脱细胞羊膜基质负载BMSCs和EPCs修复犬尿道缺损

旨在研究使用犬BMSCs和EPCs接种的脱细胞人羊膜基质修复犬长段管状尿道缺损的可行性,评估其修复效果。选取15只健康成年雄性杂种犬,随机分为5组,每组3只。建立会阴部3cm管状尿道缺损模型后,分别用负载骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)、血管内皮祖细胞(EPCs)、BMSCs和EPCs混合的脱细胞羊膜基质修复缺损部位;用未种植细胞的脱细胞羊膜修复和缺损后不修复的犬只作为对照。通过术后排尿观察,尿道造影,剖检观察和组织学观察来评估修复效果。结果显示:BMSCs+EPCs混合组的犬只在术后排尿正常,新生尿道管腔光滑平整,无尿道狭窄,组织学观察显示新生上皮完整;BMSCs组的犬只尿道有小范围狭窄,剖检发现新生段有瘢痕;EPCs组的犬只排尿时间延长,新生尿道段狭窄,剖检显示新生段粗糙,瘢痕较多;组织学观察显示新生段上皮化不完整;羊膜修复组和自体修复组的犬只排尿异常,新生尿道段狭窄,剖检显示新生段瘢痕化严重,有多处皱缩,组织学观察显示上皮化不完整,仅为单层上皮,自体修复组的犬只尿道新生段几乎无上皮细胞覆盖。结果表明:证明用负载BMSCs和EPCs 2种细胞的脱细胞人羊膜基质可成功修复犬长段管状尿道缺损。     

一例犬桡尺骨骨折内固定的病例报告

正骨折是指骨结构的连续性完全或部分断裂。有研究表明,桡尺和尺骨骨折占犬、猫骨折总数的8.5%～18%~([1])。临床上90%以上的病例都是桡骨和尺骨同时骨折,以横骨折和斜骨折多发[2]。临床上治疗多以骨板内固定为主,在大型犬需要对桡骨和尺骨分别进行固定,在小型犬只需要固定桡骨,但小型犬远端桡骨的血供比大型犬少,骨远端周围的软组织也较少,如果植入物选择不当或者操作过程中对软组织损伤严重,容易造成骨不愈合或愈合延迟。笔者在临床上多次使用骨板内     

一例犬桡骨和尺骨骨折的诊疗报告

<正>桡骨和尺骨骨折是犬、猫常见的前肢骨折,是前肢受到外力作用的结果。有研究表明,桡骨和尺骨骨折占犬、猫骨折总数的8.5%~18.0%。试验采用接骨板配合钢丝进行内固定治疗的方法,不选择髓内针等是因为桡骨的骨髓腔比较小,而且固定髓内针时必须侵入腕关节,此时最好用接骨板固定。同时骨自我修复能力较强,生长的新骨可替代骨折部位,从而恢复骨的原有结构及功能。1病例介绍2014年3月14日,江西农业大学动物科学技术     

舒泰对犬机体影响的观察

<正>近年来,舒泰作为一种全身麻醉剂已被广泛应用于小动物临床麻醉。舒泰由唑拉西泮和替来它明按照1∶1比例混合组成,20世纪60年代末由ParkeDavis实验室研制成功,1982年被美国食品和药品管理局(FDA)批准用于犬猫[1]。舒泰的商业制剂为冻干粉,使用前需要用生理盐水、5%葡萄糖或灭菌注射用水溶解,pH值为2.0~3.5,溶液清亮,室温条件下可保存4 d,如果冷藏可保存2周[2]。替来它明是一     

活化卵白蛋白对断奶仔猪肠道内容物氨态氮含量的影响

选取28日龄断奶三元[杜×（大×长）]杂交仔猪36头,随机分为活化卵白蛋白实验组和对照组。实验组在饲喂基础日粮同时口服活化卵白蛋白制剂,10mL／d·只,连续服用10d（断乳前5d至断乳后5d）。用靛酚兰-分光光度法测定仔猪各肠段内容物的氨氮量,研究该制剂对仔猪肠道内容物氨氮量的影响及其二者的相关性。结果表明,实验组结肠段28d和35d其内容物氨氮量与对照组比较差异显著（P〈0．05）;实验组与对照组盲肠段的内容物氨氮量于28d差异显著（P〈0．01）;回肠段不显著（P〉0．05）。提示早期断奶仔猪口服话化卵白蛋白制剂可使其各肠段内容物中的氨氮量降低,有助于提高其肠道功能,降低腹泻率。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子与骨组织工程血管化的研究进展

骨组织缺损是骨科的最常见疾病之一,一直是骨科专家学者研究的难点和热点问题,而组织工程人工骨近年来逐渐引起关注,但研究发现,单纯的人工骨支架植入体内短时间中央便有大量成骨细胞死亡,极大地降低了手术的成功率,根本原因是尚未建立起有效的血液循环为骨的再生与改建提供必要的相关营养因子。为完善骨组织血管化、治疗骨缺损修复提供一条新的途径。     

中草药法促进骨折愈合作用的实验研究

[目的]研究中草药法对成年家兔胫腓骨骨折愈合的影响. [方法]选用健康成年家兔（随机分为对照组、中草药法治疗组两组）,均采用无菌手术造成机械性胫腓骨骨折,通过X线观察中草药法促进骨折愈合的作用. [结果]中草药法治疗组与对照组比较：骨痂生长明显加快、且新生骨出现早、范围大. [结论]中草药法对骨折后骨修复和提高骨折愈合有明显促进作用.     

大型犬桡尺骨骨折两种内固定方法的差异

桡尺骨骨折属不稳定骨折,约占骨折发病率的31%[1]。桡尺骨常同时骨折,以小型品种犬多发,发生部位常位于骨的中部或远端1/3处,以横骨折和斜骨折多发,由于骨干较细、桡骨和尺骨同时骨折,所以闭合性整复不易使骨断端准确对合,因此常采取开放性整复与内固定的治疗方法。笔者经过第2     

犬髋臼骨折内固定9例

<正>在犬猫骨折中,除了四肢骨折外,骨盆骨折是最常见的骨折。有统计显示,骨盆骨折占犬所有骨折的16%[1]。根据德国慕尼黑Ludwig-Maximilians大学对患骨盆损伤的1 278只犬和1 092只猫的统计,髋臼骨折分别占骨盆骨折的12%和7%[2]。由于骨盆特殊的盒子样结构,在发生骨折时常涉及多个部位。常发生骨折的部位包括髂骨体、荐髂关节、髋臼和坐骨。髋臼骨折作为发病率仅次于肘关节骨折的     

新型纳米β-TCP/明胶/鹿茸多肽复合材料对兔下颌骨缺损的修复

建立兔下颌骨缺损模型,观察纳米β-TCP/明胶/鹿茸多肤复合材料的修复效果,以期来研究复合材料的成骨效能.取80只实验用新西兰大白兔进行同期颌骨缺损造模,随机均分为材料1组(鹿茸多肽含量5 mg/g)、材料2组(鹿茸多肽含量20 mg/g)、材料3组(不舍鹿茸多肤)及对照组(无材料组).分别在2、4、8、12用对造模部位取材,每组每次取5只,做组织学及扫描电镜(SEM)分析.材料植入后4用即可见到明显的新骨生成,并且材料1组明显优于其他3组.材料3组也有少量的新骨生成,对照组新骨生成缓慢,缺损区内被脂肪组织、血管以及纤堆结组织所填埋,有少量的不连续的骨小梁生成.术后临床观察并无其他并发症,组织学观察骨缺损区内未见明显组织坏死和炎症细胞浸润.纳米β-TCP/明胶/鹿茸多肽复合材料对兔下颔骨缺损具有良好的修复效果.     

Evaluation of a free vascularized medial tibial bone graft in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To develop a free vascularized tibial bone graft based on the periosteal saphenous blood supply. STUDY DESIGN: Preliminary anatomic study of medial tibial blood supply. In vivo comparison of a vascularized and avascular tibial bone graft. ANIMALS: Nine canine cadavers; 14 healthy adult dogs that weighed 25 to 32 kg. METHODS: An anatomic study of the vascular supply of the medial aspect of the tibia was performed using the Spalteholz technique. A bone graft consisting of the medial aspect of the tibia was transferred to a mandibular defect as a vascularized graft in 7 dogs and as an avascular graft in 7 dogs. Bone scans were performed to evaluate graft perfusion. Radiographic evaluation of the mandibles and tibias was performed. The dogs were killed after 60 days, five mandibles from each group were examined histologically, and two from each group were evaluated using the Spalteholz technique. RESULTS: The saphenous vascular pedicle provides vascular perfusion to the medial tibial cortex. Bone scans and radiographic evaluations were consistent with viable bone in the vascularized grafts, and nonviable bone in the avascular grafts. Histological examination revealed live, healing bone in vascular grafts and necrotic bone in avascular grafts. Spalteholz evaluation revealed many small arborizing vessels in the vascular grafts and no organized vasculature in the avascular grafts. CONCLUSIONS: The vascularized medial tibial cortical bone graft survived and proceeded to bony union in the mandibular body defect more readily than the avascular graft in this experimental model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A vascularized medial tibial bone graft is a suitable free graft for use in reconstructing bone defects in dogs.     

Evaluation of the repair process of cartilage defects of the equine third carpal bone with and without subchondral bone perforation

To determine the effect of subchondral bone drilling (forage) on the cartilage repair process after injury has occurred, a cartilage defect (1 cm in diameter) was created on the radial facet of the proximal surface of each third carpal bone in 6 adult horses. In one of the third carpal bones (right or left thoracic limb) of each horse, a 1-cm cartilage defect was created, and 5 holes (1 mm in diameter and 10 mm deep) were drilled through the subchondral bone into the cancellous bone. In the other thoracic limb, an identical defect was created, but not drilled. Analyses of cell numbers and types in the synovia and the mucin precipitate quality were done before, at 1 week after, and 3 weeks after surgical manipulation was done and showed no significant difference between the joint environment of drilled carpi and those of nondrilled carpi. At 21 weeks after surgical manipulation was done, each joint was examined radiographically, macroscopically, and microscopically to compare the condition of the joints and the state of repair of the cartilage in each defect. The amount of surface of the defect covered by the dense fibrous and fibrocartilagenous repair tissue and the thickness of the repair tissue were significantly greater (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively) in the drilled carpal bones. In addition, the attachment of the repair tissue to underlying chondro-osseous tissue was better in the drilled carpal bones. Fibrocartilage was resurfacing the drilled defects, whereas only fibrous tissue was present in the nondrilled defects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The Effect of Long-Term Bone Plate Application for Fixation of Radial Fractures in Dogs

This study was divided into two phases. In the in vitro phase, a stainless steel bone plate was applied to the cranial surface of the radius in 14 canine limbs. The effect of the presence of a bone plate on bone density analysis using radiographic photodensitometry (RP) was evaluated by comparing the density measurement of the unplated limb to the density measurement of the plated limb. The optical density of the plated bones was 12% greater than that of the unplated bones. This information was used as a correction factor for the in vivo study. In the in vivo phase, 23 dogs with radial and ulnar fractures were examined for complications associated with the long-term application of a stainless steel plate applied to the cranial surface of the radius. In 14 dogs, RP analysis was used to compare the plated limb with the normal, contralateral limb. No significant differences in radial cortical bone density existed between the plated limb and the contralateral limb after taking into account the effect a bone plate had on photodensitometry readings. There was no significant correlation between the change in radial cortical density and the duration of bone plate application, suggesting that a steady state between bone loss and bone production occurs after long-term plate fixation of the fractured canine radius. The majority (87%) of the dogs with a plate applied to the radius greater than 1 year had normal limb usage when standing, walking, or running.     

Guided bone regeneration with beta-tricalcium phosphate and poly L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-epsilon-caprolactone membrane in partial defects of canine humerus

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of beta-tricalcium phosphate and poly L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-epsilon-caprolactone (TCP/PLGC) membrane in the repair of partial bone defects in canine proximal humerus. Three adult mixed-breed dogs were used during the experimental period. The length of the defect was quarter of the full length of humerus, and width of the defect was quarter of middle diameter of the lateral aspect of humerus. The humeri of each dog were divided into treatment (TCP/PLGC) and control groups. The defect was covered with TCP/PLGC membrane in treatment group. To evaluate regeneration of the bone, computerized tomography (CT) and histopathologic examination were performed. The radiopaque lines were appeared at the original defect sites in TCP/PLGC group but below the original site in control at 4th week. Radiopacity and thickness of the defect sites, and radiopaque lines were more increased at 8th week than those of 4th week. Histopathologic findings revealed fibrous connective tissue migration into the defect and the migration inhibited the structure of new cortex to be placed in the original level in control whereas new cortex growth was found in the level of original line in TCP/PLGC group. However, the new cortical bone in the TCP/PLGC group was thinner and less organized than the adjacent intact cortex, and the amount of new cancellous bones were also scanty. The result suggested that TCP/PLGC membrane is a good guided bone regeneration material to restore the original morphology of humerus in partial defect.     

RADIUM-226-INDUCED BONE LESIONS IN BEAGLES

In a colony of Beagles that had received intravenous injections of ²²⁶Ra was a subgroup of 42 dogs that had limbs amputated because of the development of painful bone lesions. Information was gained from sequential radiographic studies plus examination of tissue harvested from the amputated limbs. Bone lesions that had their inception in bizarre, progressively expansile resorption cavities in which the process of normal bone tissue replacement was defective were identified. Some of these lesions were the site of development of bone sarcomas. This radiation-induced disturbance in bone repair was termed radiation osteodystrophy. The pathologic sequence in these Beagles in which a defect in the remodeling process of cortical bone leads to the development of lesions of radiation osteodystrophy and bone sarcoma was felt to be unique and thought to be a specific effect of chronic irradiation by ²²⁶Ra.     

APPROACHES FOR ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF LONG BONES IN THE DOG

The objective of this study was to identify access portals for ultrasonographic evaluation of canine long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia). A 7.5 MHz linear transducer was used in five medium-sized dogs (range of 25-35 kg body weight). Good approaches could be identified for all long bones. For the proximal humerus, a cranial portal, and the distal humerus, a lateral portal is suggested. For the radius and ulna, a craniolateral approach seemed to be the best. In the hindlimb, a medial approach for the femur and a craniolateral approach for the tibia were the most effective approaches.     

Repair of a Mandibular Defect With a Free Vascularized Coccygeal Vertebra Transfer in a Dog

Bilateral mandibular defects in a male mongrel dog were repaired. On the left side, a free vascularized coccygeal bone graft that included the median caudal artery and caudal vein was used to correct the defect. On the right side, the defect was bridged with a bone plate and screws. For further immobilization, the muzzle was temporarily taped for 3 weeks and a pharyngostomy tube was used for nutritional support. The dog was able to eat dry commercial food satisfactorily within 2 months of surgery despite mild malocclusion. Radiographs taken 2 months and 18 months postoperatively showed bony union with graft hypertrophy in the left mandible, whereas the right mandibular defect showed protracted nonunion. The results indicate that vascularized coccygeal vertebra transfer provides an alternative for the management of canine mandibular defects.     

Vascular Response of the Equine Radius to Cerclage Devices

The arterial blood supply to the diaphysis of the radius, and the vascular reaction when three cerclage devices (cerclage wire, Parham-Martin band, and a partially contacting band) were applied 2 cm apart, were studied in six adult ponies. The opposite radial diaphysis served as the control. Ponies were euthanatized at weeks 4 and 8. A centrifugal blood flow pattern was demonstrated by microangiography. Larger numbers of medullary arteries exist in equine than in canine and human long bones. Changes in centrifugal blood supply were not identified beneath any of the cerclage devices.     

Proteoglycan synthesis and content in articular cartilage and cartilage repair tissue in horses

Hexosamine concentration, DNA concentration, and [35S]sulfate incorporation for articular cartilage obtained from various sites in the metacarpophalangeal and carpal joints of horses were measured. The same measurements were made on the repair tissue filling full-thickness articular defects in the intermediate carpal bone and on cartilage surrounding partial-thickness defects 6 weeks after the defects were created arthroscopically. Cellularity (measured as DNA concentration), proteoglycan content (measured as hexosamine concentration), and proteoglycan synthesis (measured as [35S]sulfate incorporation) varied according to the site sampled. Cartilage from the transverse ridge of the head of the third metacarpal bone and the radial facet of the third carpal bone had the lowest hexosamine concentration, whereas rate of proteoglycan synthesis was lowest in cartilage from the transverse ridge of the head of the third metacarpal bone and the distal articular surface of the radial carpal bone. Repair tissue filling a full-thickness cartilage defect at 6 weeks was highly cellular. It was low in proteoglycan content, but was actively synthesizing these macromolecules. In contrast, the cartilage surrounding a partial-thickness defect was unchanged 6 weeks after the original defect was made.     

Treatment of long bone fractures in South American camelids: 5 cases

An adult llama and four alpacas were referred with long bone fractures. The llama presented with a closed, comminuted fracture of the right metatarsal bones. Two of the alpacas presented with comminuted fractures of the proximal radius. One fracture was closed and one was open. One alpaca had a closed, comminuted fracture of the distal radius, and the final alpaca had a closed, oblique fracture of the metatarsus. A diagnosis was made in each animal on the basis of clinical examination and radiographs. All fractures were managed by open reduction and internal fixation using selective placement of lag screws and dynamic compression plates. Four animals made uneventful recoveries and no long-term complications were encountered. One alpaca was re-admitted for plate failure and non-union of the fracture 5 weeks after surgery. The plate and screws were removed and a transfixation cast was applied. The fracture healed, however the alpaca showed signs of radial nerve paralysis after the cast was removed. With confinement in a small yard, full function gradually returned to the leg over the ensuing 4 months. Using techniques recommended in other species, South American camelids are suitable candidates for long bone fracture repair using open reduction and internal fixation.