杨树新品系美黑3号与黑小2号的选育

1　材料与方法1.1　材料来源美黑 3号是以美杨 ( Populuspyramidalys)为母本 ,黑杨 ( Populusnigra)为父本的人工杂交种 ,黑小 2号为中国林科所以欧亚黑杨 ( P.nigra)为母本 ,小叶杨 ( P.simonii)为父本的杂种无性系 ,这两个无性系主要是在林区条件下选育的 ,在黑龙江东部山区的江山娇林场、东方红林业局进行了生长对比试验 ,并引种至苇河、海林、双城等地。1.2　试验方法根据选种目标和自然条件的特点 ,主要对冻害、病害、虫害、干形、冠幅、高生长、径生长等指标进行统计分析及材性分析。2　结果与分析2 .1　美黑 3号、黑小 2号主要生长…     

银中杨与小黑杨林带防护林功能比较

通过对兰西县长岗乡长荣村的几个完整农田防护林网栽植的银中杨与小黑杨同龄林带生长情况及防护功能进行调查分析、比较,结果表明:从生长情况看,银中杨比小黑杨胸径增长33.60 个百分点,树高增长28.57 个百分点。公顷蓄积增长126.75个百分点;从防护功能看,银中杨林带防护成熟龄比小黑杨提前4 a,同小黑杨相比,银中杨萌蘖力强,可萌蘖更新,降低造林成本。基于银中杨上述优点,在黑龙江省的杨树农田防护林采伐更新中应推广银中杨。     

黄快杨试管苗生根及移栽成活率的研究

对黄快杨试管苗诱导生根和移栽进行试验研究,结果表明:以1/2MS+IBA0.05+NAA0.01为生根培养基,平均每株生根数为6.9个,根长为1.6 cm,根较粗壮,有侧根,较少产生愈伤组织,移栽后成活率较高。移栽基质分别采用珍珠岩(粗:细为1:1)、蛭石、蛭石:珍珠岩(1:1)、粗珍珠岩、细珍珠岩,其中,以珍珠岩作为基质的移栽成活率较高,尤以粗颗粒的珍珠岩基质最好,移栽成活率可达98.2%。     

The control of soil polarization in Populus simonii and Quercus liaotungensis forests by forage litter on the Loess Plateau,P. R. China

Soil polarization in pure forest stands affects the stability and sustainable development of the ecosystem. The most effective approaches to the prevention of soil polarization may be the use of forage...     

Characterization of juvenile wood to mature wood transition age in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) at different stand densities and sampling heights

The radial pattern of both maximum ring density and ring area of 36 black spruce trees were used to determine the transition age from juvenile wood to mature wood. The data were obtained by X-ray densitometry and both segmented linear and polynomial regressions were used to point out the age of the juvenile wood boundary. Three stand densities (1,790, 2,700 and 3,400 stems/ha) and three sampling heights (2.4, 5.1 and 7.8 m) were studied. Although maximum ring density and ring area presented similar radial patterns, they gave two significantly different results of transition ages. The maximum ring density over-estimated the transition age (17.6 years) in contrast to ring area (14 years). The results show that the transition from juvenile wood to mature wood occurred after 12 years at 7.8 m (versus 13.1 years at a height of 5.1 m, and 17.6 years at 2.4 m). Although transition age occurred later in the high stand density group (21 years), the difference was not significant between the three stand density groups. Nevertheless, transition age remains difficult to determine since no standard definition exists. The transition occurs over years, and most probably a transition wood exists between juvenile wood and mature wood. Estimation of the juvenile wood proportion in volume shows that it remains constant along the stem and it increases with stand density.     

黑林1号杨组培叶片不定根的发生与内、外源激素关系的研究

采用石蜡切片法观察了黑林1号杨(小黑杨×波兰15ACL)叶片在外源激素0.3 mg/L NAA的诱导下不定根的发生过程。结果表明,诱导10 d左右,叶脉处薄壁细胞开始旺盛活动并脱分化,形成不定根根原基,随后这些根原基细胞群不断分裂和分化,15 d以后组培叶片上陆续形成肉眼可观察到的不定根。采用间接酶联免疫法测定叶片生根过程中内源激素IAA、ZR、GA3和ABA的动态变化,探讨了内、外源激素与叶片不定根发生的关系。结果显示:不定根的发生与内源IAA水平状况有密切关系;ZR对不定根根原基的发生没有明显的作用,但在不定根的进一步生长发育阶段中发挥着重要作用;低水平的GA3、高水平ABA和较高比值的ABA/GA3利于不定根的发生。     

Effects of near-lethal heat stress on bud break, heat-shock proteins and ubiquitin in dormant poplar (Populus nigra Charkowiensis x P. nigra incrassata)

We assessed the effects of near-lethal heat stress on bud break, heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and ubiquitin in hybrid poplar (Populus nigra (L.) Charkowiensis x P. nigra (L.) incrassata). Shoots, with 10-15 buds each, were collected from September to March and exposed to temperatures between 20 and 60 degrees C for 2 h. Shoots were then placed in a greenhouse at 18-22 degrees C with supplemental light and cumulative bud break was recorded over a 4-week period. Samples of bud tissues were collected during and up to 96 h after heat treatment for protein analysis. De novo synthesis of proteins was monitored by exposing excised buds to [(35)S]-methionine for 3 h before, during, or after heat treatment. Heat treatments of 40-45 degrees C resulted in both a release from endodormancy and a decrease in thermal units needed for bud break during ecodormancy. The response to near-lethal heat stress was complex and was affected by intrinsic thermal sensitivity. Heat treatments were least effective during August and became progressively more effective as endodormancy progressed. In the later stages of ecodormancy, a heat treatment of 45 degrees C either inhibited bud break or killed the buds. Although temperatures of 42.5 to 45 degrees C inhibited incorporation of [(35)S]-methionine into proteins for at least 48 h, several HSPs were synthesized in response to temperatures of 40-45 degrees C. Immunoblots indicated that one of the heat-induced proteins was immunologically related to HSP70. Increases in free and conjugated forms of ubiquitin were also observed in response to heat treatment. Production of HSPs and ubiquitin, however, was not consistently associated with the heat treatments that induced the highest percentage of bud break. The roles of heat-induced protein degradation, HSPs, and ubiquitin in overcoming dormancy by near-lethal heat stress are discussed.     

黑龙江省小黑杨人工林分生长收获模型研究

基于黑龙江省5期一类调查数据中587个小黑杨人工林样地,建立了小黑杨人工林生长与收获联立方程组预估模型,采用三步最小二乘法估计模型参数。结果表明:模型拟合及检验结果良好,确定系数(R2)均在0.96以上,模型检验精度均在96%以上,可用于估计黑龙江省小黑杨人工林断面积和蓄积量。     

不同挥发物诱导的合作杨叶片中POD,PPO及PAL活性变化

以1年生合作杨扦插苗为试验材料,利用茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)分别与水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)、顺式己烯醛(cis-hexenal)、反式己烯醛(trarts-hexenal)和苯骈噻唑(benzothiazole)混合的4种挥发物熏蒸合作杨叶片,检测过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)3种防御酶的活性变化.结果表明:经过4种混合挥发物熏蒸后,合作杨叶片中POD,PPO和PAL活性都有明显的升高,并且2种挥发物混合的诱导效果要高于单独一种挥发物,但不仅仅是每一种挥发物诱导效果的相加之和.从诱导酶活增加的效果来看,在这4种混合挥发物中,MeJA+cis-hexenal的诱导能力最高.     

桥山林区油松奥地利黑松生长量调查

本文对桥山林区引进奥地利黑松进行生长量对比试验研究分析,奥地利黑松适应桥山林区气候条件,具有生长迅速、生长稳定等特点,可以作为渭北黄土高原今后荒山绿化和营造防护林主要树种之一,也为今后引进新树种提供技术依据.     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨 5 0号为母本和青杨 5个种源 (各 10个单株 )为父本杂交 ,获得杂种F1代无性系 ,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明 ,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异 ,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异。杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著 ,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著 ,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响 ,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异 ,具有选择潜力。杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨50号为母本和青杨5个种源(各10个单株)为父本杂交,获得杂种F1代无性系,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究.结果表明,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异.杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异,具有选择潜力.杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性.     

西北地区银中杨育苗插穗对比试验

根据银中杨扦插生根困难的特性,在西北地区通过插穗对比扦插试验初步探索了育苗方法。药剂处理方法中采取质量分数为1.0×10-4的10号、1号ABT生根粉溶液中浸泡3~8 h后,插穗的成活率最高;催根方式中,地热丝催根后成活率最高;插穗选择最优的部位为中段;最佳长度为20 cm。     

Litter dynamics and soil properties under different tree species in a semi-arid region of Rajasthan,India

Litterfall and decomposition are the two main processes accounting for soil enrichment in agroforestry. The extent of enrichment in soil properties depends on the tree species, management practices and the quantity and quality of litter. A field investigation was carried out to study litterfall production, decay rates, release of nutrients and consequent changes in soil physicochemical properties under crowns of four multipurpose tree species (MPTs) in irrigated conditions in farm fields. The species were Prosopis cineraria (L.), Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) ex DC, Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. and Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Annual accretion of litter ranged from 36 to 54 kg tree⁻¹ year⁻¹ and was highest under D. sissoo and lowest under A. nilotica. Total litterfall production was in the order: P. cineraria > A. leucophloea > A. nilotica > D. sissoo. P. cineraria showed the highest NPK concentration in litter. For all MPTs, a large pulse of litterfall coincided with the winter season (November to February). Litter of P. cineraria decomposed fastest while that of A. nilotica was slowest. More than 95% of the leaf litter of P. cineraria decomposed in 6 months, of D. sissoo in 7 months and A. leucophloea and A. nilotica in 9 months. Decomposition rate of litter was highly correlated with neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (r = −0.94) and P (r = −0.91) concentration. N, P and K release were best correlated with NDF, acid detergent fibre (ADF), P, lignin, lignin/N and C/P ratios and NDF alone explained 88% to 94% of the variability in litter decomposition and nutrient release rates. There was significant build up of soil organic carbon and available NPK in the agrisilvicultural systems but also a decrease in soil pH. Build up in soil fertility was significantly correlated with litterfall and soil improvement was greatest under P. cineraria.     

Growth dynamics and biomass accumulation of 8-year-old hybrid poplar clones in a short-rotation plantation on a clayey-sandy mining substrate with respect to plant nutrition and water budget

In 1995 a short-rotation plantation (2.5 ha) was established in the mining region Welzow-Süd in Brandenburg, Germany, on a clayey-sandy, lignite- and pyrite-free substrate in order to study the biomass potentials of fast-growing tree species (hybrid poplar clones). In this study, special emphasis was placed on yield aspects as well as on the interaction between soil and plants, especially with regard to the plant nutrition and soil–water relationships. So far, the results indicate that the cultivation of hybrid poplar clones in a short-rotation plantation is an adequate tool for establishing alternative land-use systems in the post-mining landscape as a potential source of biomass energy. Aboveground biomass production ranged from 24–49 t dry matter (DM) per hectare at age 8. In particular during this period of investigation, nitrogen nutrition of the clones decreased to below a threshold of 20 mg g^–1 DM in the year 2002. Investigations of the water budget of low- and high-yielding clones indicated that differences in the biomass accumulation seemed to be accompanied by different water-use efficiencies.     

Allelic variation in the coumarate 3-hydroxylase gene associated with wood properties of Catalpa fargesii Bur.

Coumarate 3-hydroxylase(C3h)genes partici-pate in the synthesis of lignin and may affect the proper-ties of wood that are important for its commercial value.A b...     

Effects of continuous nitrogen addition on microbial properties and soil organic matter in a Larix gmelinii plantation in China

Continuous increases in anthropogenic nitrogen(N) deposition are likely to change soil microbial properties, and ultimately to affect soil carbon(C) storage.Temperate plantation forests play key roles in C sequestration, yet mechanisms underlying the influences of N deposition on soil organic matter accumulation are poorly understood. This study assessed the effect of N addition on soil microbial properties and soil organic matter distribution in a larch(Larix gmelinii) plantation. In a 9-year experiment in the plantation, N was applied at100 kg N ha~(-1) a~(-1) to study the effects on soil C and N mineralization, microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and C and N in soil organic matter density fractions, and organic matter chemistry. The results showed that N addition had no influence on C and N contents in whole soil. However,soil C in different fractions responded to N addition differently. Soil C in light fractions did not change with N addition, while soil C in heavy fractions increased significantly. These results suggested that more soil C in heavy fractions was stabilized in the N-treated soils. However,microbial biomass C and N and phenol oxidase activity decreased in the N-treated soils and thus soil C increased in heavy fractions. Although N addition reduced microbial biomass and phenol oxidase activity, it had little effect on soil C mineralization, hydrolytic enzyme activities, d13 C value in soil and C–H stretch, carboxylates and amides, and C–O stretch in soil organic matter chemistry measured by Fourier transform infrared spectra. We conclude that N addition(1) altered microbial biomass and activity without affecting soil C in light fractions and(2) resulted in an increase in soil C in heavy fractions and that this increase was controlled by phenol oxidase activity and soil N availability.     

Decomposition responses of pine (Pinus massoniana) needles with two different nutrient-status to N deposition in a tropical pine plantation in southern China

? The effect of nitrogen (N) deposition on the decomposition of pine (Pinus massoniana) needles in a tropical pine plantation was studied. The pine needles with two different nutrient status (nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor) were used, followed by 3-levels of N treatments (Control: no N addition, Low- N: 5 g N m^?2 y^?1, and Medium-N: 10 g N m^?2 y^?1 experimental inputs), which had been applied for 26 months continuously before this experiment and continued throughout the decomposition measurement.

? The main objective was to test the hypothesis that decomposition of nutrient-rich needles would be more sensitive to cumulative N deposition than the decomposition of nutrient-poor needles.

? Nitrogen addition had negative effect on mass loss, and the release of N and P from decomposing nutrient-rich needles but little or no effect on the decomposition of nutrient-poor needles. In addition, a negative effect in the initial decomposition phase and a positive effect in later decay stages were found on C release. The negative effect was stronger on nutrient-rich needles than on nutrient-poor needles, but the reverse was true for the positive effect.

? Our results suggest that response of litter decomposition to N deposition may vary depending on the nutrient status of the litter.