绵羊精液冷冻保存技术研究综述（上）：稀释液

本文综述迄止１９９３年绵羊精液冷冻保存技术的体外和输精试验研究结果，包括精液冻前处理，降温和解冻。稀释液最早用于牛精液冷冻，但效果不太好，后来不断加以改进。已研究的稀释液有柠檬酸盐一糖类，奶类，蔗糖类，棉子糖类，三基类和其他含保护剂（甘油和卵黄）的，抗氧化剂的溶液，所试用的许多种稀释在不同情况下保存精液，均获得了较高的存活率。冻精子宫颈输精的产羔率与冷冻技术和输精操作有关，但都低于稀释的新鲜精液。     

冷冻保存对绵羊精子顶体蛋白酶活性的影响

为了检测冷冻保存对绵羊精子顶体蛋白酶活性的影响,试验采用改良的明胶膜片法对冷冻保存前后小尾寒羊精子顶体蛋白酶的活性进行研究。结果表明:冷冻保存后精子顶体蛋白酶阳性反应率[(47.00±2.55)%]和平均成环直径[(23.89±0.22)μm]与冷冻前精子顶体蛋白酶阳性反应率[(77.00±2.00)%]和平均成环直径[(37.26±0.47)μm]相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。说明冷冻保存对绵羊精子顶体蛋白酶活性造成显著性损伤。     

海藻糖对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响

在传统的Tris-柠檬酸-葡萄糖稀释液基础上，分别添加25％、50％、75％、100％的海藻糖，研究不同浓度海藻糖对猪精液冷冻后精子质量的影响。结果表明，海藻糖相对于对照TCG稀释液能够显著改善和提高猪精液的冷冻效果，其最佳添加浓度为25％，冷冻-解冻后猪精子活力、活率、线粒体活性、质膜完整性以及顶体完整率均显著提高（P〈0．05），分别达到41．38％、46．34％、44．56％、43．51％和64．09％。海藻糖可以明显抑制精子获能，获能处理前精子获能率仅为3．68％，而获能处理后达到41．82％，有利于促进精子获能。精液稀释液中甘油的适宜添加浓度为2％，海藻糖只有与甘油共同作用，才能在冷冻-解冻过程更加有效地保护精子。猪精子活力、活率、线粒体活性、质膜完整率、顶体完整率等之间存在极显著的正相关关系（P〈0．01），而与获能处理前精子的获能率存在显著的负相关关系（P〈0．05）。     

绵羊精子磷代谢的研究

经过对绵羊精子磷代谢的初步研究证明，无机磷在精子的代谢中起重要作用，要提高并维持精子较高的活力，可以采用物理手段，或稀释液中加入某种化学物质（如肌肽）以促进精子的代谢活动，从外界摄取较多的无机磷，合成了ＡＴＰ供给精子活动所需要的能量。     

绵羊精液冷冻保存研究进展

绵羊精液保存技术目前虽然已进入生产应用阶段,但冷冻精液人工授精受胎率低仍是限制绵羊冷冻精液进行生产推广的重要因素。目前,对于绵羊精液冷冻的研究主要集中在冷冻稀释液组分和冷冻程序等方面。文章针对国内外有关绵羊精液冷冻保存稀释液、冷冻程序、解冻方法和冷冻损伤等研究进展作一综述,旨在对今后精液冷冻保存研究提供一定的参考。     

绵羊精液冷冻保存技术的研究进展

随着现代科学技术的发展,中国畜牧业的规模化和集约化程度越来越高,绵羊的人工授精技术也进入了应用阶段,从中可以提高优秀种羊的利用率和提高种羊配种效益,降低饲养的费用,提高繁殖的质量,但由于受胎率低的原因,现在处于研究阶段或小范围内使用。文章分析介绍了绵羊精液稀释液中的成分、稀释方法、冷冻温度、冷冻-解冻方法对绵羊精液品质的影响等,对绵羊精液冷冻保存技术提供参考。     

鸵鸟卵黄对猪精子冷冻后质量的影响

为了提高猪冷冻精液品质和精子抵抗低温打击的能力,本研究以5%、10%、15%、20%和25%等不同浓度的鸵鸟卵黄作为冷冻保护剂,以20%的鸡蛋卵黄和20%的鸽蛋卵黄为对照,将冷冻-解冻后的精子活率、质膜完整率和顶体完整率作为评价指标,分析鸵鸟卵黄对猪精子的抗冷冻保护作用。结果表明：稀释液中添加20%鸽蛋卵黄时,精子活率、顶体完整率和质膜完整性分别为52.11%、55.62%和54.94%,显著高于其他组（P〈0.05）。虽然稀释液中添加15%鸵鸟卵黄时,冷冻-解冻后精子活率、顶体完整率和质膜完整率显著高于5%、10%、20%和25%鸵鸟卵黄组,但仍然显著低于稀释液中添加20%鸽蛋卵黄处理组。本研究表明,鸵鸟卵黄在冷冻过程中对猪精子具有一定的保护作用,但相对于鸽子蛋和鸡蛋卵黄效果并不理想。     

绿原酸对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响

为探究绿原酸对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响,分别在TCG稀释液中添加不同浓度(15、30、50、80和100 pg/mL)的绿原酸,通过测定冷冻-解冻后精子的活率、顶体完整率、质膜完整率、DNA完整率、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性来判定对保存效果的影响.结果表明,当添...     

AMPK激活剂在绵羊精液冷冻保存中的作用研究

旨在研究AMPK激活剂二甲双胍（metformin,Met）和阿卡地新（acadesine,AICAR）对绵羊精液冷冻保存效果的影响。本研究首先在冷冻基础稀释液中分别添加不同浓度（0、100、200、300、400、500 μmol·L^-1）的Met和AICAR,冷冻解冻后根据精子活力、运动性能和结构完整性指标筛选出最佳的添加浓度（400 μmol·L^-1 Met、200 μmol·L^-1 AICAR）;然后分别使用不同的冷冻稀释液（对照组：稀释液;Met组：含400 μmol·L^-1 Met的稀释液;AICAR组：含200 μmol·L^-1 AICAR的稀释液）冷冻精液,解冻后检测精子中AMPK蛋白表达、顶体酶活性、代谢指标、线粒体功能以及抗氧化酶活性。结果表明,稀释液中添加400 μmol·L^-1 Met和200 μmol·L^-1AICAR均可显著提高解冻后精子活力、运动性能及精子结构完整性（P<0.05）,其中400 μmol·L^-1 Met组精子总活力达43.20%,顶体完整率为91%,质膜完整率为46%。与对照组相比,Met组和AICAR组解冻后精子中AMPK磷酸化水平显著升高（P<0.05）;顶体酶活性显著提高（P<0.05）;丙酮酸水平显著下降（P<0.05）,乳酸脱氢酶活性、乳酸以及ATP含量均显著升高（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,Met和AICAR组稀释液更有利于维持线粒体膜电位（P<0.05）,提高ATP酶（P<0.05）以及抗氧化酶的活性（P<0.05）。添加适当浓度的AMPK激活剂可以提高绵羊精液冷冻保存的效果。     

鸵鸟卵黄低密度脂蛋白对猪精子冻后品质的影响

在家畜精液冷冻中,卵黄被广泛应用,且其中的低密度脂蛋白(LDL)对精子起主要保护作用。本研究利用含6%、7%、8%和9%鸵鸟卵黄LDL配制的稀释液制作猪细管冷冻精液,分析鸵鸟卵黄LDL对冷冻-解冻后猪精子质量参数的影响。结果表明:在含不同浓度鸵鸟卵黄LDL的稀释液中,8%LDL的稀释液冷冻效果最好,冻后精子活率平均可达52.13%,显著高于其他组(P<0.05);精子顶体完整率平均为58.33%,质膜完整率为72.38%,与其他处理组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。但与鸡蛋卵黄LDL和鸽子蛋卵黄LDL处理组相比,鸵鸟卵黄LDL处理组冷冻-解冻后猪精子质量参数相对较低。本研究表明,虽然鸵鸟卵黄LDL在冷冻过程中对猪精子具有一定的保护作用,但相对于鸽子蛋和鸡蛋卵黄LDL效果并不理想。     

葡萄籽原花青素对猪精液冷冻保存效果的研究

在猪精液冷冻基础液中分别添加0μg/mL,10μg/mL,20μg/mL,30μg/mL,40μg/mL,50μg/mL的葡萄籽原花青素,通过对冷冻-解冻后猪精子的动力学参数、生理参数以及生化参数的检测,旨在研究其对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响。结果表明,当葡萄籽原花青素添加浓度为20μg/mL和50μg/mL时,解冻后精子活力、活率、顶体完整率、线粒体活性、质膜完整性和酶活性都显著高于对照组(P0.05),但是两组间比较差异不显著(P0.05)。与对照组和其他实验组相比,当葡萄籽原花青素添加浓度为40μg/mL时,精子畸形率降低了9.30%,精子活力、活率、顶体完整率、线粒体活性和质膜完整性分别提高了12.59%、11.78%、14.27%、12.53%和11.96%(P0.05)。当葡萄籽原花青素的添加量为40μg/mL时,MDA的量最低为1.16nmol/mg,SOD和GSH-Px酶活性最大分别为77.36U/mg、35.21U/mg。结果显示,在猪精液稀释液中添加一定浓度的葡萄籽原花青素,可以显著提高冷冻-解冻后猪精子品质和抗氧化能力。当葡萄籽原花青素的添加量为40μg/mL时,其对猪精子冷冻保存效果最好。     

Effects of Egg Yolk Source on the Cryopreservation of Stallion Spermatozoa

Three experiments were conducted to determine whether replacement of chicken egg yolk, as a component of freezing extenders, with egg yolk from other avian species would improve the post-thaw motility and percentage of intact acrosomes of stallion spermatozoa. In the first experiment, substitution of chicken egg yolk with chukar egg yolk, as a component of the lactose-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extender, improved (P ≤ .05) the post-thaw motility of stallion spermatozoa. These results were not replicated in (IMV Technologies, Maple Grove, MN, USA) a more expansive study comparing 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8% egg yolk combined with INRA 96 when a “slow freeze” method was used, or the same substitution at levels ranging from 13% to 22% when egg yolk was combined with lactose-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for diluents used for a “fast freeze” method of cryopreservation. In the third study, egg yolks from regular and high omega-3 chicken eggs as well as from turkey, chukar, and mallard duck eggs were analyzed for lipid content and fatty acid profile. The yolk from the turkey eggs was higher (1,300 mg/100 g) and that from mallard ducks was lower (560 mg/100 g) in cholesterol as compared with the two types of chicken eggs and chukar egg yolk (range, 1,046-1,094 mg/100 g). In addition, the high omega-3 eggs did test higher for fatty acids (4.51 g/100 g) than other types of eggs (range, 0.28-0.73 g/100 g). Substitution of chicken egg yolk with turkey, but not duck, egg yolk resulted in higher post-thaw total motility (P ≤ .05) for spermatozoa obtained from two of the three stallions used in the third experiment.     

Effects of Cryopreservation on Bull Spermatozoa Distribution in Morphometrically Distinct Subpopulations

Assisted sperm morphometry analysis (ASMA) was used in this study to determine the effects of cryopreservation on bull spermatozoa distribution in morphometrically distinct subpopulations. Ejaculates were collected from five bulls and were divided. One portion was diluted at 30 degrees C in a skim milk-egg yolk medium, containing glycerol. A microscope slide was prepared from single extended sperm samples prior to freezing. The remainder of each sample was frozen in nitrogen vapours. After thawing, sperm smears were prepared as described above. All slides were air dried and stained with Hemacolor. The sperm-head dimensions for a minimum of 200 sperm heads were analysed from each sample by means of the Sperm-Class Analyser (SCA), and the mean measurements recorded. Our results showed that applying the ASMA technology and multivariate cluster analyses, it was possible to determine that three separate subpopulations of spermatozoa with different morphometric characteristics coexist in bull ejaculates (large, average and small spermatozoa). The mean values of each sperm head dimension among the three subpopulations of spermatozoa were significantly different (p < 0.001). Besides, there were significant (p < 0.001) differences in the distribution of these three sperm subpopulations between fresh and thawed samples. Thus, the percentage of representation of the subpopulation that includes those spermatozoa whose dimensions are the biggest, decreased from 52.06% in extended fresh samples to 15.51% in the thawed ones. Contrarily, the percent of representation of the subpopulation containing the smallest spermatozoa, increased from 8.70% in extended fresh samples to 34.04% in the thawed ones. In conclusion, the present study confirms the heterogeneity of sperm head dimensions in bull semen, heterogeneity that vary through the cryopreservation procedure.     

影响马精液冷冻保存效率的因素分析

马精液冷冻保存技术对提高马的繁殖效率有重要意义,多种因素会对冷冻保存精液的精子造成损害。本文综述了精清、抗冻剂、微生物、过氧化作用、渗透压、冷冻和解冻等影响马精子冷冻保存的因素,旨在为提高马精液冷冻保存技术的效率、促进我国马产业更快发展提供理论依据。     

芝麻酚对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响

为了探究芝麻酚对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响,用手握法采集成年杜洛克公猪精液,预处理后添加不同浓度芝麻酚(0,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20和0.25g/L)的冷冻稀释液进行稀释,冷冻-解冻后检测猪精子活率、质膜完整性(低渗肿胀试验)、线粒体活性、顶体完整性、DNA完整性以及超氧化歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性等。结果显示:当芝麻酚添加浓度为0.20g/L时,解冻后精子活率、线粒体活性、质膜完整率和顶体完整率为最高,相比较于对照组,分别提高了12.67%、19.07%、18.78%和14.09%(P0.05);MDA含量最低为2.04nmol/mL(P0.05);SOD和GSH-Px酶活最高为73.04U/mL和237.59U/I(P0.05)。当芝麻酚添加浓度为0.25g/L时,DNA完整性最高为72.46%(P0.05)。当芝麻酚添加浓度为0.15g/L时,CAT酶活最高为3.44U/mL(P0.05)。结果表明:与对照组相比较,在猪精液冷冻稀释液中添加适当浓度的芝麻酚能显著提高解冻后猪精子活率、功能完整性和抗氧化能力(P0.05),且当芝麻酚的浓度为0.2g/L时对猪精子冷冻保存效果最好。研究结果表明,芝麻酚作为一种天然抗氧化剂,对猪精子冷冻保存具有良好的效果。     

冷冻家猫附睾精液效果初探

为了筛选出适宜冷冻家猫精液的稀释液、冷冻保护剂和解冻温度,本试验采用家猫附睾精液,分别用2种不同的稀释液,3种不同的冷冻保护剂进行稀释、冷冻和解冻。结果显示,Ⅱ号稀释液冷冻效果优于Ⅰ号稀释液。用乙二醇作为冷冻保护剂,解冻后家猫精子活率达到52.7%±4.9%,畸形率为37.3%±4.2%,顶体完整率为52.4%±4.1%,各项指标均显著高于甘油组和二甲基亚砜组（P<0.05）;其中甘油组解冻后活率为35.5%±7.6%,顶体完整率为39.8%±4.4%,高于二甲基亚砜组的33.6%±7.3%和39.1%±4.1%,但两者之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。37 ℃水浴解冻后顶体完整率为36.4%±8.7%,显著高于30 ℃水浴解冻后的25.3%±6.7%（P<0.05）,但它们之间的活力,畸形率差异不显著,总体上37 ℃的解冻效果优于30 ℃。因此,乙二醇和稀释液Ⅱ配合使用冷冻家猫附睾精液效果较好,37 ℃为较优解冻温度。     

褪黑素对羊精液低温保存效果的影响

为研究精液低温保存稀释液中添加不同浓度褪黑素对羊精液低温保存效果的影响,本试验将不同浓度褪黑素(0、10、20、40、80mg/L)添加到羊精液低温保存稀释液中,通过分析5d内各组之间的精子活率、顶体完整性、质膜完整性、线粒体活性等精子质量评定指标的差异。结果表明:经过5d的保存,20mg/L试验组对山羊精液的精子活率、顶体完整率、质膜完整率以及线粒体活性均显著高于其他试验组(P0.05)。说明适度浓度(20mg/L)的褪黑素有利于提高精子保存品质;但随着添加褪黑素浓度的升高(至80mg/L),精子低温保存效果下降明显。     

Cryopreservation of Sheep Primordial Follicles

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of 1 M dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PROH) and glycerol (GLY) to cryopreserve primordial follicles. The first evaluation was performed soon after cryopreservation and the second evaluation after 4 days of in vitro culture, using the cryoprotectants that allowed the higher results (higher follicular survival rate) after cryopreservation. The results after follicular isolation (control) and cryopreservation using 1 M DMSO, EG, PROH and GLY showed that the mean number (+/- SEM) of live follicles per millilitre was 3204 (100%) +/- 319.27, 2798 (87%) +/- 239.14, 2492 (78%) +/- 345.8, 448 (14%) +/- 46.3 and 208 (7%) +/- 75.26, respectively. Higher follicular survival was reported when DMSO and EG were used. Control follicles and follicles cryopreserved with these two cryoprotectants were cultured and the percentage of follicular survival was 55% (control), 42% (EG) and 34% (DMSO). Similar results were found between control and follicles cryopreserved with EG. In conclusion, 1 M EG is the most effective cryoprotectant to preserve primordial follicles isolated from ovaries of sheep.     

Determination of Appropriate Cryopreservation Protocols for Epididymal Cat Spermatozoa

Effects of Equex and glycerol additions and sample dilution step on frozen–thawed epididymal cat spermatozoa were investigated. The epididymal sperm pellets were resuspended in extenders using one‐ (groups III and IV) or two‐ (groups I, II, V and VI) step dilution. For one‐step dilution, the pellets were resuspended in plain egg yolk‐Tris medium (EYT) + 5% glycerol with (IV)/without (III) 0.5% Equex and cooled (4^°C, 1 h). For two‐step dilution, the pellets were resuspended in EYT (I and V) and in EYT + 3% glycerol (II and VI), cooled and further diluted with EYT + 10% glycerol with (I)/without (V) 1% Equex and with EYT + 7% glycerol with (II)/without (VI) 1% Equex. Immediately after freeze–thawing, no differences (p > 0.05) were found in the motility, viability and membrane integrity (HOST) among the groups except the lowest HOST in IV (p = 0.005 to p = 0.04). The acrosome integrity (FITC) in group I was comparable to that in group II (p > 0.05) and was higher than the rest (p < 0.001 to p = 0.02). At 2 h after thawing, the motility, viability and HOST were comparable among the groups (p > 0.05) except the lower percentages of viability in III (p = 0.008 to p = 0.3) and of HOST in IV (p = 0.005 to p = 0.2). Two‐step dilutions with Equex (I, II) were more beneficial for the FITC at 2 h than without Equex (V) (p = 0.005 and p = 0.02) and than one‐step dilutions (III, IV) (p < 0.001 to p = 0.02). In conclusion, epididymal cat sperm quality after freeze–thawing could be improved when Equex was added and two‐step dilution was performed during freezing. The extenders prepared for the first step of dilution could be with (3%) or without (0%) glycerol.