小熊猫佝偻病的诊治与探讨

小熊猫 (AilurusFulgens)为世界珍稀观赏动物 ,在我国被列为二级保护动物。由于各动物园饲养小熊猫的笼舍、环境气候的不同及饲养管理上的差异 ,小熊猫发生疾病的类型也不一样 ,主要有传染病、掉毛症、肠炎和外伤等。本文通过对一例患佝偻病的小熊猫诊治过程的总结和探讨 ,为更好地防治小熊猫佝偻病提供参考     

小熊猫的人工育幼

小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)属食肉目浣熊科。原分布于我国四川西部和云南、西藏部分地区。在国外分布于尼泊尔、缅甸等地。卧龙自然保护区中国保护大熊猫中心于1993年在卧龙核桃坪建立了小熊猫生态馆,在原产地保护和研究小熊猫。自建馆以来,已成功地繁殖12胎,共23仔,存活13仔。小熊猫每年1~2月发情求偶、交配,发情期内雌雄叫声很大。6~7月产仔。每     

小熊猫佝楼病的诊治与探讨

小熊猫为世界珍稀观赏动物，在我国被列为二级保护动物。由于各动物园饲养小熊猫的笼舍，环境气候的不同及饲养管理上的差异，小熊猫发生疾病的类型也不一样，主要有传染病，掉毛症，肠炎和外伤等。     

小熊猫寄生虫病研究

寄生虫病是严重危害小熊猫健康一类疾病。从文献来看,过去对小熊猫寄生虫病的研究工作主要是小熊猫寄生虫种类调查及个案病例的诊断与治疗,对其重要病原的流行特征、致病机理及防控措施等仍缺乏较系统的研究。为了加强对小熊猫物种的保护,本文系统论述了侵袭小熊猫的寄生虫种类及其引起的寄生虫病研究进展。     

小熊猫犬瘟热的诊疗

小熊猫在分类上属于浣熊科和鼬科的姐妹群．因其猫脸熊身,似猫非猫,似熊非熊,还有一条粗大且带彩色环纹的尾巴．因此在动物园中深受广大游客所喜爱。小熊猫主要分布于我国。被列为国家二级保护动物。近年来,小熊猫感染病毒性疾病的报道逐年增多．尤其是犬瘟热病毒给圈养小熊猫的种群安全带来了严重的威胁。2010年12月,武汉市动物园饲养...     

小熊猫寄生虫的调查

小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens Cuvier)是我国珍贵稀有动物。关于小熊猫的寄生虫,国内外研究报道甚少。1982年6月至1983年8月,我们为了保护珍贵野生动物,对重庆     

圈养小熊猫繁殖初探

建立小熊猫人工种群开展繁殖研究是减轻野生种群压力,有效保护小熊猫的措施之一。为探索提高人工条件下小熊猫繁殖水平,2011年以来成都大熊猫繁育研究基地对圈养小熊猫的环境条件等进行了改进提高。通过对小熊猫的饲养、繁育环境条件的改善,小熊猫的繁育情况有了一定的提高,初步结果显示,改进后,小熊猫的发情率、受胎率没有显著变化,但其繁殖成活率从改进前的55. 5%极显著地提高到改进后的76. 26%(P <0. 01)。     

小熊猫的饲养

小熊猫为东亚小型珍贵动物,被列为国家二级保护动物.目前小熊猫数量稀少,动物园为小熊猫提供了舒适的生活环境,通过科学的饲养,有效减少了种群压力.本文介绍了小熊猫的生活习性,并简述了其在动物园内的饲养环境、饲料、卫生、日常管理、繁殖与育幼、外伤与疾病等饲养技术要点,为动物园内小熊猫的饲养提供参考.     

小熊猫中暑的临床诊治

小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)属食肉目、浣熊科,主要栖息于海拔1400～3600m的喜马拉雅山及横断山脉,是亚洲特产动物。由于栖息地减少和遗传漂变等原因,其濒危程度加剧,被列为濒危野生动植物国际贸易公约(CITES)附录Ⅰ中,是我国Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,并严格控制国际间贸易[1-2]。目前全世界圈养小熊猫数量约为256只,分别饲养在30多家动物园中[3]。加强圈养种群的饲养管理和疾病防治,也是保护小熊猫切实可行的措施之一。     

圈养小熊猫的疾病

小熊猫作为一种高度特化的素食性食肉目动物,在分类、系统进化及生态学等领域具有十分重要的研究价值,也是动物园里具有很高观赏价值的一种动物。为了更好地保护小熊猫免受疾病侵扰,做到有针对性的疾病预防,对近年来有关小熊猫疾病的报道进行了总结,并按病毒病、细菌病、真菌病、寄生虫病、代谢病、中毒病等进行了分类介绍。     

集体林权制度改革对四川岷山山系大熊猫栖息地的影响与对策

四川北部的岷山山系是中国野生大熊猫最主要的活动区域。调查表明，四川岷山山系12个县市有森林面积21659．6km^2，其中集体林面积10500km^2；大熊猫栖息地总面积851824．0hm^2，建有22个保护区，共有528888hm^2的大熊猫栖息地和400只野生大熊猫在保护区内得到了有效保护；集体林大熊猫栖息地面积达190064．6hm^2，占大熊猫栖息地的22．31％。集体林权制度改革加大了对大熊猫及其栖息地保护的难度。本文提出了要尽快制定《大熊猫保护法》；协调好跨区域大熊猫栖息地的保护；制定相关政策，采取置换、赎买、移民搬迁等方式，保护大熊猫及其栖息地；要落实相关政策，实施生态补偿；要发动社会力量采取建立保护小区、协议保护等参与大熊猫的保护；林下开发利用要避开大熊猫发情和孕育期，达到既有效保护大熊猫，又使林农生产生活得到可持续发展。     

Corridor connecting giant panda habitats from north to south in the Min Mountains,Sichuan, China

The giant panda faces severe threats from habitat fragmentation and isolation. Currently, giant panda populations have been fragmented into 30 habitat patches. The disappearance of isolated small populations and studies on the genetic diversity of various populations have shown that small isolated panda populations are at a high risk of dying out completely. Habitat fragmentation has seriously impaired the ability of the giant panda to resist climate changes and other natural disasters, such as large‐scale, synchronous bamboo blooming. The Min Mountains have the largest population of pandas in China, numbering 581 individuals and accounting for 52% of the total (1114) in China. Geographic isolation means that giant pandas in the Min Mountains are divided into two populations (population A in the north and population B in the south). Population B, which had only 42 individuals in 1989, is severely threatened by high‐density human populations and the loss of genetic diversity. However, we have identified an important corridor connecting the two populations. This paper explains the importance and the feasibility of reestablishing this corridor. Due to the special geographic locations of these two populations (two rivers block the migration of giant pandas between south and north), the corridor is the only passage for giant pandas in the region. Recent studies have also shown an increase of giant panda activity in the area of the corridor. However, vegetation in the corridor has been severely degraded. Bamboo forest must be restored in this area to provide food for the pandas during migration. The effects of human activities must be reduced in order to maintain panda habitat. We believe that a restored corridor will be of great benefit to the survival of giant pandas in the Min Mountains, especially for population B. Successful re‐establishment of a corridor will be a valuable model for corridor construction in the future.     

Serosurvey of infectious disease agents of carnivores in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) in China.

The future of the endangered red panda (Ailurusfulgens) depends in part on the development of protective measures against infectious diseases. The present study is a first step toward improved understanding of infectious diseases in the species' home regions. Serum samples obtained from 73 red pandas in 10 captive facilities in southwest, east, and northeast China from October to December 2004 were tested for antibodies against nine common infectious pathogens of carnivores. Antibody titers against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine adenovirus (CAV) in the three facilities in which red pandas were vaccinated were highly variable. The CAV titer in one vaccinated red panda was high enough to suggest infection with the field virus following vaccination. Together with anecdotal reports of vaccine-associated morbidity and mortality, our results suggest that the Chinese vaccine is not suitable for this species. In the seven unvaccinated groups, CDV titers were low and occurred in 20-100% of the animals; antibody titers against CPV were found in seven of eight areas. Only one of 61 and two of 61 unvaccinated red pandas had CAV and canine coronavirus titers, respectively, and these titers were all low. Positive titers to Toxoplasma gondii were found in four locations (33-94% seropositive); the titers in 52% of seropositive individuals were of a magnitude consistent with active disease in other species (1:1,024 to > or = 1:4,096). One red panda in each of three locations was seropositive for Neospora caninum. Antibodies against canine herpesvirus and Brucella canis were not detected in any of the samples. Only one of the 73 red pandas had a weak positive influenza A titer. The results of this study emphasize the need for research on and protection against infectious diseases of red pandas and other endangered species in China.     

Mixed‐method study on medicinal herb collection in relation to wildlife conservation: the case of giant pandas in China

Medicinal herb collection has historical and cultural roots in many rural communities in developing countries. Areas where herb collection occurs may overlap with biodiversity hotspots and crucial habitat of endangered and threatened species. However, impacts of such practices on wildlife are unknown and possibly underestimated, perhaps due to the elusive nature of such activities. We examined this phenomenon in Wolong Nature Reserve, China, a protected area in the South‐Central China biodiversity hotspot that also supports a community of Tibetan, Qiang and Han people who use herb collection as a supplementary source of livelihood. We adopted a participatory approach in which we engaged local people in outlining spatial and temporal dynamics of medicinal herb collection practices. We found that the overall spatial extent of herb collection increased in the past two decades. We then overlaid herb collection maps with localities of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) feces collected over two time points in the reserve. Using a Bayesian parameter estimation, we found evidence for declined giant panda occurrence in the areas most recently impacted by emerging medicinal herb collection. Our methodology demonstrates the potential power of integrating participatory approaches with quantitative methods for processes like herb collection that may be difficult to examine empirically. We discuss future directions for improving explanatory power and addressing uncertainty in this type of mixed‐method, interdisciplinary research. This work has implications for future attempts to understand whether and how prevalent but subtle human activities may affect wildlife conservation.     

Lineage‐specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation

Taste 2 receptors (TAS2R) mediate bitterness perception in mammals, thus are called bitter taste receptors. It is believed that these genes evolved in response to species‐specific diets. The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens styani) in the order Carnivora are specialized herbivores with an almost exclusive bamboo diet (>90% bamboo). Because bamboo is full of bitter tasting compounds, we hypothesized that adaptive evolution has occurred at TAS2R genes in giant and red pandas throughout the course of their dietary shift. Here, we characterized 195 TAS2R genes in 9 Carnivora species and examined selective pressures on these genes. We found that both pandas harbor more putative functional TAS2R genes than other carnivores, and pseudogenized TAS2R genes in the giant panda are different from the red panda. The purifying selection on TAS2R1, TAS2R9 and TAS2R38 in the giant panda, and TAS2R62 in the red panda, has been strengthened throughout the course of adaptation to bamboo diet, while selective constraint on TAS2R4 and TAS2R38 in the red panda is relaxed. Remarkably, a few positively selected sites on TAS2R42 have been specifically detected in the giant panda. These results suggest an adaptive response in both pandas to a dietary shift from carnivory to herbivory, and TAS2R genes evolved independently in the 2 pandas. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular basis of mammalian sensory evolution and the process of adaptation to new ecological niches.     

Can science save the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)? Unifying science and policy in an adaptive management paradigm

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca David, 1869) is an iconic species for global conservation, yet field research has only recently advanced to the point where adaptive management is possible. Here, we review recent developments in giant panda conservation science and propose a strategic plan for moving panda conservation forward. Because of scientific, funding, political, and logistical hurdles, few endangered species management programs have embraced adaptive management, wherein management decisions are shaped iteratively by targeted scientific research. Specific threats, such as habitat destruction, anthropogenic disturbance and fragmented nonviable populations, need to be addressed simultaneously by researchers, managers and policy‐makers working in concert to understand and overcome these obstacles to species recovery. With the backing of the Chinese Government and the conservation community, the giant panda can become a high‐profile test species for this much touted, but rarely implemented, approach to conservation management.     

圈养小熊猫对栖息地点的选择及其行为观察

为了解圈养条件下小熊猫对人工环境的选择和行为习性,为笼舍的设计和改进提供理论依据,在春夏两季对圈养的10只小熊猫进行了行为观察。结果表明,与野生小熊猫白天主要以活动行为为主不同,圈养小熊猫白天以睡和卧等安静行为为主（68.32%）,对行为发生的地点具有明显的选择性（P〈0.001）,而且几乎不受气温和天气的影响（P〉0.05）。自然生长的树为圈养小熊猫的首选地点（53.6%）。小熊猫在地面主要以活动行为为主（83.06%）,对笼箱的结构和材料没有明显的选择性（P〉0.05）。因此,圈养小熊猫笼舍内最好能种植树木,而笼箱的结构和材料则依景观的需要进行设置。     

秦岭大熊猫局域种群的划分及数量分布

1999-2002年陕西省对秦岭的大熊猫开展了全面的专业性的第三次调查,结合2005年凤县的专项调查,应用“3S”技术,对其种群的分布状况进行分析,结果表明,陕西秦岭的大熊猫可划分为6个局域种群,提出了陕西大熊猫局域种群的观点,探讨了秦岭大熊猫局域种群的形成因素、种群的数量分布特征及动态,为陕西省有效保护大熊猫及栖息地、合理布设保护区、选择巡护监测重点区域等方面的工作提供科学决策依据。     

Quantifying landscape linkages among giant panda subpopulations in regional scale conservation

Understanding habitat requirements and identifying landscape linkages are essential for the survival of isolated populations of endangered species. Currently, some of the giant panda populations are isolated, which threatens their long-term survival, particularly in the Xiaoxiangling mountains. In the present study, we quantified niche requirements and then identified potential linkages of giant panda subpopulations in the most isolated region, using ecological niche factor analysis and a least-cost path model. Giant pandas preferred habitat with conifer forest and gentle slopes (>20 to ≤30°). Based on spatial distribution of suitable habitat, linkages were identified for the Yele subpopulation to 4 other subpopulations (Liziping, Matou, Xinmin and Wanba). Their lengths ranged from 15 to 54 km. The accumulated cost ranged from 693 to 3166 and conifer forest covered over 31%. However, a variety of features (e.g. major roads, human settlements and large unforested areas) might act as barriers along the linkages for giant panda dispersal. Our analysis quantified giant panda subpopulation connectivity to ensure long-term survival.