牛肉黄脂遗传研究进展

本文论述了近年来在牛β-胡萝卜素代谢的生理机理、转运蛋白、分解蛋白、遗传和数量性状位点的分子检测等方面的研究进展,以期为牛脂肪颜色遗传研究提供参考.     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区本土牛牛肉黄脂现象的相关基因和代谢组学研究

[目的]初步探索内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区本土牛牛肉黄脂现象可能的调控机制。[方法]从呼伦贝尔市选取72头本土牛,每头牛均采集皮下脂肪及肝脏组织样本。采用5分制主观评分方法,对皮下脂肪样本进行颜色评分。以肝脏组织为试验材料,利用五引物扩增受阻突变体系（penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system,PARMS）分析参与β-胡萝卜素代谢过程的相关通路中关键基因BCO2 SNPW80X、BCMO1 SNP4、RDHE2 SNP2、ALDH8A1 SNP16和PPARCG1A SNP12的基因型及基因频率分布情况。运用液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）技术对脂肪样本进行非靶向代谢组学检测,挖掘不同颜色脂肪样本的代谢差异物,并将差异代谢物进行代谢通路富集分析。[结果]72份皮下脂肪组织以白色为主,黄色脂肪（评分3分及以上）比例占到30.55%,BCO2、BCMO1、RDHE2和PPARCG1A等基因在不同样本中存在SNP差异,但这些差异与脂肪颜色无显著（P>0.05）相关性。黄色脂肪样本与白色脂肪样本相比,共鉴定到235个差异代谢物,这些...     

影响β-胡萝卜素吸收的因素

β-胡萝卜素有以下几方面的功能 :1 )类胡萝卜素尤其 β -胡萝卜素是维生素Ａ前体 ,维生素Ａ是人体必需的微量营养成分 ;2 )具有免疫功能 ,能提高人体免疫系统抗癌的能力 ;3)具有抗氧化剂的功能 ,能淬灭单线态氧和清除体内自由基的不良影响 ;4)促进细胞缝隙间联接交流。影响 β-胡萝卜素吸收的因素如下。1　脂肪和脂肪酸日粮中脂肪的含量会影响 β -胡萝卜素的吸收 ,主要是因为 β-胡萝卜素是脂溶性的 ,脂肪对β -胡萝卜素起运输作用。食物中的脂肪经胰酶和胆盐作用形成胶粒 ,β-胡萝卜素溶于其中而被一同吸收。脂肪可刺激胆汁分泌乳化脂肪…     

牛肉肌内脂肪日粮营养调控技术的研究进展

牛肉是一种营养价值较高的食品,具有高蛋白、低脂肪、低胆固醇等优点。随着人们对健康和保健意识的提高,消费者越来越意识到健康和饮食的关系,要求吃到高质量的牛肉。肌内脂肪是影响牛肉品质的重要因素之一,影响牛肉的多汁性、嫩度和风味,适宜的肌内脂肪含量可以改善肉质,提高牛肉的营养价值和食用品质。肌内脂肪的含量和分布受遗传和营养等多种因素的控制和影响,通过营养调控干预机体代谢来改善肌内脂肪是一种切实可行的途径。文章仅就肌内脂肪与牛肉感官品质、营养及保健价值的关系和国内外通过日粮营养调控改善牛肉肌内脂肪含量,提高牛肉质量的技术研究作一综述。     

β-胡萝卜素相关降解酶在动物黄脂形成过程中的调控作用研究进展

胡萝卜素是一种脂溶性色素,在自然界中分布广泛,β-胡萝卜素-15,15'-加氧酶(BCMO1)和β-胡萝卜素-9',10'-双加氧脱氢酶(BCO2)2种降解酶在β-胡萝卜素的代谢过程中发挥关键作用。本文综述了2种代谢酶在动物组织的分布与转运,总结影响其代谢的相关调控因子,并对动物黄脂形成机理进行了重点探讨,为类胡萝卜素代谢机制及代谢产物对动物体脂的影响提供一定的参考借鉴。     

西门塔尔牛BCO_2基因多态性及与脂肪颜色性状的相关性研究

【目的】为了研究肉牛β-胡萝卜素双脱氧加氢酶(β,β-carotene-9',10'-dioxygenase,BCO2)基因的多态性及其与西门塔尔牛皮下脂肪颜色性状的关联,【方法】采用直接测序和PCR-RFLP技术研究西门塔尔牛BCO2基因的变异,分析其与肉牛脂肪颜色性状的关系。检测了88头同等饲养条件下的西门塔尔牛的BCO2基因的多态性和脂肪颜色的色差值,【结果】表明,在BCO2基因存在高度多态性,在BCO2基因上发现2个多态性位点,分别命名为BV1、BV2。在两个位点都各有三种基因型,且都以GG型为主。在关联分析中发现BV1位点与肉牛皮下脂肪颜色具有显著相关性,其三种基因型的牛肉脂肪颜色差异显著(P0.01),AA基因型脂肪黄脂得分较高。【结论】即BV1的AA基因型容易导致黄脂,可以通过人工选择降低群体中的BV1AA基因型个体的比例来提高肉牛脂肪颜色的得分。     

β-胡萝卜素在反刍动物营养中应用的研究进展北大核心CSCD

胡萝卜素广泛存在于自然界中,并具有强抗氧化作用,在反刍动物饲养过程中,动物可以通过采食青绿饲料获得。随着β-胡萝卜素越来越多的功能被发现,近年来研究者开始将其作为添加剂补充到饲粮中。β-胡萝卜素不仅对反刍动物繁殖性能具有积极影响,而且对提高动物的生产性能和产品品质均有良好效果。牧草富含β-胡萝卜素资源,并且在青贮中可以被较好的保存。因此,探明粗饲料中β-胡萝卜素含量的变化以及最大限度地利用粗饲料中β-胡萝卜素资源将有助于促进反刍动物健康养殖和高品质畜产品生产。本文着眼β-胡萝卜素资源,综述了其含量在青绿饲料中的动态变化规律和对反刍动物机体代谢影响的国内外研究进展,旨在为其在反刍动物的生产和应用提供参考。     

2种胡萝卜素加氧酶相关特性及调控机制的研究进展

β-胡萝卜素在生物体内分布广泛,并具有重要的生物学功能。在脊椎动物中,2种类胡萝卜素裂解酶,即β-胡萝卜素-15,15’-加氧酶(BCMO1)和β-胡萝卜素-9’,10’-双加氧脱氢酶(BCDO2)在其代谢过程中起到重要作用。BCMO1是β-胡萝卜素转化为维生素A的关键酶,与胚胎形成、脂类代谢也息息相关。BCDO2在维生素A转化中的作用被长期争论,但对类胡萝卜素可能诱发的线粒体功能紊乱起到保护作用。本文综述了这2种加氧酶在合成β-胡萝卜素中的作用,以及它们的底物特异性、组织特异性、主要调控因素和单核苷酸多态性,为进一步的应用研究奠定基础。     

影响肉牛脂肪沉积的遗传和营养因素分析

牛肉是重要的畜产品之一,牛肉中的脂肪及脂肪酸组成是决定牛肉品质的重要因素,尤其是肌内脂肪沉积的含量对牛肉的口感性、嫩度、风味和多汁性等肉品质方面起到重要作用。本文综述了影响肌内脂肪沉积的遗传因素、营养因素和环境因素,以期为调控肉牛肌内脂肪含量提高牛肉品质提供理论依据。     

影响肉鸡色素沉积的因素

1影响类胡萝卜素着色的因素1.1日粮因素1.1.1类胡萝卜素的来源饲料原料中的色素-天然类胡萝卜素有很多种,如玉米黄质、叶黄素、虾青素、斑蝥黄质和胡萝卜素等,不同着色剂有着不同的沉积效率,吸收过程也差异很大。如β-胡萝卜素仅作维生素A原,而着色效果差,未经皂化的类胡萝卜素     

Genetic relationships between meat quality traits and fatty acid composition in Japanese black cattle

Genetic parameters were estimated to investigate the relationships between meat quality traits and fatty acid composition from 11 855 Japanese Black cattle. The meat quality traits included beef marbling score (BMS), beef color score, firmness of beef (FIR), texture of beef (TEX) and beef fat color score (BFS). The data on fatty acid composition included oleic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) contents, the ratio of MUFA to saturated fatty acids (MUS) and the ratio of elongation. The heritability estimates for meat quality traits ranged from moderate (0.30) to high (0.72). The strong genetic correlations between them were useful for simultaneous genetic improvement. In addition, high heritability estimates of fatty acid composition, ranging from 0.60 to 0.63, indicated that they could also be improved genetically. The genetic correlations of fatty acid composition with BMS, FIR and TEX were weak and negative. In contrast, positive and stronger genetic correlations were found between BFS and fatty acid composition, in particular, related to the level of unsaturation (0.77 and 0.79 for MUFA and MUS, respectively). This implies that improving the level of unsaturation makes fat darker (more yellow) and thus requires balancing with BFS.     

肉牛难产主要因素分析

难产(dystocia)是母畜分娩时胎儿娩出缓慢或难以娩出,需要助产帮助胎儿娩出的过程。难产既会导致母牛出现生殖道疾病而影响其后的发情和繁殖,也会危及犊牛和母牛的生命,严重损害养牛经济效益。引起肉牛难产的因素很多,有遗传因素和非遗传因素,包括母牛因素、胎儿因素、公牛因素、营养因素与环境因素等。犊牛出生重、母体骨盆结构和妊娠时长是3个最主要的因素。多种因素的交叉互作,使难产成为极其复杂的生理与病理现象。国际牛业发达国家非常重视母牛繁殖与生产环节,开展了大量卓有成效的研究与分析。在对几十年来有关肉牛繁殖与生产方面的报道较为细致分析基础上,文章重点对普通肉牛繁殖与生产过程中出现的主要难产问题进行综述,供国内同行借鉴。     

Economic evaluations of beef bulls in an integrated supply chain

Economic benefits from the use of expected progeny of a sample of beef bulls with genetic evaluations were calculated over an integrated supply chain for combinations of price discounts for intramuscular fat and LM area. Fixed backfat finish and marketing at the point of optimized gross margins were considered. An economic model was used to calculate average expected gross margins for a sample of bulls. Across-breed, age-constant genetic evaluations were used to predict carcass characteristics of progeny including weight, retail yield, intramuscular fat, and LM area, as well as input requirements including feed and housing as a function of time on feed. Proportion of retail cuts affected by price discounts was included in the calculations. Optimizing endpoints did not affect rankings to any extent relative to a fixed end point in this sample of bulls, as a result of fixed endpoints being similar to optimized endpoints for the economic situation considered. However, rank correlations were only 0.63 and 0.71 between rankings for no discount being applied and rankings with discounts for intramuscular fat and LM area, for fixed and optimized endpoints, respectively. We conclude that market prices are necessary considerations in choices of bulls to use in commercial beef production.     

影响肉牛大理石花纹形成的主要因素

决定大理石花纹水平的肌内脂肪(IMF)含量是影响牛肉感官质量(包括嫩度、多汁性、风味和颜色)的重要因素之一。肉牛体内IMF的形成始于受孕后6个月左右,并在动物的一生中持续增长。大理石花纹的沉积受到品种、遗传、营养和管理(包括去势、断奶年龄)等多方面因素的影响。本文综述了肉牛大理石花纹沉积的主要影响因素,为品种选择以及在肉牛生长发育过程中有效调整饲料、优化营养、因地制宜改善管理提高牛肉品质提供有效依据。     

肉用西门塔尔牛与和牛杂交群体的肉品质分析

本研究旨在对肉用西门塔尔牛与杂交和牛两试验群体进行肉质性状比较,以期为肉品质性状遗传机制剖析及优质肉牛培育提供理论指导。收集肉用西门塔尔牛与杂交和牛两试验群体肉质性状表型数据,包括眼肌面积、剪切力、系水力、pH、肉色、脂肪颜色和大理石花纹等指标,进行相关性及差异性分析,从而综合评价两群体的肉品质。结果显示,两群体的脂肪颜色、系水力及剪切力呈现两两正相关;肉色与脂肪颜色、pH呈正相关,且肉色与pH呈显著相关（P < 0.05）,而系水力与pH、肉色和大理石花纹呈负相关。在两试验群体间,和牛杂交群体的大理石花纹、眼肌面积、pH性状表现为极显著优于肉用西门塔尔牛（P < 0.01）。从性别比较来看,肉用西门塔尔牛母牛在大理石花纹、pH、剪切力等性状上极显著或显著优于公牛（P < 0.01;P < 0.05）;而和牛杂交群体母牛的肉色和剪切力性状表现为显著或极显著高于公牛（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）。总体而言,和牛杂交群体的肉质性能优于肉用西门塔尔牛;群体内比较表明,肉用西门塔尔牛群体母牛肉质性能优于公牛,而和牛杂交群体母牛肉质性能低于公牛。     

牛肉风味影响因素研究进展

摘要：牛肉风味是评价牛肉的一项重要的品质和感官参数,它主要依赖于牛肉品的感官特性。牛肉风味是影响消费者对牛肉消费的重要因素。许多因素可以对牛肉的风味造成影响,例如：品种、年龄、性别、饲养管理、营养水平等因素,这些因素主要影响肌肉中的脂肪酸、氨基酸、维生素、脂肪含量等决定肉的味道和风味的前体物质。近年来,对肉质风味的研究得到关注。对于测定风味的研究也越发成熟,风味组学与代谢组学结合更加科学准确解析风味的形成。本文对影响牛肉风味因素相关研究进展进行综述,旨在为我国牛肉风味改善研究提供参考依据。     

影响猪肉质性状遗传因素的研究进展

非遗传因素和遗传因素对猪肉质性状均有影响。前者包括饲养条件、转运、屠宰等众多因素。后者即遗传因素是影响猪肉品质的一个重要因素,主要包括控制肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)沉积的主效基因MI基因,候选基因心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白(heart fatty acid binding protein,H FABP)基因和脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白(A FABP)基因;MyoD基因家族是影响猪肉质性状的又一个遗传因素;此外还有氟烷基因、RN基因(rendement napole,RN)等。作者就影响猪肉品质的遗传因素作一综述。     

Genetic parameters for carcass traits of field progeny and their relationships with feed efficiency traits of their sire population for Japanese Black cattle

Genetic parameters for carcass traits of 1774 field progeny (1281 steers and 493 heifers), and their genetic relationships with feed efficiency traits of their sire population (740 bulls) were estimated with REML. Feed efficiency traits included feed conversion ratio (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI). RFI was calculated by the residual of phenotypic (RFI_phe) and genetic (RFI_gen) regression from the multivariate analysis of feed intake on metabolic weight and daily gain. Progeny traits were carcass weight (CWT), rib eye area (REA), rib thickness (RBT), subcutaneous fat, yield estimate (YEM), marbling score (MSR), meat quality grade, meat color, fat color, meat firmness and meat texture. The estimated heritability for CWT (0.70) was high and heritabilities for all the other traits were moderate (ranged from 0.32 to 0.47), except for meat and fat color and meat texture which were low (ranged from 0.02 to 0.25). The high genetic correlation (0.62) between YEM and MSR suggests that simultaneous improvement of high carcass yield and beef marbling is possible. Estimated genetic correlations of RFI (RFI_phe and RFI_gen) of sires with CWT (− 0.60 and − 0.53) and MSR (− 0.62 and − 0.50) of their progeny were favorably negative indicating that the selection against RFI of sires may have contributed to produce heavier carcass and increase in beef marbling. The correlated responses in CWT, REA and RBT of progeny were higher to selection against RFI than those to selection against FCR of sires. This study provides evidence that selection against RFI is preferred over selection against FCR in sire population for getting better correlated responses in carcass traits of their progeny.     

影响肉牛肌内脂肪沉积的遗传、管理和营养因素

肌内脂肪在骨骼肌中的含量包括长背肌,也称为大理石花纹脂肪,是决定牛肉质量最重要的因素之一。基因、品种、管理和营养影响肌内脂肪沉积。在此,本文综述了影响肌内脂肪沉积的遗传因素(品种、性别差异和遗传力)和管理因素。阉割公牛会增加大多数品种牛的肌内脂肪沉积。本文还综述了断奶日龄、阉割、屠宰体重、年龄和环境条件等因素对肌内脂肪沉积的影响。营养因素包括脂肪代谢,饲料消化、吸收,葡萄糖、淀粉的有效性,维生素水平。因此,根据消费者对牛肉的偏好,可能需要多种策略的组合来调控肌内脂肪的沉积。