犬巴贝斯虫的诊疗与防控技术

<正>犬巴贝斯虫病是由巴贝斯虫引起的经蜱传播的寄生血液红细胞内的原虫病。临床特征为严重贫血和血红蛋白缺乏。对犬、特别是军、警犬危害严重。犬巴贝斯虫属于原生生物界,顶复门,孢子虫纲,梨形虫目,巴贝斯虫科,巴贝斯虫属。引起犬巴贝斯虫病的病原主要有3种,即犬巴贝斯虫、吉氏巴贝斯虫和韦氏巴贝斯虫。1犬巴贝斯虫寄生于犬红细胞内,虫体     

一例犬巴贝斯虫病的诊治与体会

犬巴贝斯虫病是一种经蜱传播，巴贝斯虫寄生于犬红细胞内引起的一种犬血液寄生虫病，目前呈全球性分布。犬巴贝斯虫病的病原主要有三种，分别是犬巴贝斯虫、吉氏巴贝斯虫、韦氏巴贝斯虫。     

犬巴贝斯虫病的流行与诊疗方案

正犬巴贝斯虫病是犬的一种血液寄生虫病,其病原体为巴贝斯虫或其他焦虫。临床上,本病主要表现为呼吸困难、高度贫血、黄疸、血红蛋白尿等特征。犬巴贝斯虫病在我国目前发病越来越多。1病原特征据报道,引起本病的病原主要有犬巴贝斯虫、吉氏巴贝斯虫及韦氏巴贝斯虫。犬巴贝斯虫和吉氏巴贝斯虫的感染在我国常见,但韦氏巴贝斯虫在我国尚未见报道。1.1犬巴贝斯虫犬巴贝斯虫寄生于犬的红细胞内。虫体为梨形,一端尖,另一端圆,内有一个空泡,典型虫体大于1/5红     

锦州地区宠物犬巴贝斯虫病流行情况调查

犬巴贝斯虫病是一种对犬危害较重的虫媒性血液原虫病,是由巴贝斯科巴贝斯属的原虫寄生于犬的红细胞内引起的[1],主要病原为犬巴贝斯虫(B.ca-nis)、吉氏巴贝斯虫(B.gibsoni)和韦氏巴贝斯虫(B.vitlli)[2]。在我国已发现犬巴贝斯虫和犬吉氏巴贝斯     

犬巴贝斯虫病的诊疗与防控技术

正犬巴贝斯虫病是由巴贝斯虫引起的经蜱传播的寄生血液红细胞内的原虫病。临床特征为严重贫血和血红蛋白缺乏。对犬,特别是工作犬危害严重。犬巴贝斯虫属于原生生物界,顶复门,孢子虫纲,梨形虫目,巴贝斯虫科,巴贝斯虫属。引起犬巴贝斯虫病的病原主要有3种,即犬巴贝斯虫、吉氏巴贝斯虫和韦氏巴贝斯虫。1.犬巴贝斯虫寄生于犬红细胞内,虫体呈多形性,典型的为梨形,一般长约4.5~5μm,最长可达7μm。一端尖,另一端圆,内有空泡。2.吉氏巴贝     

犬巴贝斯虫病的治疗与预防

饲养犬类需要经常在户外进行运动,而草地则是饲主经常遛狗的地带,但是草地当中蜱数量较多,而蜱是犬巴贝斯虫病引发的重要病因。为了避免犬类患有犬巴贝斯虫病,就必须做好犬巴贝斯虫病的防治工作,笔者对2例犬巴贝斯虫病病例进行分析,阐述了犬巴贝斯虫病的治疗方法以及效果,并且对预防措施进行深入探讨。     

一例斗牛犬吉氏巴贝斯病的诊治

<正>巴贝斯虫病是由巴贝斯科、巴贝斯属的梨形虫寄生于马、牛、羊、犬等家畜的红细胞内引起的血液原虫病。寄生于犬的虫种主要是犬巴贝斯虫和吉氏巴贝斯虫,犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病发生、流行于多个省区,是流行于我国的主要虫种。笔者对我校动物医院接诊的一例斗牛犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病的临床表现、病原学、血常规、血液生化、诊断与治疗过程进行分析,旨在提高对犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病的诊断与治疗水平。1材料与方法1.1病犬临床检查与治疗     

工作犬野外作业中巴贝斯虫病的诊断及防治

正犬巴贝斯虫是通过蜱虫叮咬犬后寄生于犬的红细胞内。临床表现为发热、贫血、黄疸、血红蛋白尿。该病具有症状不典型、病程短、死亡率高等特点。随着工作犬野外作业使用的增加,尤其是到山林地环境中训练和使用工作的开展,工作犬极易感染巴贝斯虫。本文就野外环境下使用工作犬,如何做好巴贝斯虫的诊断与防治工作进行探讨。一、犬巴贝斯虫病的诊断与治疗犬巴贝斯虫病是由犬巴贝斯虫、吉氏巴贝斯     

南京地区犬巴贝斯虫病的诊断与治疗

4年来,笔者在宠物门诊工作过程中,通过对161例犬巴贝斯虫病的诊治与跟踪调查(治愈148只,死亡13只,治愈率达91.93%),总结出发病规律和治疗方案,发现本地区犬巴贝斯虫病主要是由吉氏巴贝斯虫和犬贝斯虫感染所致。其中由吉氏贝斯虫感染的病例为106例,由犬巴贝斯虫感染的病例为55例,未发现韦巴贝斯虫感染的病例。针对犬巴贝斯虫病的发病特点,提出了预防新措施。     

犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病的诊断与治疗

1 犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病的诊断 1.1 临床症状 犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病是一种血源性原虫病,这种病症主要是由犬巴贝斯虫、吉氏巴贝斯虫和韦氏巴贝斯虫三种虫类引起的,这些虫能够在犬的红细胞当中寄生,患有这种病症的犬类会呈现出贫血、血红蛋白尿等方面的特征,而当病症较为严重时,则会导致犬类出现贫血、呕吐、腹泻等情况.     

The elevated serum urea:creatinine ratio in canine babesiosis in South Africa is not of renal origin

Pigmented serum, usually due to free haemoglobin and/or bilirubin, is a common finding in dogs with babesiosis, resulting in interference with all biochemical tests that rely on photochemistry. This is particularly true of urea and creatinine determinations, complicating the diagnosis of acute renal failure, which is a serious complication of babesiosis. A disproportionately raised serum urea concentration of unknown origin occurs in severely anaemic canine babesiosis patients and gives rise to an increased serum urea:creatinine ratio. The assay for cystatin-C, an excellent measure of glomerular filtration rate, is unaffected by free serum haemoglobin, and due to its different intrinsic origins, is free of influence by the metabolic derangements and organ pathology, other than renal disease, encountered in canine babesiosis. Serum cystatin-C was used to compare the concentrations of serum urea and serum creatinine in dogs with the severely anaemic form of canine babesiosis as well as a canine babesiosis-free reference group. Mean serum urea and mean serum urea:creatinine ratio were significantly elevated in the babesia-infected group relative to the reference population in this study. Mean serum creatinine and mean serum cystatin-C were within the reference ranges. Therefore an elevated urea:creatinine ratio in canine babesiosis in the presence of a normal serum creatinine concentration is considered to be caused by an elevated serum urea concentration and is most likely of non-renal origin. Serum creatinine was therefore as specific a measure of renal function as serum cystatin-C in canine babesiosis in this study. The sensitivity of serum creatinine as a measure of renal function was not established by this study. Serum urea, however, proved to be of little use compared to serum cystatin-C and serum creatinine. Serum urea should therefore not be used to diagnose renal failure in canine babesiosis.     

Survey of canine babesiosis in South Africa

A questionnaire, designed to obtain qualitative information on a number of variables concerning canine babesiosis (biliary fever) in South Africa, was sent to 510 veterinary practices in late 1993. Of the 157 practices that responded, all were presented with cases of babesiosis and most were situated in Gauteng, the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Apart from the Western Cape, a winter-rainfall region, the prevalence of babesiosis cases in dogs was highest in summer. Most of the respondent practices treated between 1,000 and 5,000 sick dogs that included 100 to 500 babesiosis cases each year. Respondents identified cerebral babesiosis, enterorrhagia, 'red' or haemoconcentrated babesiosis, acute renal failure and pulmonary babesiosis or 'shock lung', amongst others, as the most prevalent forms of complicated ('atypical') babesiosis. Diminazene, imidocarb and trypan blue were the most popular antibabesials. Trypan blue was most often used in shocked patients, whereas diminazene and imidocarb were preferred when there was a high parasitaemia in the absence of shock. At least 19 antibabesial treatment regimens were used in practices. These comprised the use of single doses of antibabesial drugs; split doses with repeat injections, and combined drug variations, some of which are undesirable due to possible sterilisation of Babesia infection or potential toxicity. Side-effects were most commonly associated with imidocarb use. Ninety-six percent of respondents used supportive treatment (e.g. corticosteroids, vitamins and 'liver support') in all cases of babesiosis. The use of blood transfusion as supportive treatment varied according to practice and severity of the case. Most practices never cross-matched blood to be transfused, and transfusion reactions were rare. Diminazene was most frequently incriminated in cases where drug 'resistance' or relapses occurred. Cerebral and 'red' cases resulted in high mortality. Treatment of babesiosis costs the dog-owning public in South Africa more than R20 million each year. Information on the distribution and possible complicating role of Ehrlichia canis was obtained. Development of a vaccine was the first research priority identified.     

Cardiac troponins in canine babesiosis

This study compared the sensitivity of ECG and cardiac troponins to predict cardiac histopathological changes, clinical severity, and survival in canine babesiosis. One control group (n = 9) and 4 groups of dogs with mild uncomplicated babesiosis (n = 8), severe uncomplicated babesiosis (n = 9), complicated babesiosis (n = 8), and babesiosis and concurrent immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) (n = 9) were studied. A 1-minute lead II ECG was recorded, and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT) concentrations in plasma were measured. cTnI concentrations were significantly higher in the complicated (mean, 9.9; SE, +/-5.76) and concurrent IMHA (mean, 6.53; SE, +/-4.32) groups and in the 3 dogs that died of the disease (mean, 22.17; SE, +/-12.85) than in the control dogs (concentration below detection limit of test, -0.3 ng/mL). The 3 nonsurvivors had the most severe cardiac histopathological changes, but no arrhythmia and minimal other ECG changes. Dogs with babesiosis developed a variety of ECG abnormalities, but the abnormalities were not associated with disease severity, outcome, or plasma cardiac troponin concentrations. The exception was the presence of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), which were associated with high cardiac troponin concentrations. This study showed an association between cTnI concentration and histological changes, clinical severity, and survival and no correlation between ECG abnormalities and histological changes or biochemical evidence of myocardial damage as reflected by cTnI concentrations. From this study, it was concluded that the analysis of plasma cTnI is a feasible and sensitive test and is superior to cTnT in diagnosing cardiac involvement in dogs with babesiosis.     

Rhabdomyolysis as a complication of canine babesiosis

Rhabdomyolysis was diagnosed in two dogs with babesiosis. The first animal presented with muscle pain and caramel-coloured urine, and had markedly elevated serum myoglobin and muscle enzymes. Acute renal failure complicated the clinical picture. The second dog exhibited muscle pain and tremors, together with neurological signs and pulmonary oedema, and died soon after admission. Muscle necrosis and haemorrhage were found at necropsy. In human malaria, a disease clinically similar to canine babesiosis, rhabdomyolysis is unusual, but clinically silent muscle damage appears to be common. Likewise, biochemical evidence of muscle damage is readily found in experimental bovine babesiosis. Muscle enzymes were mildly elevated in three dogs with severe babesiosis and pigmenturia but there was no obvious muscle damage, indicating that this might also apply to canine babesiosis. The pathogenesis of infection-associated rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure remains unclear, but inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide could play an important role.     

Isolation of Babesia spp. from asymptomatic human beings

Babesiosis is a worldwide tick-borne protozoan disease of a variety of wild and domestic animals. For decades, various babesia strains were considered host-specific. However, babesiosis has been diagnosed as the cause of acute illness in 13 human beings in recent years, three of whom died. Studies of babesiosis in domestic animals indicate that for every clinically demonstrable case, there are hundreds of cases of latent infection. In an effort to determine if human babesia infections might be present in Mexico, we selected as our testing ground an endemic rural area along the Gulf Coast where continuous epizootics of equine, bovine, ovine and canine babesiosis were known to occur. Of the 101 individuals examined serologically by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test using Babesia canis as antigen, 38 reacted at titers from 1 : 10 to 1 : 80. Blood from these reactors was injected into splenectomized hamsters. Hamsters inoculated with blood from three of the individuals showed babesia in their peripheral blood. The growth of the organism was established by subpassages into additional hamsters. The persons from whom the organisms were isolated were asymptomatic for babesiosis. None of the 29 individuals residing in Mexico City, which represented the urban population in the survey, reacted in the IHA test. This is the first documented finding of the latent form of human babesiosis.     

Prevalence and risk factors of hypoglycemia in virulent canine babesiosis

Hypoglycemia is a common complication of virulent canine babesiosis. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and potential risk factors for hypoglycemia in canine babesiosis from Babesia canis rossi. Plasma glucose concentration was measured at presentation in 250 dogs with babesiosis, of which 111 were admitted to hospital. The prevalence of hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL) was 9% (23/250). Twenty-two hypoglycemic dogs required admission, making the prevalence of hypoglycemia in admitted dogs 19.8%. Sixteen dogs had severe hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL), of which 5 had glucose < 18 mg/dL. Hyperglycemia (>100 mg/dL) was present in 38 dogs, of which 21 were admitted. Risk factors for hypoglycemia identified by univariate analysis were collapsed state (P < .00001), severe anemia (P = .0002), icterus (P = .003), age < 6 months (P = .02), and vomiting (P = .03). After logistic regression analysis, collapsed state (odds ratio [OR] = 18; 95% CI, 1.9-171; P = .01) and young age (OR = 2.8; 95% CI, 0.8-9.7; P = .1) remained significantly associated with hypoglycemia. Toy breeds and pregnant bitches were not at higher risk for hypoglycemia than other dogs. Blood glucose concentration should ideally be measured in all dogs requiring inpatient treatment for babesiosis but is mandatory in collapsed dogs; puppies; and dogs with severe anemia, vomiting, or icterus. Many dogs have probably been misdiagnosed with cerebral babesiosis in the past, and hypoglycemia should be suspected in any dog with coma or other neurological signs.     

Clinical manifestations of canine babesiosis in Hungary (63 cases)

Clinical observations of Babesia canis infection in 63 dogs during a 1-year period are summarised, demonstrating the pathogenicity of the Babesia strain endemic in Hungary. Most patients had babesiosis in the spring and autumn, correlating with the seasonal activity of ticks. Male animals appeared in higher numbers, probably due to an overrepresentation of outdoor dogs. Uncomplicated babesiosis was diagnosed in 32 cases. The disease affected dogs of any age in this study. Symptoms were similar to those published from other parts of the world: lethargy, fever, splenomegaly, pallor, icterus, haemoglobinuria and presence of ticks were the most common observations. Thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia and neutropenia were frequent haemogram changes. Imidocarb appeared to be highly effective in eliminating the Babesia infection. Thirty-one animals demonstrated babesiosis with complications. Most Rottweilers (7/9) developed complicated disease. Old age was a risk factor for multiple complications. Multiple organ manifestations had poor prognosis. Hepatopathy (44%), pancreatitis (33%), acute renal failure (ARF; 31%) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC; 24%) were frequent complications, while immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA; 10%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS; 6%) and cerebral babesiosis (3%) were rarely observed. There was a significant difference between the mean age of dogs having uncomplicated disease, babesiosis with a single complication and babesiosis with multiple complications (3.4, 4.8 and 8.6 years, respectively, p < 0.001). The recovery rate (78, 68 and 25%, respectively, p = 0.005) and mortality rate (3, 21 and 67%, respectively, p < 0.001) also tended to differ significantly in these groups. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and DIC are two possible pathways leading to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in babesiosis. DIC was found to predict MODS more sensitively in this study than SIRS: there were 6 animals developing MODS out of 11 identified with DIC, while only 5 dogs developed MODS out of 22 having SIRS.     

Application of PCR assays to determine the genotype of Babesia bovis parasites isolated from cattle with clinical babesiosis soon after vaccination against tick fever

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the value of PCR assays to determine the genotypes of Babesia bovis in cattle with clinical signs of babesiosis within 3 weeks after vaccination against tick fever. DESIGN: Samples from 5 cases of babesiosis in cattle soon after vaccination against tick fever were analysed in two PCR assays. PROCEDURE: Parasite DNA was purified from blood taken from cattle with signs of babesiosis within 3 weeks of vaccination against tick fever. DNA was also prepared from the tissues of animals that died of babesiosis. Two PCR assays that amplify repeat sequences of DNA within the B bovis genes, Bv80 and BvVA1, were used to differentiate the genotypes of field isolates and vaccine strains of B bovis. RESULTS: One of the five cases of babesiosis was found to be caused by a vaccine strain, but PCR analyses showed that the predominant isolate in the other four cases was not the vaccine strain. CONCLUSIONS: PCR assays on the DNA of B bovis obtained from the blood or tissues of cattle clinically affected with tick fever within 3 weeks after vaccination are useful to distinguish between vaccine strains and field isolates as the source of infection.     

Serum concentration of some acute phase proteins in naturally occurring canine babesiosis: a preliminary study

BACKGROUND: Serum concentrations of acute phase proteins can provide valuable diagnostic information in the detection, prognosis, or monitoring of disease. Information available on the acute phase response in naturally occurring canine babesiosis is limited. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to retrospectively evaluate serum concentrations of haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, and ceruloplasmin in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis. METHODS: Haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, and ceruloplasmin concentrations were measured in serum samples from dogs with uncomplicated (n = 6) and complicated (n = 1) babesiosis and compared with 6 healthy dogs. RESULTS: Serum C-reactive protein and ceruloplasmin concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with babesiosis; however, serum haptoglobin concentration was significantly lower compared with control dogs (P <.01). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest that acute phase protein concentrations could be beneficial in the diagnosis and determination of the severity of babesiosis in dogs.     

Metabolic and electrolyte disturbances in acute canine babesiosis.

Arterial blood pH, PCO2, bicarbonate, base excess/deficit, and lactate, as well as serum sodium, potassium, and chloride were measured in clinically normal dogs and in dogs with acute canine babesiosis. Metabolic acidosis developed in dogs with fatal as well as nonfatal Babesia canis infection. In the fatal group, the acidosis was uncompensated; among survivors, base deficit and blood lactate were significantly lower, and pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate values were significantly higher. Serum potassium values were significantly lower, and serum chloride values were significantly higher in dogs with acute babesiosis than in clinically normal dogs. The shock resulting from acute canine babesiosis is best viewed as anemic shock. Treatment should include an alkalizing agent, a blood transfusion, fluid therapy, and a babesicidal drug.