Agronomic Evaluation of Liquid Humus Derived From Earthworm Humic Substances

Carbon (C), commonly expressed as organic matter (OM), is of vital importance in soil productivity. Liquid humus is an alkaline suspension containing humic and fulvic acids, which can facilitate C addition to the soil through the irrigation system to increase OM and soil fertility levels. Two liquid humus products were formulated from earthworm humic substances and the effects of these and other commercial products derived from leonardite, on soil and ryegrass were evaluated in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. On average, C application, regardless of source, increased the aerial and root dry matter, plant greenness, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and nutrient use efficiency. Carbon effects on plant production were larger when added over fertilized plants. Residual soil N was lowered by the application of liquid humus. No significant effect of C rate was observed on soil pH or electrical conductivity (EC) at the end of the experiment. Optimal C rates found in this study were higher than the recommended commercial ones. No major differences among earthworm liquid humus and leonardite-based products were observed; therefore the former would constitute a more sustainable alternative for organic matter additions as they are made from a renewable resource.     

Changing sink and source relations in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using carbon dioxide enrichment in the field

Rice plants in the field were enclosed in chambers covered with mylar film and subjected to CO² enrichment for 30 days before or after flowering. The CO² enrichment was intended to increase grain number (sink size) befiore flowering, and to increase photosynthesis of a canopy (source) after flowering.

The CO² enrichment before flowering increased grain number per unit land area and grain weight. The enrichment after flowering did not affect grain number but increased filled-grain percentage and grain weight. As a result, both treatments increased grain yield. Analysis of yield components indicates that a major factor responsible for the yield differences is grain number. It was also shown that the increase in yield was directly proportional to the dry matter increase after panicle initiation.

The CO² enrichment before flowering increased grain number per unit land area and grain weight. The enrichment after flowering did not affect grain number but increased filled-grain percentage and grain weight. As a result, both treatments increased grain yield. Analysis of yield components indicates that a major factor responsible for the yield differences is grain number. It was also shown that the increase in yield was directly proportional to the dry matter increase after panicle initiation.     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响

通过对华北平原小麦–玉米轮作农田生态系统18年田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层（0—20 cm）土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响。试验设化肥NPK不同组合（NPK、NP、NK、PK）,全部施用有机肥（OM）,一半有机肥+化肥NPK（1/2OMN）及不施肥（CK）共7个处理。结果表明,各施肥处理均能在不同程度上增加土壤腐殖质（胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素）及活性腐殖质（活性胡敏酸和活性富里酸）组分碳和氮含量,提高可浸提腐殖质（胡敏酸和富里酸）及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮分配比例;但施肥对土壤活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量的增加率均分别高于腐殖质组分碳和氮。各处理土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量均为OM处理最高,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施高于单施化肥各处理;而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用效果最好。说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是增加土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的关键;活性腐殖质组分碳和氮较腐殖质组分碳和氮对施肥措施的响应更灵敏。     

菌剂对鸡粪堆肥腐殖质含量品质的影响

腐殖质是评价堆肥品质的重要因素,该文利用鸡粪和秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,设计接种菌剂和不接种菌剂(对照)2个处理,研究菌剂添加对堆肥腐殖质形态、含量、品质的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种菌剂可以加快有机物的降解,矿质化时间缩短14d,菌剂具有良好的保碳效果,总有机碳含量提高了16.1%,同时总腐殖酸、游离腐殖酸以及水溶态腐殖酸及胡敏酸的含量,分别提高了38.7%,45.7%、39.0%及54.9%。接种菌剂可以提高腐殖酸的活性,堆肥结束后,接种菌剂处理的游离腐殖酸和水溶性腐殖酸含量均增加,而对照处理的含量均降低;堆肥可以提高腐殖酸质量,堆肥结束后两个处理总腐殖酸含量均下降但是缩合度、腐殖化率、腐殖化指数及胡敏酸百分比均提高,特别是添加菌剂的处理腐殖化程度明显高于对照。说明了菌剂可以增加堆肥腐殖质含量,提高腐殖质缩合度、芳构化程度及活性。     

不同有机物料对原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质结合形态及组成的影响

为了探究不同种类有机物料及同种有机物料的不同形态对原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质结合形态及组成的影响。以吉林省西部地区原生盐碱地为研究对象,采用连续3年的大田试验,通过大田取样和室内分析相结合的方式对其进行研究。试验设颗粒秸秆(KL)、正常玉米秸秆(JG)、羊粪(YF)、牧草(MC)和对照(CK)5个处理,采用Anderson结合态腐殖质分组法提取土壤腐殖质,研究了不同有机物料对原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质结合形态及组成的影响。结果表明:(1)施加不同有机物料较CK处理均提高了原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质含量,促进土壤中各种结合形态腐殖质含量的增加,其中KL、MC、YF 3个处理间松结合态腐殖质含量差异不显著,但相比CK处理均差异显著。对联结合态腐殖质含量影响较大,各处理间均差异显著。KL处理与其他处理稳结合态腐殖质含量差异显著,其中JG、MC、YF 3个处理间差异不显著,但相比CK处理均差异显著。紧结合态腐殖质含量各处理同CK相比差异显著,KL处理同JG处理差异显著,其他处理间差异不显著。(2)不同有机物料均能提高松/紧比值和松/稳比值,有利于腐殖质的更新及土壤肥力的提高。(3)对胡富比(H/F)的影响则表现为各处理同CK处理相比差异显著,胡富比(H/F)的增加表征着富里酸的缩合转化,进一步形成结构复杂,芳香化程度高胡敏酸,增加了土壤胡敏酸含量,促进土壤腐殖质的聚合程度以及腐殖化度的提高。综合得出,有机物料能够增加原生盐碱地土壤腐殖质含量,提高各结合形态腐殖质含量。同种有机物料不同形态作用差异显著,中颗粒秸秆(正常玉米秸秆经过粉碎高温高压处理,长2cm、直径0.5cm的圆柱形颗粒)效果远好于其他处理。     

氮肥与有机肥配施对设施土壤腐殖质组分的影响

以连续5a设施番茄栽培定位施肥田间试验为依托,选择施氮量0、187.5、375.0、562.5kg·hm~(-2)(N0、N1、N2、N3)及氮肥与有机肥(M:75000kg·hm~(-2))配施(MN0、MN1、MN2、 MN3) 8个处理,研究了不同施氮及氮肥与有机肥配施处理土壤总有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)和水溶性有机碳(Water soluble organic carbon,WSOC)的含量及其剖面分布,土壤松/稳结态胡敏酸碳(Humic acid carbon,HA-C)和富里酸碳(Fulvic acid carbon,FA-C)含量、组成及其剖面分布。结果表明:各施肥处理TOC、WSOC、稳结态胡敏酸碳(HA_2-C)和稳结态富里酸碳(FA_2-C)含量均随土层深度增加呈逐渐下降趋势,而松结态胡敏酸碳(HA1-C)和松结态富里酸碳(FA_1-C)含量均随土层深度增加呈先增加后逐渐下降趋势。与单施氮肥处理相比,氮肥与有机肥配施处理均使0～50 cm土壤TOC、WSOC、HA_1-C、FA_1-C和HA_2-C含量有所提高,其提高幅度分别为12.44%～87.38%、11.01%～168.32%、10.15%～235.54%、2.41%～205.21%和3.42%～92.61%;同时也显著提高了0～20 cm土层HA/FA及PQ(HA占(HA+FA)的比例)(P 0.05),使0～20 cm土层HA_1、HA_2和FA_1的C/N比增加,FA_2的C/N比略有下降,HA的E_4/E_6(在波长为465nm和665nm处吸光度的比值)降低,FA的E_4/E_6增加。本设施番茄栽培田间试验条件下,连续5 a氮肥与有机肥配施不仅显著提高了0～20 cm土壤有机碳数量,而且有利于FA向HA转化,促进胡敏酸的形成与累积,尤其是松结态胡敏酸的形成与累积,进而使土壤有机碳品质得到明显改善。     

土壤中钙结合和铁铝结合腐殖质的组成及结构特征

Calcium-bound and iron- and aluminium-bound humus extracted from different soils collected from north to south of China were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Meaningful differences in the composition and structure between them were revealed by ¹³C NMR, visible spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Results showed that the contents of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were higher in iron- and aluminium-bound humus than in calcium-bound humus while oxygen content in calcium-bound humus was shown to be higher. The calcium-bound humus had higher C/N and O/C ratios than iron- and aluminium-bound humus. The calcium-bound humic acid (HA1) showed higher E₄/E₆ ratios than iron- and aluminum-bound humic acid (HA2) while iron- and aluminum-bound fulvic acid (FA2) showed higher E₄/E₆ ratios than calcium-bound fulvic acid (FA1). An inverse relationship between E₄/E₆ ratios and aromaticity as determined by ¹³C NMR spectra was observed for HA and FA from black soil. The ¹³C NMR spectroscopy revealed that HA2 was more aromatic than HA1. On the other hand, FA1 exhibited a higher aromaticity than FA2.     

细菌菌体对白浆土腐殖质转化的影响

采用白浆土为供试材料,利用混皿法对白浆土土样进行筛菌,将筛选得到的优势菌种进行发酵,设置1%,3%,5%三种不同比例的菌体接种量,在相同条件下与培养好的白浆土进行共培养,探究细菌菌体对白浆土中水溶性腐殖质转化的影响,为土壤腐殖质转化的微生物学机理研究和土壤有机培肥研究提供理论基础。结果显示:(1)各处理WSS均表现为先降低后升高的趋势。(2)其中添加1%细菌菌体的处理有机质含量波动最为平缓,先降低后增加,添加3%细菌菌体的处理在30d开始有机质含量不断增加。而添加5%细菌菌体,有机质含量在30d开始增加,在60d开始下降,各处理的土样中,有机质含量在120d内始终高于对照水平。(3)各处理的土壤当中的HE含量都是在加入细菌菌体后明显增加,然后下降,其中添加3%细菌菌体处理中的HE含量变化最为明显。各处理的HA含量都是不断降低,其中添加1%和3%菌体的处理中HA含量降低速度快。培养结束后,各处理FA含量变化不明显。(4)培养初期,细菌菌体的繁殖促使各处理土样中的微生物数量增大,然后降低,最后趋于平缓。微生物量碳的相对含量在添加不同比例的细菌菌体后均高于对照组,且添加1%细菌菌体的处理组微生物量碳的相对含量最高。     

Spatial variability of O layer thickness and humus forms under different pine beech–forest transformation stages in NE Germany

Spatial variability of humus layer (O layer) thicknesses can have important impacts upon soil water dynamics, nutrient storage and availability, as well as plant growth. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the impact of forest‐transformation practices on the spatial variability of O layer thicknesses. The study focused on the Kahlenberg forest area (NE Germany) with stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) of different age structures that form a transformation chronosequence from pure Scots pine stands towards pure European beech stands. Topsoil profiles including both, the O layer and the uppermost humic mineral soil horizon were excavated at intervals of 0.4 m along 15–20 m long transects, and spatial variability of O layer thicknesses was quantified by variogram analysis. The correlation lengths of total O layer thickness increased in the sequence consisting of pure pine stand (3.1 m) → older mixed stand (3.7 m) → pure beech stand (4.5 m), with the exception of the younger mixed stand, for which no correlation lengths of total O layer thickness could be determined. The degree of spatial correlation, i.e., the percentage of the total variance which can be described by variograms, was highest for the two monospecies stands, whereas this percentage was distinctly lower for the two mixed stands. A similar minimum for the two mixed stands was observed for the correlation lengths of the Oh horizon. These results suggest that the spatial structures of forest‐transformation stands may be interpreted in terms of a disturbance (in the form of the underplanting of beech trees). After this disturbance, the forest ecosystem requires at least 100 y to again reach relative equilibrium. These findings are in line with the results of other soil‐related investigations at these sites.     

“三江并流区”暗棕壤腐殖质特性及其与土壤结构的关系

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了"三江并流区"5个典型暗棕壤剖面腐殖质特性及其与土壤结构的关系,以期为该区土地资源的保护提供有利依据.结果表明,腐殖质含量与有机碳的分布规律一致,即腐殖质层＞淋溶层＞淀积层＞母质层.腐殖质组成中,以胡敏素(HA)占绝大多数.HA分子复杂程度较高,化学稳定性较强.土壤腐殖化程度与富里酸FA分子复杂程度和化学稳定性一致,随年降雨量的增加而降低,依次为哈巴雪山＞千湖山＞梅里雪山＞云岭＞高黎贡山.1～0.5 mm粒径团聚体含量居多,且粒径含量与腐殖酸含量均随年均温的升高而降低,依次为高黎贡山＞梅里雪山＞千湖山＞哈巴雪山＞云岭.研究结果表明,表层有机碳与1～0.5 mm粒径含量相关,胡敏酸和富里酸与1～0.5,0.5～0.25 mm粒径含量呈显著相关.     

Growth response of cabbage plants to arsenic and antimony under water culture conditions

Recently some attention has been paid to arsenic and antimony because these elements are polluting our environment (1, 2). The responses of crops to arsenic have been studied mainly from the view point of reduced growth due to arsenic toxicity (3). However little information on plant-antimony relations is available, although the chemical properties of arsenic are analogous to those of antimony. Thus, the present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of widely graded-levels of arsenic an antimony in a culture solution on the growth of cabbage plants, which were selected as the experimental plant because their inner leaves are eaten by human beings.     

矿化垃圾腐殖土替代泥炭作仙客来栽培基质的研究

为保护泥炭资源、实现矿化垃圾资源化利用,探讨矿化垃圾腐殖土替代泥炭作盆花栽培基质的可行性,应用盆栽试验将矿化垃圾腐殖土与泥炭、椰糠、蛭石混配,观测不同配比基质物理和化学性质,结合仙客来生长发育状况得出混配基质最佳配比组合。结果表明,添加20%~40%的矿化垃圾腐殖土与泥炭混配栽培效果接近泥炭对照组;配比以草炭∶垃圾腐殖土∶蛭石为5∶2∶3时,基质理化性质更适合仙客来生长发育。添加垃圾腐殖土部分替代泥炭作仙客来盆花栽培基质具有可行性。     

果园土壤中结合态腐殖质组成特征

通过化学分析方法研究延边地区典型苹果梨园盛果期土壤剖面中结合态腐殖质的空间分布特征.结果表明:(1)A1层(0-22 cm)松结态腐殖质含量表现为苹果梨园＞荒地,高出荒地42.61％,至A2层(22-53 cm)2种土壤松结合态腐殖质含量下降幅度分别60.79％,36.45％;苹果梨园土壤A1层的松结态腐殖质表聚现象比荒地土壤剧烈;在A1、A2层,松结态FA含量表现为苹果梨园＜荒地,HA/FA比以苹果梨园明显高于荒地.(2)苹果梨园稳结态腐殖质含量随土壤深度增加而下降,荒地土壤呈先升后降再升趋势;A1、A2层稳结态腐殖质含量表现为苹果梨园＜荒地;苹果梨园稳结态FA含量随土壤深度增加呈现升一降一升趋势;苹果梨园稳结态HA含量随土壤深度加深而减小,且A2层稳结态FA含量表现为苹果梨园明显小于荒地;A2层HA/FA比表现为荒地＞苹果梨园.(3)2种土壤紧结态腐殖质含量均随土层深度增加而减小;A1层表现为苹果梨园＜荒地,A2层表现为苹果梨园＞荒地.(4)A1层松结态腐殖质相对含量表现为苹果梨园＞荒地,A2层相反;A1、A2层稳结态腐殖质含量表现为苹果梨园＜荒地;紧结态腐殖质含量相当.苹果梨园松结态腐殖质含量表现为A1＞A2,稳结态腐殖质含量表现为A1＜A2.松/紧比在A1层表现为苹果梨园＞荒地,A2层表现为苹果梨园＜荒地;苹果梨园土壤A1层松结态∶稳结态∶紧结态为3.4∶2.0∶4.6,A2层为2.1∶3.2∶4.7.     

The deficiency symptom of microelements on rice plant

As the rice plant is usually cultured, in practice, on a waterlogged field associated with heavy irrigation, it could be supposed that the rice plant may be supplied with a sufficient amount of microelements and rarely suffers from a lack of them.     

不同土壤改良措施对低产黄泥田土壤性质及水稻产量的影响

在荆门市双季稻区研究了不同的土壤改良措施对土壤腐殖质组成及结合形态、土壤理化性质、双季稻产量的影响。结果表明：不同土壤改良措施均提高了土壤水溶性物质、胡敏酸、胡敏素含量、可提取腐殖物质总量,其中泥炭土、菇渣及生物有机肥处理增幅较大;不同土壤改良措施增加了土壤松结合态腐殖质、稳结合态腐殖质、紧结合态腐殖质含量及结合态腐殖质总含量,其中生物有机肥处理达到显著水平。各土壤改良措施均不同程度地增加了早、晚稻产量,平均比单施化肥处理的早稻增产6.6％、晚稻增产9.5％;同时提高了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量与阳离子交换量,降低了土壤容重。各改良措施中,生物有机肥处理的增产幅度较大,早、晚稻分别增产10.13％和17.50％,且对土壤理化性质的改良效果优于其它处理。     

Effect of Humus on Activity of Mineral-Bound Hg: III.Effect on Leachability and Transfer of Mineral-Bound Hg Under Acid Leaching Condition

Effects of humus fractions (fulvic acid, brown humic acid and grey humic acid) on the leachability and transferring activity of five types of mineral-bound Hg were investigated. Under the acid leaching condition; fulvic acid could promote leachability and vertical transference of all the mineral-bound Hg. Brown humic acid could retard the leaching and transferring processes of CaCO3-Hg, Fe2O3-Hg, MnO2-Hg and kaolinite Hg but not bentonite-Hg. Grey humic acid could greatly enhance residing ability of the mineral-bound Hg in the soil column and restrain them from vertical transferring. The effect of humus on leachability and transferring activity on the mineral-bound Hg was closely related to its ability to convert the mineral-bound Hg into organic-bound form and the transferability of the latter in the soil column. The characteristics of the mineral-bound Hg in speciation were the internal factors that determined the extent and rate of the influence of the humus.     

秸秆还田对土壤微团聚体特征的影响

采用尼龙网袋法进行秸秆还田的原位模拟,比较不同秸秆还田量在不同深度下还田对土壤微团聚体组成及稳定性、微团聚体有机碳及腐殖酸组分的影响。试验设置秸秆还田量R0(0)、R1(0.44%)、R2(0.88%)、R3(1.32%)和0—15(S1),15—30(S2),30—45(S3)cm 3个不同还田深度交叉处理。结果表明:0.25~0.02mm的微团聚体为优势粒级,秸秆还田使各土层0.25~0.02,0.25mm的团聚体含量增加,而0.02~0.002,0.002mm的微团聚体含量减少,且各粒级含量的变化幅度均在S1层最大。不同秸秆量处理下不同土层,不同粒级的微团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)较无秸秆还田均有所增加。同时,施用不同量秸秆能提高土壤各粒级微团聚体中有机碳及腐殖酸含量,且在同一土层中随粒级减小,有机碳及腐殖酸含量增加,而在不同土层内,有机碳及腐殖酸含量表现为S1S2S3。胡敏酸与富里酸比值对于不同土层,不同粒级的微团聚体则呈现不同的变化趋势。秸秆还田能促使土壤微团聚体向更大粒级的团聚体转化,有效增强土壤肥力的同时改善了土壤结构。     

Humusveränderungen nach Einbringung von Buche und Eiche in Kiefernreinbestände

Humus changes after introduction of beech and oak into Scots‐pine monocultures Medium‐ and long‐term (16 to 83 years) effects of an introduction of broadleaf‐tree species (Common beech [Fagus sylvatica] and European‐Sessile Oak [Quercus robur/petraea]) into mature Scots‐pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands on humus type and chemical properties of the Oh layer (pH value, base saturation, C : N ratio) were studied on 16 sites in Bavaria/Germany. The sites investigated covered a large range with respect to elevation, climate, parent material, and soil type. At most sites, the introduction of beech resulted in a significant change of the soil humus type from biologically inactive humus types to more active ones. The strongest changes occurred on the poorest sites, where forest floors under pure pine were particularly biologically inactive. In most cases, the changes in humus type were accompanied by significant increases in the pH value and the base saturation and significant decreases in the C : N ratio of the Oh layer. However, the latter effect was not noticed at most sites with initial C : N ratios higher than 30. In contrast to beech, the introduction of oak did not result in a systematic change of the humus type, the pH value, or the base saturation of the Oh layer. In spite of the considerable change of humus type under beech to biologically more active types, the introduction of broadleaf trees did not result in a systematic change of the thickness or the mass of the forest floor. A decrease in the mass of the Of layer was compensated by an increase of the Oh‐layer mass. All studied sites considered, the introduction of broadleaf trees into Scots‐pine monocultures resulted on average in an 8% decrease of the total amount of organic carbon (C_org) in the forest floor; the C_org amount in the uppermost 10 cm mineral soil increased by 9%. At 35% of all investigated sites, broadleaf tree introduction resulted in increased (+5% to +18%) topsoil (forest floor and uppermost 10 cm mineral soil) C_org stocks. At 30% of the sites, the stock changes were less than ±5%, and on 35% of all sites, soil C_org stocks decreased by –5% to –36%. The average change in the topsoil C_org stock for all studied sites was –5%. The introduction of beech into Scots‐pine monocultures resulted in an ecologically desired translocation of soil organic matter from the forest floor into the mineral topsoil. It is an effective and sustainable silvicultural measure to restore and revitalize acidified, nutrient‐depleted topsoils with biologically inactive humus types.     

Dicyandiamide sorption-desorption behavoir on soils and peat humus

The sorption-desorption behavior of dicyandiamide (DCD) is an important chemical process that affects DCD fate and mobility in soils. Therefore, this study quantified DCD sorption-desorption on a phaeozem (Mollisol), a burozem (Alfisol), a soil with organic matter-removed and peat humus using the batch-equilibration procedure, and identified soil properties that influenced DCD sorption. The sorption on peat humus was higher than that on the phaeozem and the burozem, with much lower sorption observed on the soil with organic matter-removed, indicating that soil organic matter was the main carrier of DCD sorption. Due to its amphipathic property the DCD molecule sorption on the phaeozem and the burozem decreased as pH increased from about 2 to 5, but a further increase in pH led to a rise in DCD sorption.The DCD desorption hysteretic effect for peat humus was greater than that for the phaeozem and the burozem using 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl2 as the background electrolyte, suggesting that the hydrophobic domains of organic matter may play an important role in DCD sorption.     

连续提取对土壤腐殖质组分数量与特性的影响

以暗棕壤为供试土壤,研究了NaOH和NaOH+Na4P2O7连续提取对土壤腐殖质组分数量和特性的影响。结果表明:用两种提取剂得到的土壤腐殖质组分总量相差不大,并且其中HA组分的数量均高于FA组分。随提取次数增加,胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和胡敏素(HM)的绝对数量均下降,HA、FA的相对数量也下降,而HM的相对数量则增加。以NaOH为提取剂时,最后得到的腐殖质组分中FA的相对比例高于HA;而用NaOH+Na4P2O7为提取剂时,最后得到的腐殖质组分中HA的相对比例则高于FA。连续提取过程中,HA、FA的色调系数(Δlogk)和活化度(AD)通常呈增加趋势,而相对色度(RF)下降,说明后提取出的HA、FA的缩合度较低,脂族性较强。用RF来表征HA、FA特性变化更为合适。