Horse Preference,Forage Yield,and Species Persistence of 12 Perennial Cool-Season Grass Mixtures Under Horse Grazing

Cool-season grass mixtures are rarely evaluated for preference, yield, and persistence under horse grazing. The objectives of this research were to evaluate horse preference, forage yield, and persistence of cool-season grass mixtures under horse grazing. Eight commercially marketed and four experimental perennial cool-season grass mixtures were planted in 2009 in a randomized complete block with five replicates and grazed by four adult horses during 2010, 2011, and 2012. All mixtures contained four to six cool-season perennial grass species. Specie density measurements were taken in each spring and fall, and yield was mechanically measured before each grazing period. After grazing, preference was determined by visually assessing percentage of forage removal on a scale of 0 (no grazing) to 100 (100% of vegetation removed). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance and liner regression. Horses preferred mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy (P < .001). Horses had less preference for mixtures containing ≥30% orchardgrass (P < .001). Mixtures had similar (P = .11) forage yields that ranged from 6,100 to 7,082 kg ha⁻¹. After 2 years of grazing, orchardgrass and tall fescue increased; Kentucky bluegrass remained stable; and festulolium, meadow fescue, and perennial ryegrass had the greatest rate of decline in mixtures. Orchardgrass became the dominate species, regardless of initial percentage in the mixture. Mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy should be planted in midwestern US horse pastures; however, mixtures will likely transition to tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass–dominated pastures.     

4种草坪草在不同土壤介质中去除雨水氨氮的效果

为了考察在海绵城市雨水花园建设中典型草坪植物对城市非点源污染中氨氮的去除效果,采用盆栽试验的方式,研究了不同土壤渗滤层下4种典型草坪植物(地毯草、早熟禾、高羊茅、黑麦草)对模拟径流污染中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明:以沙土Ⅱ为土壤渗透层的雨水花园具有更好的氨氮去除能力;在以沙土Ⅱ为土壤渗透层的雨水花园中四种典型草坪植物的氨氮去除率能达到93.90%~99.90%,去除效率由高到低分别为黑麦草、地毯草、早熟禾、高羊茅;一定氨氮浓度范围内,随着氨氮浓度的升高,4种草坪草对氨氮污染物的去除能力也提高;4种草坪草中,将高羊茅与黑麦草配合种植对氨氮污染物的截留及去除能力最强。     

Water-Soluble Carbohydrates of Cool-Season Grasses: Prediction of Concentrations by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Evaluation of Effects of Genetics,Management, and Environment

An excess of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) can present a risk for horses prone to pasture-associated laminitis or some other metabolic conditions. Determining WSC concentrations in commonly grazed cool-season grasses, at different times of day and under different fertilization treatments, can help optimize grazing times and management strategies. The goals of this study were to develop a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration curve for WSC and to apply it to four cool-season grass species. Tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, and perennial ryegrass (10 cultivars) were sampled every two to four weeks from plots with or without added nitrogen, in the morning and afternoon. WSCs were quantified colorimetrically for a sample subset, and these values were used to develop an NIRS calibration predicting WSC concentrations with 90% accuracy. An interaction of species, nitrogen treatment, time of day, and harvest date influenced WSC concentrations in 10 harvests (P = .040). A modest positive relationship was observed between photosynthetically active radiation and WSC concentration when morning and afternoon samples were included (r = 0.503; P = .024). On nine harvest dates, perennial ryegrass or tall fescue were highest in WSC. High-WSC cultivars included “Aberzest” and “Calibra” perennial ryegrass, “Ginger” Kentucky bluegrass, and “Bronson” and “Cajun II” tall fescue. Water-soluble carbohydrates did not exceed 150 g/kg freeze-dried weight, possibly due to assay method, sampling times, or defoliation. The results suggest that minimizing WSC intake for horses may be possible by cultivar choice, grazing time, or mowing frequency.     

土壤铜污染对5种草坪草生长指标的影响

通过模拟土壤铜污染处理,对2种暖季型(狗牙根Cynodon dactylon、结缕草Zoysia matrella)和3种冷季型(高羊茅Festuca arundinacea、草地早熟禾Poa pratensis、多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne)草坪草种的生长指标进行了分析.结果表明:铜污染处理对狗牙根草坪的地上部分叶片生长量的影响不显著,对根系生长量和叶绿素含量的影响也明显小于结缕草;铜污染处理未引起冷季型草坪的叶绿素含量的下降,对高羊茅草坪的密度影响不显著,对叶片生长量的影响也明显小于草地早熟禾和多年生黑麦草,而草地早熟禾虽然叶片生长受到了严重的抑制,但根系生长未受到显著影响,也表现出了对土壤铜污染的一定的耐性.因此,铜污染土壤的植被恢复和绿化可以选用暖季型的狗牙根草种或者冷季型的高羊茅或草地早熟禾草种.     

丝茅侵入量对3种冷季型草坪草竞争力及生长潜力影响的差异

通过复合取代试验设计,设置5个侵入梯度,模拟丝茅入侵高羊茅、草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草3种冷季型草坪幼坪,测定草坪草单株生物量、相对产量、相对产量总和、攻击力和竞争力及株高、分蘖数、茎基和根系性状等指标,研究侵入量对3种草坪草竞争力及生长潜力影响的差异。结果表明,1)丝茅与草坪草为拮抗关系,3种草坪草相对产量、相对产量总和极显著受丝茅入侵的影响(P<0.01),随侵入量增加草坪草的攻击力指数和种间竞争力不断下降,草种是影响草坪草攻击力和竞争力的主要因子,丝茅侵入量次之,受影响顺序为高羊茅>早熟禾>黑麦草;2)丝茅草侵入对3种草坪草分蘖数、茎基性状和根系性状均有显著影响,对分生再生能力的影响顺序为早熟禾>黑麦草>高羊茅,对根长和根生物量影响顺序为黑麦草>早熟禾>高羊茅;3)幼苗期黑麦草的现实攻击力和竞争力显著大于高羊茅和早熟禾(P<0.05),丝茅入侵对黑麦草根系胁迫度显著大于高羊茅和早熟禾(P<0.05),致使其生长潜力降低;高羊茅竞争力和攻击力虽低,而茎基和根系性状受丝茅入侵影响显著低于黑麦草和早熟禾,保持了极高的潜在生长力;4)丝茅入侵对3种草坪草竞争力和生长潜力均有影响,必将导致草坪种群组成与结构的破坏。所以,加强草坪养护、防治丝茅入侵,是提高草坪品质、延长草坪寿命的根本途径。     

Summer fescue toxicity in dairy steers fed tall fescue seed

Seeds of the tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb .) cultivars Kentucky 31 and an experimental ryegrass X tall fescue hybrid derivative strain (G1-307), and orchard grass (OG) seed were fed in a carrier diet to calves in controlled environmental rooms (31 to 32 C). Both tall fescue varieties produced symptoms of summer toxicosis in dairy steers. Total feed intake (P less than .01) and water intake (P less than .01) of calves were reduced by the tall fescue seed diets when compared with orchard grass. Steers fed G1-307 and Kentucky 31 tall fescue lost (NS) 17.5 and 7.8 kg of body weight, respectively, while those consuming orchard grass gained (P less than .01) 6.2 kg during the experiment. Rectal temperatures were lower (P less than .05) in the calves fed OG (39.4 C) when compared with those fed G1-307 (40.6 C) and Kentucky 31 (40.8 C) tall fescue seed, respectively. In a second trial Kentucky 31 seed was fed in a carrier diet to Holstein steers at graded levels of 0, 350, 700 and 1,050 g seed/d. Consumption of 700 and 1,050 g seed/d adversely affected performance of steers. Total feed intake was lower and water intake was reduced (P less than .05), with rectal temperatures being elevated (P less than .01) in these two groups when compared with 0- or 350-g treatments. No significant differences were detected in body weight changes in this trial. Respiration rates were not significantly affected in either trial. Results of these trials with the young bovine indicate that a toxic substance(s) is present in tall fescue seed.     

冷季型草坪草在环渤海旱碱区的适应性评价

针对环渤海低平原区较复杂的环境条件、恶劣的立地条件及目前草坪建植中存在的引种盲目、失败率高、寿命短等问题，通过对引进的4个草种37个品种的生育期、抗逆性、坪用价值等进行综合评价，结果表明：高羊茅为最适合的草种，草地早熟禾较适合，多年生黑麦草不适宜单播，可和高羊茅以适当的比例混播，紫羊茅不适宜在该区种植。筛选出最优良的高羊茅品种为皇后、贝克，草地早熟禾为亨特、普通、兰神、奖品。     

Woody Cover and Grass Production in a Mesquite Savanna: Geospatial Relationships and Precipitation

Woody plant effects on grass production at specific points in some rangeland savannas may be a function of numerous surrounding woody plants with lateral roots that extend into those patches of grass. This study determined the effects of increasing zones of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) influence on the production of three perennial grass types (C₄ shortgrasses, C₃ midgrasses, and C₄ midgrasses) at specific points in gaps between mesquite trees in each of five years. Mesquite canopy cover was determined by geospatial analysis of aerial images for progressively increasing zones (0–5, 0–10, 0–15, and 0–20 m radius) surrounding each grass production point. The woody cover/grass production relationships were mostly linear for C₄ shortgrasses and C₃ midgrasses, and mostly a declining exponential curve for C₄ midgrasses in all canopy zones, indicating that C₄ midgrasses were most sensitive to increasing mesquite cover, especially at covers >30%. The relationship between mesquite cover and C₄ shortgrass production was strongest (i.e., highest r²) when the smallest woody cover zones (0–5 and 0–10 m) were included. In contrast, the relationship between cover and C₄ midgrass production was strongest when the largest zones (0–15 and 0–20 m) were included. These differences were attributed to an inability of C₄ midgrasses to persist in smaller intercanopy gaps resulting from increases in mesquite density and infilling. Annual precipitation and C₃ annual grass invasions played a large role in determining the woody cover/grass production relationship for each grass type. This study illustrates the complexity involved in quantifying woody cover/grass production relationships in savanna ecosystems. Maintaining productive stands of C₄ midgrasses may be facilitated by maintaining woody cover below 30% threshold levels and possibly by limiting grazing during episodic high rainfall events in midsummer when this grass type becomes somewhat decoupled from woody cover effects.     

Physical Characteristics,Shade Distribution,and Tall Fescue Effects on Cow Temporal/Spatial Distribution in Midwestern Pastures

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution of water resources may occur from congregation of cattle near streams or ponds. Therefore, relationships of physical characteristics, shade distribution, and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) prevalence in cool-season grass pastures to the temporal/spatial distribution of grazing cattle were evaluated in two studies on beef cow/calf farms. Global positioning system (GPS) collars recorded the location of 2–3 cows per pasture at 10-min intervals for 5–14 d in the spring, summer, and fall annually. Pasture botanical composition was visually assessed annually. In Study 1, cow location was recorded on five pastures ranging in size from 13 ha to 125 ha with 1.9–3.8% of the pasture area in a stream or pond (water source) and 2–30% of the pasture area within 30.5 m of the water source (waterside zone) for 3 yr. Shade covered 27–73% of the pasture area with 3–64% of shade located within waterside zone. In Study 2, cow location was recorded in three pastures with areas of 8 ha, 10 ha, and 15 ha with 17.8%, 43.4%, and 14.7% of the total area and 28%, 73%, and 68% of the total shade in the waterside zone for 1 yr. In Study 1, proportions of cow observations within the waterside zone increased with decreasing pasture area (r² = 0.61) and increasing proportions of the total pasture area (r² = 0.37) and shade (r² = 0.29) within the waterside zone. In Study 2, proportion of cow observations in the waterside zone increased as the proportion of total area (r² = 0.62) and shade (r² = 0.42) in the waterside zone increased. Results imply more restrictive measures to minimize the risks of NPS pollution of water resources may be most effective in smaller and narrow pastures.     

Restoring Tallgrass Prairie and Grassland Bird Populations in Tall Fescue Pastures With Winter Grazing

Restoration of grasslands dominated by tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix [Scop.] Holub) to native tallgrass prairie usually requires burning, herbicides, or reseeding. We tested seasonal grazing by livestock in winter, combined with cessation of fertilization, as a restoration tool for modifying the competitive dynamics among herbaceous plants to restore tallgrass prairie communities in southeastern Kansas. In 2004–2005, we compared responses of grassland plants and birds across a chronosequence of pastures that were winter-grazed from 1 yr to 5 yr. We compared winter-grazed pastures to pastures grazed year-round and to local native prairie remnants as starting and endpoints for restoration, respectively. Abundance of native warm-season grasses increased from 2% to 3% mean relative frequency in pastures grazed year-round to 18% to 30% in winter-grazed pastures, and increased with duration of winter-grazing. Native warm-season grasses accounted for 1–6% of total live aboveground biomass in pastures grazed year-round, 1–34% in winter-grazed pastures, and 31–34% in native prairie remnants. Tall fescue abundance and biomass were similar among grazing treatments, with a trend for tall fescue to be less dominant in winter-grazed pastures. Tall fescue made up 9–40% of total aboveground biomass in year-round grazed pastures and 10–25% in winter-grazed pastures. Grassland birds showed variable responses to winter-grazing. Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and Henslow’s sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) were more abundant in winter-grazed pastures, whereas eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and grasshopper sparrows (A. savannarum) had similar abundance in pastures grazed year-round and during winter. Winter-grazing of pastures dominated by tall fescue combined with suspension of nitrogen fertilization could be an effective restoration technique that allows use of prairie rangeland while improving habitat for sensitive grassland birds.     

结缕草草坪复播高羊茅及种群竞争机理研究

本文研究在结缕草草坪复播高羊茅的方法，１９９４－１９９７年连续三年测定群落中高羊茅和结缕草的密度，美国度和频度，进而探讨较为适宜的复播方法和复播效果。结果表明，每平方米复播０ｇ高羊茅是加之划土深度３ｃｍ是较适宜的复播产加复播量和加深划土深度，将增加高羊茅的优势度而减少结缕草的优势度，从而导致复合草坪群落趋向以高羊茅为优势的方向演替。     

行间生草葡萄园土壤微生物量与土壤养分的通径分析

在酿酒葡萄(Vitis vinifera)园行间播种白三叶草(Trifolium repens L.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb),以清耕为对照,研究了土壤微生物量、土壤微生物呼吸强度和土壤微生物熵的变化及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明:与清耕(对照)相比,白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮含量,显著降低了速效磷含量;而高羊茅处理土壤有机质和速效钾含量显著低于清耕。白三叶草、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅处理土壤微生物量C含量分别比清耕增加65.2%,61.6%和6.7%;微生物量N含量分别比清耕增加53.6%,52.4%和15.0%。各生草处理土壤微生物熵均显著高于清耕,但土壤微生物呼吸强度与清耕之间无显著差异。微生物学指标总体与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾呈显著或极显著正相关,与全磷和速效磷呈显著或极显著负相关。通径分析表明,碱解氮、全氮是影响土壤微生物量C、N和微生物呼吸强度、微生物熵重要的直接作用因子。     

脱落酸、蔗糖和硅对高羊茅和草地早熟禾耐荫性的影响

为探索外源物质对草坪草耐荫性的作用效果及其最佳浓度,在57%遮荫胁迫下,选用脱落酸(ABA)(0,0.02,0.06和0.10mmol·L^-1)、蔗糖(0,600,800和1000mg·L^-1)和硅酸钠(0,0.50,1.00和1.50mmol·L^-1)对盆栽高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和草地早熟禾(Poa pretensis)进行处理。结果表明:各浓度ABA对提高2种草坪草耐荫性没有效果,反而加重胁迫,明显抑制植株的生长,严重影响草坪外观质量;适宜浓度的蔗糖和硅酸钠能不同程度的促进2种草坪草的生长,提高其耐荫性;800mg·L^-1蔗糖和0.50mmol·L^-1硅酸钠对高羊茅处理效果最佳,600mg·L^-1蔗糖和1.50mmol·L^-1硅酸钠对草地早熟禾处理效果最佳。     

Behavior, preference for, and use of alfalfa, tall fescue, white clover, and buffalograss by pregnant gilts in an outdoor production system

Sustainable outdoor pig production requires vegetation that can maintain ground cover, assimilate manure nutrients, and prevent soil erosion. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the suitability of four forages: alfalfa (Medicago sativa), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), white clover (Trifolium repens), and buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides) for grazing or ground cover in pastures for pigs. Each forage plot covered 7.5 m2, with nine replicates in a randomized block design. In Exp. 1, eight pregnant gilts had free access to all forages during a 2-d adjustment period. Immediately thereafter, pairs of gilts were assigned randomly to one of each of four blocks of the four forages during a 2-d measurement period. The percentage of ground cover for each forage was visually estimated at 0, 24, and 48 h of study. Behavioral data, including walking, eating, grazing, rooting, drinking, standing, lying, and time spent in hut were video-monitored continuously for 48 h. Initial percentage of ground cover was 100% for all species. By 48 h, percentage of ground cover decreased (P < 0.001) for white clover (11.3 +/- 0.88%) and alfalfa (36.3 +/- 0.88%), but not for tall fescue (98.0 +/- 0.88%) or buffalograss (98.0 +/- 0.88%). Gilts spent more (P < 0.01) time grazing white clover (16.3 +/- 1.97 min/d) and alfalfa (11.2 +/- 1.97) than tall fescue (0.8 +/- 1.97) or buffalograss (0.3 +/- 1.97), and rooted more (P < 0.04) white clover than other forages. In Exp. 2, six gilts from the initial group were put on six blocks of the four forages. Each gilt was assigned randomly to three replicates of each forage, including alfalfa, tall fescue, or buffalograss (white clover was excluded because of damage by gilts during Exp. 1), and gilts grazed single forages for 2 d. After this grazing period, the percentage of ground cover was less (P < 0.01) for alfalfa than for buffalograss or tall fescue (37.5 +/- 0.38, 96.7 +/- 0.39, 96.3 +/- 0.39%, respectively). With access to a single forage, pregnant gilts spent more (P < 0.01) time grazing alfalfa (15.8 +/- 2.36 min/d) than buffalograss (1.5 +/- 2.36) or tall fescue (0.7 +/- 2.37). These gilts clearly preferred grazing white clover and alfalfa, and rooting and eating white clover compared with buffalograss or tall fescue. Rates of ground cover loss were less (P < 0.01) for tall fescue and buffalograss than for the more preferred forages. Less preferred forages could have potential as pasture for swine when the primary objective is ground cover maintenance rather than nutrient supply.     

北京地区三种草坪草蒸散量与需水特性初探

在北京地区试验地,对3种冷季型草坪草进行了3种水分处理并同时观测全年生育期内的蒸发蒸腾(ET)及环境中各生态因子,采用蒸发皿自由水蒸发系数法确定各草种的草坪系数。结果表明:当年全生育期内,在不同水分处理下蒸散量的规律为:高羊茅>草地早熟禾>多年生黑麦草;3种草种的生长季内草坪系数介于0.626~1.167,平均草坪系数为:高羊茅0.899,草地早熟禾0.864,多年生黑麦草0.875,同时对草坪耗水量及耗水特征作了初步探讨,提出在北京地区草坪草理论最适灌溉量为500mm,为北京地区草坪草水分管理提供了理论基础。     

环渤海旱碱区冷季型草坪草引种筛选研究

针对环渤海低平原区较复杂的环境条件、恶劣的立地条件及目前草坪建植中存在的引种盲目、失败率高、寿命短等问题,通过对引进的4个草种37个品种的生育期、抗逆性、坪用价值等进行综合评价,鉴定出高羊茅为最适合的草种,草地早熟禾较适合,多年生黑麦草不适宜单播,可以和高羊茅以适当的比例混播,紫羊茅不适宜在该区种植。筛选出最优良的品种高羊茅为皇后、贝克,草地早熟禾为亨特、普通、兰神、奖品。     

Induction of tall fescue toxicosis in heat-stressed cattle and its alleviation with thiamin

Livestock grazing endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum)-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Kentucky 31) at high ambient temperatures may suffer from fescue toxicosis. Adult Angus cows (Bos taurus) were fed 0 to 1 kg/d of 70% infected tall fescue seed containing about 4.4 g of loline alkaloids in factorial combination with thiamin at 0 or 1 g/d. Cows assigned to the zero level of tall fescue seed received a supplement of equivalent energy and protein. Ingestive behavior was measured at 1330 to 1430 EDT during two 4-d periods in two consecutive weeks in August on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pastures using a tethered grazing system. Alfalfa intake per measured grazing session of cows given tall fescue seed declined linearly (P less than .01) as air temperatures during grazing increased above 25 degrees C, largely because of shorter grazing meals. Thiamin increased alfalfa intake per measured grazing session by extending grazing time. Alkaloids in ingested endophyte-infected tall fescue induce thiamin deficiencies in cattle that result in symptoms of tall fescue toxicosis.     

NaCl胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以3种冷季型草坪草黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)种子为材料,研究了6个NaCl浓度(0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)处理下的种子萌发和幼苗生长指标。结果表明:随着盐浓度的升高,3种冷季型草坪草种子发芽势、发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽率和发芽指数均受到不同程度的抑制,盐浓度越高抑制越明显。3种冷季型草坪草的相对发芽势、相对发芽率与盐浓度均呈抛物线趋势。黑麦草、高羊茅和早熟禾的临界耐盐浓度分别为1.09%,1.11%和1.10%。高羊茅种子萌发期的耐盐性最好,其次,早熟禾和黑麦草。早熟禾幼苗生物量的下降幅度较小,细胞膜透性和脯氨酸含量的增加幅度较大,幼苗耐盐性表现为早熟禾高羊茅黑麦草。从种子萌发和幼苗生长状况综合分析,3种草坪草中高羊茅的耐盐性较好,可用于盐渍土草坪建植,有利于更好地发挥其耐盐和改良作用。     

Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Flooding Pampa Grasslands (Argentina)

We postulate that phosphorus (P) fertilization may increase above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) of rotationally grazed rangelands without reducing the legume component, as does N fertilization. In doing so, we evaluated the effect of phosphate fertilization on the production and relative contribution of legumes and grasses of native and old tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) grasslands; we recorded annual production, seasonal productivity, and biomass contribution of each component. The experiment was conducted in a commercial farm located in the Flooding Pampa and managed under rotational grazing. Treatments consisted of two fertilization programs (66 (P₆₆) and 29 (P₂₉) kg P · ha^-1 supplied as rock phosphate and/or monoammonium phosphate from 1997 to 1999) and a nonfertilized control. A paddock dominated by native grassland and another dominated by old tall fescue grassland were selected. Nine 5-ha plots were established in each paddock, and treatments were randomly assigned. During the experimental period, from October 1998 to October 1999, total above-ground biomass was harvested from each plot before and after each grazing period and separated into components: tall fescue, other C₃ perennial grasses, legumes, C₃ annual grasses, C₄ grasses, forbs, and standing dead material. ANPP of each component was estimated during the warm (October 1998–February 1999) and the cool (March 1999–September 1999) season. In native grassland, phosphate fertilization increased ANPP of C₃ annual grasses and legumes during both the warm and the cool seasons; therefore annual ANPP of the grassland under P₆₆ was 40% higher than under P₂₉ and doubled ANPP of nonfertilized plots. Phosphate fertilization didn't increase total annual ANPP of old tall fescue grassland, but it did increase ANPP of legumes during both seasons.     

四种冷季型草坪植物对镉的耐受性与积累特性

高羊茅、草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草和匍匐剪股颖在镉(Cd)污染土壤上有很高的耐受力,但它们对Cd的耐受性和积累能力鲜有报道。4种冷季型草坪植物在不同Cd浓度(50, 100, 200, 400 mg Cd/kg)下处理60 d,本文对4种草坪植物在Cd胁迫下的生理响应及地上部和根系的Cd含量进行了研究。从Cd胁迫对草坪植物的草坪质量、相对生长速率、草坪密度、地上部和根系的生物量、叶片电导率、叶片相对含水量和叶片光化学效率的影响可以看出,高羊茅对Cd的耐受性最好,其次为多年生黑麦草,再次是草地早熟禾,匍匐剪股颖对Cd的耐受性最差。本研究还发现草坪植物在Cd胁迫下,叶片相对生长速率和根系生物量比其他的生理指标敏感。4种草坪植物地上部和根系的Cd浓度和积累量随着处理浓度的增加而增加。在相同Cd浓度处理下,草地早熟禾地上部Cd浓度最高,高羊茅和匍匐剪股颖次之,多年生黑麦草地上部的Cd浓度最低。4种草坪植物中根系Cd浓度最高的是多年生黑麦草。在50~400 mg Cd/kg处理下,草地早熟禾的转运系数和萃取率最大,多年生黑麦草的转运系数和萃取率最小。在相同Cd处理水平下,草地早熟禾地上部的Cd积累量比其他3种草坪植物高,匍匐翦股颖根系生物量低导致其根系的Cd积累量最低。本研究结果表明,4种草坪植物对Cd有较强的耐受性和积累能力,它们具有应用于Cd污染土壤上植物固定的潜力。