冬闲田种植大麦不同生育期的营养价值和青贮品质

利用冬闲田种植一年生饲草或饲料作物,是解决南方粗饲料不足的有效途径。本研究利用冬闲田种植大麦(Hordeum vulgare),分析其不同刈割期的产量、营养价值和青贮发酵品质。主要研究结果如下,1)大麦的干物质产量随生育期的推进逐渐提高,但乳熟期相对饲用价值和干物质消化率显著高于其它生育期(P0.05),分别为107.19和63.84%。2)随着生育期的推进,全株大麦青贮发酵品质显著提高(P0.05)。3)添加乳酸菌Lactobacillus plantarum CCZZ1可以显著增加各生育期大麦青贮饲料的乳酸含量,降低pH、丁酸和氨态氮含量(P0.05),显著提高青贮发酵品质(P0.05),但开窖后容易引起有氧变质;添加乳酸菌L.parafarraqinis ZH1能有效改善各生育期大麦青贮饲料的有氧稳定性。因此,冬闲田种植大麦宜在乳熟期至蜡熟早期收割青贮,并有益南方畜牧业发展。     

饲料青贮原理与技术

将饲料原料进行青贮，利用乳酸菌在厌氧条件下发酵，可以很好的保存植物的营养成分并提高利用率，掌握青贮原理和调制技术以及青贮添加剂选择与使用。将会大大影响青贮饲料的品质和使用效果。     

乳酸菌添加剂对3种典型木本饲料青贮效果的影响

木本饲料凭借其高蛋白含量的优势成为近年来研究的重点,乳酸菌添加剂可以加快植物材料青贮过程中pH值下降速度,有助于长期保存植物饲料。研究使用5种不同来源的乳酸菌,包括三株植物乳杆菌:a214(分离于苜蓿表面)、S37(分离于饲料桑表面)、F1(分离于荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃)和两种商业复合乳酸菌剂:FG1(日本Chikuso-1公司菌剂)、GFG(高福记生物科技有限公司菌株)作为添加剂,分别添加到刺槐、饲料桑和杂交构树中。结果表明:三种材料都具有高粗蛋白质(19.19%DM～20.92%DM)含量、低可溶性糖(1.70%DM～2.15%DM)含量的特征,较难青贮。添加乳酸菌后可降低青贮pH值、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,提高青贮品质。但不同来源乳酸菌添加剂对不同木本饲料的作用效果有差异,F1对提高青贮刺槐和杂交构树青贮效果较好、FG1对提高饲料桑青贮效果较好。     

青贮饲料的调制技术及其应用

<正>1青贮原理青贮主要是在适宜条件下,将新鲜青绿多汁的原料坚实的堆压在不透气的容器内(如地窖、土缘、塔、池沟及口袋)内,在厌氧的条件下,通过乳酸菌厌氧发酵,使新鲜的原料中所含的葡萄糖转化为乳酸。既增加了青贮饲料的酸度,同时也抑制了有害细菌生长繁殖,更制止了霉菌的生长繁殖,在密闭的且微生物停止生长的条件下贮存,最大限度的减少营养物质的损失和遗失,保存原料的原有青绿多汁状态和营养价值,使青贮饲     

秸秆饲料加工调制技术的重大发展

我国每年生产粮食4亿多吨,同时也就产生了5亿多吨秸秆。秸秆的焚烧已经严重地污染了环境,秸秆的转化利用,已成为当今农业发展的新课题。本文将就秸秆在饲料方面的转化技术作一概述。     

5种乳酸菌对苜蓿青贮营养和发酵品质的影响北大核心

为探讨不同乳酸菌在苜蓿青贮中的应用效果,进行了不同来源的2种植物乳杆菌、2种片球菌和凝结芽孢杆菌等3类5种乳酸菌对苜蓿青贮营养发酵品质影响的试验。结果表明,植物乳杆菌处理组可显著提高苜蓿青贮粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,以及总脂肪酸和乳酸含量,显著降低酸性洗涤纤维、木质素、淀粉、灰分、酸性洗涤不溶蛋白和中性洗涤不溶蛋白的含量,以及pH值,挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丁酸和氨态氮含量;片球菌处理组则显著降低了苜蓿青贮粗蛋白的含量和相对饲草价值,其中乳酸片球菌亦可显著降低苜蓿青贮pH值以及总脂肪酸、挥发性脂肪酸、丁酸和氨态氮含量;凝结芽孢杆菌处理组对苜蓿青贮营养和发酵指标的影响均未达显著水平。根据隶属函数法对不同微生物处理苜蓿青贮的营养和发酵品质进行综合评价,以植物乳杆菌处理组效果最佳,其中植物乳杆菌ACCC11016优于CICC20765,片球菌处理组和凝结芽孢杆菌处理虽在一定程度上均优于对照组,但差异未达显著水平。     

添加乳酸菌对大麦青贮品质及中、酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率的影响

青贮是目前保存青饲料的一种常用方法。为了减少青贮发酵的损失和提高其品质常使用青贮添加剂。乳酸菌就是其中之一。在青贮中加入乳酸菌,目的就是增加青贮物中乳酸菌的数量,促进青贮的发酵,Ｒｏｏｋｅ等（１９８８）报道,加乳酸菌于黑麦草青贮中可以降低青贮物的ｐＨ...     

青贮饲料调制与使用技术

青贮饲料调制与使用技术 秋季是作物收获的季节,也是牧草、青草成熟收获的季节,为饲料青贮提供了充足的原料来源.青饲料经乳酸菌发酵制成的柔软多汁、气味芳香、适口性强、营养丰富、耐贮藏的青贮饲料,基本上能保持青绿饲料的各种特性.这样,这既延长了饲料保存期限,又扩大了饲料来源,是值得大力推广的一项饲料调制技术。     

尖叶胡枝子青贮微生物数量变化及发酵特性

以尖叶胡枝子（Lespedeza hedysaroides）为原料,对其表面附生的2株乳酸菌（LH29、LH33）的生化特性、生长特性、产酸速率进行了研究,经传统鉴定方法及16S rRNA分析方法鉴定,LH29为戊糖片球菌,LH33为植物乳杆菌;发酵初期戊糖片球菌产酸速率优于植物乳杆菌,发酵中后期后者产酸速率优于前者;将SNOW LACT L (SL)和纤维素酶(AC) 2种添加剂添加至尖叶胡枝子中,研究了不同发酵时间微生物数量的动态变化及发酵品质。发酵初期,各种微生物的数量较青贮原料上的数量有较大的增长,发酵第2天,添加AC处理组的乳酸菌数量最高,SL+AC添加组的乳酸菌的数量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,发酵第30天,乳酸菌、好氧细菌、酵母菌、霉菌及大肠杆菌的数量有所减少,大肠杆菌减少更明显;各添加组与对照组相比,氨态氮及丁酸含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,乳酸含量明显提高（P＜0.05）。通过Flieg青贮饲料评分方案得出直接青贮饲料的发酵品质较差,等级为劣,而添加AC及SL+AC处理的青贮饲料发酵品质Flieg等级为优。     

Fermentation quality and chemical composition of shrub silage treated with lactic acid bacteria inoculants and cellulase additives

Effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants and cellulase additives on fermentation quality and chemical compositions of shrub silages were studied by using a small‐scale fermentation system. Two LAB inoculants of Qingbao (Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilacticii, Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium phage) and Caihe (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus acidilactici) and a commercial cellulase made from Trichoderma reesei were used as additives for intermediate pea‐shrub, rush bushclover, arborescent ceratoides and shrubby silage preparation. The crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and water‐soluble carbohydrate contents of the four shrub materials were 10.1–14.2, 62.6–67.2 and 1.9–3.5% on a dry matter basis, respectively. All shrub silages had pH 3.40–4.43, ammonia‐N 0.1–0.2% g/kg and lactic acid 1.3–2.9% on a fresh matter basis. The silage quality of LAB‐inoculated silages did not have a greater effect than control silages, except shrubby silage preparation. Silages treated with the cellulase, the pH of rush bushclover and shrubby sweetvetch silage were significantly (P < 0.05) lower and the lactic acid content were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the control silages. The results confirmed that shrub contained a relatively high content of crude protein; its silages can be preserved in good quality, and they are new potential resources for livestock feed.     

不同燕麦品种在甘肃中部的营养价值及青贮发酵品质综合评价

为筛选适宜在甘肃省二阴地区种植的优质青贮燕麦品种,采用随机区组设计方法,在甘肃省定西市通渭县华家岭乡研究了7个燕麦品种(陇燕1号、陇燕3号、定莜7号、坝莜9号、坝莜3号、白燕2号和晋燕17号)的产量表现和青贮发酵品质。于燕麦乳熟期刈割,分析鲜草的营养成分和微生物组成,切短至2 cm后直接青贮。60 d后开封取样,测定其营养指标、发酵指标,并进行发酵品质评定。结果表明:1)品种间鲜草产量和干物质含量差异显著(P<0.01),陇燕3号鲜草产量最高,达45257 kg·hm^-2,比定莜7号(35320 kg·hm^-2)高出28.13%。供试品种的干物质含量为31.35%~35.36%。尽管在同一块地上生长,但不同品种植株上附着的微生物组成差异显著(P<0.01),定莜7号的乳酸菌数达10⁵ cfu·g^-1 FM,高于其他品种,有害微生物数量较少。2)青贮60 d后,品种间营养成分差异显著(P<0.01),陇燕3号和定莜7号的干物质含量最高,粗蛋白含量显著(P<0.01)高于其他品种,分别为10.12%和11.09%。坝莜3号(55.78%)、陇燕3号(54.27%)和定莜7号(52.16%)的中性洗涤纤维含量显著(P<0.01)高于其他各品种,陇燕3号的酸性洗涤纤维含量低于坝莜3号和定莜7号,半纤维素含量最高。3)不同品种的发酵品质差异也极显著(P<0.01)。定莜7号的pH值最低(4.13),陇燕3号次之(4.20),晋燕17号为最高(4.53)。定莜7号、陇燕3号和坝莜3号拥有较高的乳酸含量,较低的总挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮含量,发酵品质良好。坝莜9号和晋燕17号表现较差。4)感官评定和V-Score评分结果基本一致,以陇燕3号和定莜7号的发酵品质最优,感官评定结果为1级,V-Score评分为优。综合考虑产量、营养成分和青贮发酵品质,陇燕3号适宜作为青贮燕麦品种在通渭县及类似的二阴地区种植。     

添加乳酸菌和菠萝皮对柱花草青贮品质的影响

柱花草是热带、亚热带的优质豆科牧草,蛋白含量高、营养品质好,为促进柱花草的加工利用,本试验研究了添加不同乳酸菌和菠萝皮对其青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响。青贮处理为CK(对照)、LQ(青贮宝)、LF(发酵乳杆菌)、LP(植物乳杆菌)、LS(鼠李糖乳杆菌)、B(20%菠萝皮)、BLQ(B+LQ)、BLF(B+LF)、BLP(B+LP)、BLS(B+LS)。添加处理后青贮60 d进行分析。结果表明,柱花草含有较少的可溶性碳水化合物和乳酸菌,自然青贮其pH超过5.0,发酵品质差;所有添加物都显著降低pH、增加乳酸含量(P＜0.05),明显改善了柱花草青贮料的发酵品质。单独添加菠萝皮的丁酸和NH₃-N含量显著高于所有单独添加乳酸菌(P＜0.05),pH与LP以外的其他3种乳酸菌差异不显著(P＞0.05)。除LP的乙酸含量较高,丁酸含量较低外,4种乳酸菌对其他各个发酵指标的影响没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。本试验所用4种乳酸菌与菠萝皮混合添加,都进一步改善了柱花草青贮料的发酵品质,特别是BLP的青贮效果最佳,其pH值、乙酸和NH₃-N含量低,乳酸含量及乳酸与乙酸比高。青贮袋开封后,包括对照在内的所有青贮料的有氧稳定性均较佳。     

乳酸菌青贮添加剂的研究与应用

很多添加剂被用来促进青贮发酵过程,其中研究最广泛的就是乳酸菌青贮添加剂。本文主要阐述了在青贮中加入乳酸菌添加剂可以促进作物的发酵速度,并且改善家畜的生产性能。     

Silage fermentation and ruminal degradation of stylo prepared with lactic acid bacteria and cellulase

In order to improve the silage fermentation of stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis ) in tropical areas, stylo silages were prepared with commercial additives Lactobacillus plantarum Chikuso‐1 (CH 1), L. rhamnasus Snow Lact L (SN ), Acremonium cellulase (CE ) and their combination as SN +CE or CH 1 + CE , and the fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of these silages were studied. Stylo silages treated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB ) or cellulase, the pH value and NH ₃‐N ? total‐N were significantly (P  <  0.05) decreased while the ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM ), crude protein (CP ), neutral detergent fiber (aNDF om) and acid detergent fiber (ADF om) were significantly (P  <  0.05) increased compared to control. Compared to LAB or cellulase‐treated silages, the DM , CP contents and relative feed value (RFV ), and the ruminal degradability in LAB plus cellulase‐treated silages were significantly (P  <  0.05) higher, but the aNDF om content was significantly (P  <  0.05) lower. CH 1 + CE treatment was more effective in silage fermentation and ruminal degradation than SN +CE treatment. The results confirmed that LAB or LAB plus cellulase treatment could improve the fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of stylo silage. Moreover, the combined treatment with LAB and cellulase may have beneficial synergistic effects on ruminal degradation.     

Effect of grape pomace on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP) with different adding levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, fresh matter basis), alone (GP‐LAB) or in combine with an inoculant LAB (GP+LAB), on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage. After 90 days of ensiling in vacuumized mini‐silos, silages were subject to a 7‐day aerobic stability test, in which chemical, microbial and polyphenol composition were measured. In the GP‐LAB group, adding GP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and butyric acid in silage. In the GP+LAB group, adding GP increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid, WSC and crude protein, decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value, NH₃‐N ratio and butyric acid concentration in silage. Polyphenol level was reduced (P < 0.05) after silage fermentation. During aerobic exposure, the fungi count, pH value and silage temperature increased (P < 0.05), the levels of lactic acid, acetic acid and polyphenols (quercetin 3‐O‐glucoside and quercetin 3‐O‐glucuronid) decreased (P < 0.05) in silage. GP+LAB treated silage had a lag phase for aerobic spoilage. When the fermentation products, microbial counts, chemical and polyphenol composition were considered, the use of 10% GP+LAB at ensiling could provide a valuable source for improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage.     

Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Cellulase Additives at Different Temperatures on the Fermentation Quality of Corn and Guineagrass Silages

在两项试验中，用玉米（ＺｅａｍａｙｓＬ．）（试验１）和大黍（ＰａｎｉｃｕｍｍａｘｉｍｕｍＪａｃｑ．）（试验２）加入外加剂乳酸菌（ＬＡＢ）、支顶孢属纤维素酶（ＡＣ）及二者的结合（ＡＣ＋ＬＡＢ）做处理，不加外加剂为对照，分别在１０、２０、３０和４０℃恒温下青贮。结果表明，试验１中所有玉米青贮料，虽然与１０℃低温和４０℃高温时相比在２０和３０℃时的效果略好，但无论在何种外加剂和温度下都保存良好。在试验２中，ＡＣ与ＡＣ＋ＬＡＢ在所有温度处理下均比对照和ＬＡＢ更显著地提高了大黍青贮料的ｐＨ值和乳酸的含量，而且在４０℃时显著地减少了丁酸和挥发性碱性氮（ＶＢＮ）的含量。在各个温度水平中，外加剂乳酸菌对发酵均无甚影响。无论是否加入外加剂，在３０℃的所有大黍青贮料的丁酸含量均最高。与对照和加入ＬＡＢ的相比，单独加入ＡＣ及其与ＬＡＢ结合，均使玉米和大黍青贮料中的结构性醣类有部分的降解，并减低了ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ的含量。但温度对ＡＣ的降解能力无显著影响。     

Screening of antifreeze-thawed lactic acid bacteria and their effects on oat silage fermentation quality and aerobic stability北大核心CSCD

The effects of freeze-thaw conditions on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of oat silage were investigated. Four strains of freeze-thaw-resistant lactic acid bacteria（LAB）with rapid growth and efficient acid production were screened from 437 strains,which had been isolated from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Based on physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence alignment,the four strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum 157（LP157）,L. plantarum 160（LP160）,Lactobacillus brevis 248（LB248）,and Lactobacillus pentosus 260（LPE260）. In order to investigate their effects on the fermentation quality,nutrient composition,microbial counts and aerobic stability of oat silage under freeze-thaw conditions,seven treatments were tested as follows：1）LP157;2）LP160;3）LB248;4）LPE260;5）LP160+Lactobacillus rhamnosus 753 mixture （MIX）;6）A commercial bacterial silage additive（COM）;7）The same amount of sterilized distilled water（CK）. All treatments were ensiled for 60 days at a constant temperature of 20 ℃ and under a 20 ℃/-5 ℃ regime alternating every 12 h（freeze-thaw）. LP inoculation improved silage quality：The pH and dry matter loss in silages inoculated with LP157,LP160,LB248 and LPE260 were significantly lower than CK（P<0. 05）and lactic acid and acetic acid contents were significantly higher than CK（P<0. 05）,and the growth of spoilage micro-organisms such as coliform bacteria,yeast and mold were inhibited,both with fermentation at constant 20 ℃ and under freeze-thaw conditions. After aerobic exposure for 5 days,the pH and NH3-N of silages treated with LP157,LP160,LB248 and LPE260 were significantly（P<0. 05） lower than CK,MIX and COM. The aerobic stability of oat silage was improved,especially when inoculated with LP160（70 h vs. CK 11 h）. The results show that the four screened strains can be used as effective LAB inoculants for silage preparation in the freeze-thaw environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.