而生。国外大部分的研究都集中于欧洲温带森林、北方森林。国内的研究也正在经历一个应用、改进和开发的过程,目前还主要处在应用和改进的阶段。为了准确预测森林生态系统尤其是在全球气候变化背景下C等元素的动态,急需建立适合于我国各类森林生态系统凋落物分解模型。本文回顾了各个历史时期出现的重要模型并进行了简单的分类和评述。     

亚热带两类森林群落产量结构及生产力的比较研究

通过湖南会同林区亚热带常绿阔叶林和杉木人工林典型林分生物量的测定，比较了这两类森林群落生物量积累，产量分配特征，生产结构，生产力特征和凋落物分解状况之间的差异和格局，并初步分析了形成这些差异的部分原因，为这两类森林生态系统的经营管理提供必要的科学依据．     

A comparison of decomposition dynamics among green tree leaves,partially decomposed tree leaf litter and their mixture in a warm temperate forest ecosystem

Decomposition dynamics were compared among green tree leaves, partially decomposed tree leaf litter (i.e., decayed tree leaf litter on forest floor) and a mixture of the two in a warm temperate forest ecosystem in central China to test the influence of litter chemical quality on the degree of decomposition. The study was conducted in situ at two contrasting forest sites, an oak forest dominated by Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata Maxim., and a mixed pine and oak forest dominated by Pinus armandii Franch. and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata. We found marked differences in the rate of decomposition among litter types at both forest sites; the litter decomposition constant, k, was about 39 % greater at the oak forest site and more than 70 % greater at the pine-oak forest site, for green leaves than for partially decomposed leaf litter. The decomposition dynamics and temporal changes in litter chemistry of the three litter types also greatly differed between the two forest sites. At both forest sites, the higher rate of decomposition for the green leaves was associated with a higher nitrogen (N) content and lower carbon to N ratio (C/N) and acid-unhydrolyzable residue to N ratio (AUR/N). We did not find any non-additive effects when mixing green leaves and partially decomposed leaf litter. Our findings support the contention that litter chemical quality is one of the most important determinants of litter decomposition in forest ecosystems at the local or regional scale, but the effect of litter chemical quality on decomposition differs between the contrasting forest types and may vary with the stage of decomposition.     

森林生态系统土壤碳库对氮沉降的响应

从土壤碳含量的输入和输出两方面综述了N沉降胁迫对土壤碳库的影响方式和过程,分析了目前N沉降对凋落物分解、细根生物量、土壤呼吸的影响的研究进展及其作用机制,但由于N沉降对土壤碳库的影响是一个复杂的综合作用过程,N沉降对森林土壤碳库的总效应尚需要更深入的研究.     

Thinning reduces soil carbon dioxide but not methane flux from southwestern USA ponderosa pine forests

Forest soils are important components of the global carbon cycle because they both store and release carbon. Carbon dioxide is released from soil to the atmosphere as a result of plant root and microbial respiration. Additionally, soils in dry forests are often sinks of methane from the atmosphere. Both carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases whose increasing concentration in the atmosphere contributes to climate warming. Thinning treatments are being implemented in ponderosa pine forests across the southwestern United States to restore historic forest structure and reduce the risk of severe wildfire. This study addresses how thinning alters fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane in ponderosa pine forest soils within one year of management and examines mechanisms of change. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes, soil temperature, soil water content, forest floor mass, root mass, understory plant biomass, and soil microbial biomass carbon were measured before and after the implementation of a thinning and in an unthinned forest. Carbon dioxide efflux from soil decreased as a result of thinning in two of three summer months. Average summer carbon dioxide efflux declined by an average of 34 mg C m⁻² hr⁻¹ in the first year after thinning. Methane oxidation did not change in response to thinning. Thinning had no significant short-term effect on total forest floor mass, total root biomass, or microbial biomass carbon in the mineral soil. Understory plant biomass increased after thinning. Thinning increased carbon available for decomposition by killing tree roots, but our results suggest that thinning reduced carbon dioxide emissions from the soil because the reduction in belowground autotrophic respiration was larger than the stimulation of heterotrophic respiration. Methane oxidation was probably not affected by thinning because thinning did not alter the forest floor mass enough to affect methane diffusion from the atmosphere into the soil.