Variation in stem-growth and branch-wood traits among provenances of Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. from the Peruvian Amazon

Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. is an important tree for timber, charcoal and firewood in the Peruvian Amazon. The first provenance trial was established on farms in three zones located in one watershed in the Peruvian Amazon. The three zones differ in soil fertility and rainfall. Seven provenances from the Peruvian Amazon were tested in all three zones. Variation in four stem-growth traits (height, diameter, number of nodes and branches) and two branch-wood traits (basic density, heat content) was analyzed 18 months after establishment. There were significant differences in stem height and number of stem nodes among provenances in the analysis across zones. Provenance-related variation in stem-growth traits was most significant in the zone with the most fertile soils and highest rainfall. Branch-wood traits did not vary significantly among provenances in the analysis across zones or within zones. Branch-wood heat content was correlated with latitude, increasing from north to south, but this was only observed in a zone with low soil fertility and intermediate rainfall. Branch-wood density was correlated positively with stem diameter in the driest zone, but negatively with stem nodes in the intermediate zone and with stem height in the wettest zone. Results illustrate the potential for selection of fast-growing provenances, and the importance of replicating trials on different test environments to detect variation among provenances.     

24年生马尾松生长、形质和木材基本密度的种源变异与种源区划

利用设置在浙江省淳安县姥山林场的24年生49个产地的马尾松种源试验,以研究和揭示已达主伐年龄时马尾松生长、形质和木材基本密度的种源差异和地理变异模式,通过聚类进行种源区划并选择优良种源.结果表明:马尾松生长、形质和木材基本密度皆存在显著的种源差异,种源胸径、树高和材积生长及树干通直度呈典型的纬向倾群变异模式,这种变异主要是由其产地水热资源条件差异引起的.较之于北部种源,南部的种源生产力水平高且树干通直.种源木材基本密度虽与产地经纬度相关性较小,但却与产地年均温、1月均温、无霜期和≥10℃积温呈显著的负相关.性状遗传相关分析结果显示,选择生产力高的速生种源可同时改良树干通直度 会明显降低其木材基本密度.根培种源聚类结果,可将马尾松划分为南部、中部和北部3个种源区,并分别纸浆材和锯材筛选出19个和6个优良种源,这些优良种源主要来自马尾松的南部种源区,部分来自中部种源区.     

Correlations and clines in tree growth and wood density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Balanites aegyptiaca</Emphasis> (L.) Delile provenances in Niger

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile provides wood and other essential products for farming and pastoralist communities in the West African Sahel. In this region, mean annual rainfall decreases in general from south to north and from west to east, so one might expect clinal variation in fitness-related traits in relation to the rainfall gradients. This paper presents results from a provenance/progeny test of 11 provenances sampled in Niger and established at one relatively dry site in Niger. The objectives were to evaluate phenotypic correlations (Pearson r) between tree growth (height, stem diameter) and basic density of the wood, and clines in growth and density at 13 years. Tree growth and wood density were positively correlated, and the correlations differed among provenances. Mean tree height and stem diameter of provenances increased, in general, from the more humid to the drier parts of the sample region. Results suggest that selection of faster-growing trees could lead to an increase in wood volume and density in the subsequent generation, especially in certain provenances; that provenances from drier areas are better adapted to drought; and that tree improvement and conservation programs should collect seeds from populations in the drier areas for planting and conservation.     

Genetic variation in wood color and its correlations with tree growth and wood density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calycophyllum spruceanum</Emphasis> at an early age in the Peruvian Amazon

Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Shum. is an important timber-tree species in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Markets currently prefer wood with a uniform, light yellow color, but these preferences may change in the future. As farmers and industry commonly use wood from young trees, it is important to investigate genetic and environmental variation in juvenile-wood properties to assess whether tree improvement programs could make adjustments to changing preferences. A provenance/progeny test was established to evaluate genetic variation in growth and wood properties of young trees, the strength of their genetic control as well as their interrelationships both at the genetic and the phenotypic level in different planting zones. This paper presents analyses of variation in wood color at 39 months, and their correlations with tree growth and wood basic density. CIELab means for lightness ranging from black to white (L), green to red hues (a*) and blue to yellow hues (b*) were 67.63, 5.34 and 22.12, respectively; means for chroma (C) and hue angle (h)* were 22.76 and 76.43, respectively (C and h* were estimated from a* and b*). Significant variation due to provenances and especially due to families within provenances was found in some wood color characteristics, and some color characteristics also differed significantly among planting zones. Genetic correlations indicate that, in general, selection of faster growing trees and/or trees with denser wood would have little effect on wood color and its uniformity. In general, wood color had relatively low heritability (h _i ²): among all trees, h _i ² = 0.31 for L; and variance due to families was not significant for a* and b*. Genetic control of color was highest in the planting zone where trees grew most rapidly: h _i ² = 0.48 and 0.52 for a* and b*, respectively; but variance due to families was not significant for L. Results suggest that selection based on wood color would be more effective in zones with more fertile soils and higher rainfall.      

7年生木荷生长和木材基本密度地理遗传变异及种源选择

针对福建建瓯的7年生33个产地的木荷种源试验林,研究揭示其生长和木材基本密度的种源差异及地理变异模式,并依据聚类分析结果进行速生优质种源选择。结果表明,木荷胸径、树高、枝下高、材积指数和木材基本密度等存在显著或极显著的种源变异,其中以材积指数的种源变异最大。木荷生长和木材基本密度的种源变异主要受产地温度影响,呈典型的纬向变异模式,来自纬度较低、温度较高产地的木荷种源,其树高、胸径和材积指数等生长量较大,木材基本密度较小。木荷各性状间也存在相关性,其木材基本密度与生长性状呈显著负相关。除存在显著的种源效应外,不同重复间的微立地效应也非常显著,在较差立地条件下,木荷种源的生长量较小,但木材基本密度呈现增大趋势。基于生长和木材基本密度进行种源聚类,可大致将木荷划分为中心种源区、中部种源区和北部种源区3个种源区。同时,以高于材积指数和木材基本密度种源总体均值为选择标准,分别初选出17个速生型和11个速生优质型木荷优良种源,其中多数优良种源来源于南岭山脉—武夷山脉的中心种源区。     

Variations and phenotypic correlation of growth attributes of Calliandra calothyrsus in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica

Forested land cleared for agriculture in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica rapidly loses its productivity leading to further slash-and-burn cultivation and the degradation of more forest. Contour hedgerows of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner have been shown to reduce water runoff and soil erosion, and products of the species have a wide range of uses in the local farming community. A trial was established at 1550 m in which the locally naturalised population of C. calothyrsus was compared with seven provenances from across the species' ecological range. There was considerable variation between provenances of C. calothyrsus in all the above-ground growth variables measured and, although the local provenance performed moderately well, it was clear that there is potential to improve the suitability of the species for a range of local uses by the introduction of new provenances. One provenance combined high above-ground productivity with low fine root-length density, especially in the inter-hedgerow area: it offers particular potential for use in simultaneous agroforestry systems providing wood and foliage products whilst not imposing high levels of competition with crop plants for below-ground resources. Although there were significant differences between provenances in the distribution of roots between the hedgerow and inter-row areas, they did not differ in the distribution of roots between soil depths. There were only limited differences between provenances in the response of their subsequent growth to harvesting. However, significant block × provenance interactions suggested that the performance of C. calothyrsus provenances may be difficult to predict between sites and farmers should be encouraged to carry out trial planting of a number of provenances to find those which best match their farm environment and needs.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同种源马尾松纸浆材制浆性能的差异分析

以不同种源马尾松纸浆材为研究对象,分析比较其化学组分、纤维形态与纸浆性能。结果表明:福建武平、广西岑溪、广东信宜3个外地种源马尾松木材的α-纤维素含量、纤维长度、长宽比以及纸浆的裂断长、耐破指数均大于闽北当地种源,苯醇抽出物含量低于闽北当地种源;不同种源马尾松木材的纸浆得率十分相近,而广东信宜种源马尾松木材密度高于其他3个种源,其单位体积木材可制得更多的纸浆;马尾松3个外地种源比闽北当地种源更适合用于造纸用材。     

Pigeon pea for fallow improvement in slash-and-burn systems in the hills of Laos?

Calliandra calothyrsus has been reported to have potential for agroforestry in the humid lowlands of West and Central Africa. Provenance evaluation of the species was initiated in Yaounde, Cameroon with the objective of identifying adapted provenances with desirable traits for inclusion in evaluation of the management of various agroforestry technologies being developed for the humid lowlands of the region. Fifteen provenance seed collections from Central America and southeast Asian sources were included in the trial. Results indicate that enormous genetic variation exists between these provenances. The highest yielding provenance produced 1.8 and 2.5 times, respectively, wood and leaf biomass compared to the lowest yielding provenance. Most of the provenances evaluated flowered during the first six months after establishment while all the provenances (15) flowered by the end of the first year. However, this initial flowering did not result in productive pod development and seed setting. Two years after planting, the trees were cut at a height of 0.05 m above ground level, and more than 80% of the stumps of all the provenances re-sprouted. Leaf nitrogen content ranged between 2.25% and 2.78% of dry weight. Six provenances had above average values in at least five of the six desirable traits considered i.e.: height, growth, stem development, leaf biomass, wood biomass, leaf litter productivity and total nitrogen content of leaves; these are recommended for further testing for inclusion in appropriate technologies for soil fertility improvement. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

木荷种源苗期干物质积累和分配差异

利用28个木荷种源的苗期测定材料,研究了不同种源的干物质积累和分配规律。结果显示:木荷苗期单株及其根、茎、叶各器官的干物质积累量在不同种源区间和种源区内不同种源间存在显著的遗传变异,这种变异主要来源于种源区内种源间,其次是来源于不同种源区间。木荷苗期单株及各器官的干物质积累量呈典型的纬向渐变模式,即南部种源区>中部种源区>北缘种源区,而与经度的相关性较小。研究发现,不同种源区间木荷干物质积累量在地下和地上部分的分配比例(即根冠比)遗传分化较小,变异主要来源于种源区内种源间,木荷种源根冠比表现为随机变异的地理模式,自然分布区内降雨量丰富,较少干旱胁迫可能是其主要的原因之一。     

马褂木地理遗传变异和优良种源选择

利用设置在福建省邵武市的马褂木全分布区种源试验林（15个种源）8年生测定材料，首次系统研究了造林死亡率、侧枝形成分叉干率、生长、干形和木材基本密度等性状在种源间的遗传差异及其地理分异模式，结果显示，马褂木种源效应非常显著，但由于生境片断化导致的小种群效应和距离隔离效应等，除木材基本密度受产地经度影响外，上述诸性状多呈随机分布，不存在典型的倾群变异模式。通过系统聚类仅可将成马褂木粗略地划分成2个聚类大组和4个聚类亚组，并按照纸浆材和胶合板材不同培育目标，分别选择确定了相应的优良种源。研究发现，马褂木对立地环境反应敏感，种源与立地环境互作显著，在商品林建设时应予充分重视。     

不同种源火炬松和湿地松木材基本密度和管胞长度的变异

对1984年种植在广西和浙江的22个种源的火炬松及在浙江的8个种源的湿地松的木材密度和管胞长度进行了测定和分析。结果表明,两个树种的木材密度和管胞长度在种源间和种源内单株间均表现出显著差异,但株间差异较种源间差异显著得多。不同地区火炬松的差异较之同一地区不同种源间的差异更为显著。种源、地区的交互作用对火炬松的木材密度和管胞长度都表现出显著影响,种源和单株的交互作用对两个树种的木材密度也有显著影响。两个树种的木材材性与年轮宽度之间没有显著的相关关系。与马尾松和早期引种的火炬松、湿地松比较表明,用新引进的材料可选育出木材材质更为优良的品种。     

马尾松生长和材性的地理遗传变异及最优种源区的划定

对１０年生９０个产地的材积生长和木材性状研究表明，马尾松树干材积和木材基本密度具有显著的种源区和产地效应，树干材积由北向南逐渐增大，而基本密度的最高值在分布区的西北，由北向南逐渐减小，最低值在分布区的中带、由中带向南又略有增加，管胞长度的种源区和产地效应很小，无一定的地理变异趋势。鉴于树干材积和基本密度之间高度的负遗传相关以及两性状显著的种源效应，在进行种源或产地选择时应强调以生长量改良为主、材性     

大花序桉种源间木材物理性质变异研究

以广西东门林场18年生的11个大花序桉(Eucalyptus cloeziana)种源木材为研究对象,对它们的木材基本密度、弦向干缩率、径向干缩率等物理性质进行了测定分析,发现不同种源间、相同种源不同树干高度间所测定的物理性质指标均存在显著的差异。木材基本密度最大的种源是B85,然后依次是D47、B82,其值分别是0.7530、0.7386、0.7274 g/cm3;参试的11个种源中有8个种源的差异干缩都小于1.5,属于差异干缩小的类型;只有14425、12195和B55这3个种源的差异干缩超过1.5,但小于1.6,属于差异干缩中等类型;种源的树高、胸径生长性状与木材基本密度、差异干缩、体积全干缩率物理性状相关关系不密切,据此分别对树高、胸径等生长性状和木材基本密度、干缩率等木材物理性状进行独立选择可望获得较好的生长、物理性状改良效果。     

Early performance of Pinus radiata provenances in the earthquakeravaged dry river valley area of Sichuan, southwest China

A provenance experiment involving five native provenances and an Australian landrace of Pinus radiata (D. Don) was established over three sites in the dry river valley area of Sichuan, southwest China in 2004 in order to select the most suitable provenance for environmental planting on the dry, steep and degraded slopes to reduce soil erosion. Although with much lower soil moisture supply and mean minimum temperatures in winter compared to P. radiata provenance trials established elsewhere in the world, these sites are within the working limits of the species defined by previous climate modelling and matching. Because of the difficult site conditions and severe natural disturbances after the experiment was established, mortality was high across the three sites in comparison to provenance trials in other countries. The average mortality rate among the provenance by replicate planting units over the three sites varied from 16% to 76% four years after planting, and from 40% to 88% five years after planting. The repeated measurements of tree size over time were analysed using multilevel linear mixed models to derive growth curves for the mean, median, the 75th and the 90th percentiles of the size distribution of each provenance at each site. There were significant site effects on tree growth, but no significant interactions between site and provenance was detected. Among the six provenances, Cambria was the best performer in diameter, height and stem volume growth across all sites. The better than average and the best trees of this provenance, as represented by the 75th and 90th percentiles of the nominal stem volume distribution, were significantly larger than the Australian landrace, Año Nuevo, and the two island provenances, Guadalupe and Cedros. Monterey was overall the second best performer behind Cambria. The Australian landrace, Guadalupe and Año Nuevo had similar performances in general. Cedros was significantly and consistently inferior to all other native provenances and the Australian land race. Because the genetic base of the present Australian plantations was derived largely from Año Nuevo and Monterey, the superior early growth performance of Cambria at such difficult sites brings a new promise to the search of P. radiata provenances for the vast dryland areas in New South Wales and other parts of Australia.     

火炬松种源遗传变异研究及纸浆材优良种源评选Ⅰ.性状的地理变异和相关分析

经过３个年度种批的７４个种源其９～１２年生试验林的调查研究表明，在浙江地区火炬松种源间于生长、产量、形质和材性方面，主要性状的绝大多数存在着显著或极显著的差异，并受中度或中偏上广义遗传力的控制，干材干物质重的变幅和遗传变异系数较之其它性状更大。分析还表明，主要性状的变化与种源的原产地气候、地理位置重要因子有着复杂且多样的联系；重要性状相互间的简单相关关系亦表现不一，特别是材积和干材干物质重两性状间的各相关系数都在０．９５以上，木材基本密度与生长、产量方面的性状呈负向相关，与形质方面的性状呈正向相关     

Growth and survival of Prosopis africana provenances tested in Niger and related to rainfall gradients in the West African Sahel

Prosopis africana (Guill., Perrott. and Rich.) Taub. is important for farming and pastoralist communities in the West African Sahel. It provides a range of essential products (wood, fuel, food, fodder and medicines) and services (soil fertility improvement), and is one of many native tree species maintained in the traditional agroforesty system, known as the parkland. However, this and other valuable species are disappearing in many parts of the region due to over-exploitation and, perhaps, due to increasingly drier conditions in the region. A provenance/progeny test (275 families from 28 provenances in Burkina Faso and Niger) was established at one location in Niger to investigate geographic variation in the species. Mean annual rainfall decreases from south to north and from west to east in the seed collection area. Given these gradients, one would expect clinal variation in growth and survival of P. africana and other tree species that occur naturally in the region. Tree growth (height, number of primary branches, stem diameter at 20 cm and 1.3 m) and survival were analyzed at 11 years. Variation due to provenances was significant for growth variables and almost significant for survival. Variation due to families within provenances was not significant for any variable. Provenance means for growth and survival increased from the more humid to the drier parts of the sample region. The clines in growth and survival with regional rainfall patterns suggest that tree improvement and conservation programs should collect seeds from populations in the drier zones for planting and conservation in the West African Sahel. This may be particularly important when one considers the trend in global warming.     

Provenance variation in growth and wood properties of juvenile Cyclocarya paliurus

Cyclocarya paliurus is a highly valued and multiple function tree species. There has been increasing interest in planting and managing C. paliurus for timber production and medical use owing to loss of harvestable acreage. Seed from six provenances was collected from the main natural range of this species. Significant variation in growth and wood properties was measured among the six provenances at age 7 years. Provenance mean height and DBH varied significantly from 730–991 and 6.7–10.0 cm, whereas provenance means of wood basic density and crystallinity ranged from 463–554 kg m^?3 and 51.4–74.1 %, respectively. Mean provenance microfibril angle (MFA) at breast height ranged from 18.1° to 23.2°, while MFA at breast height varied from 11.0° to 34.5° among growth rings which showed a consistent pith-to-bark trend of declining angles. There was no significant relationship of growth rate with latitude or longitude of seed sources, however, provenances from low latitude and longitude grew faster at the trial site. Wood quality was significantly related to latitude of seed sources, showing a positive correlation for both wood basic density and wood crystallinity, but a highly negative association with MFA. Significant correlations between wood properties measured indicated that there exists a great opportunity to improve wood quality of C. paliurus through selection of juvenile trees with low MFA.     

红豆树等6种珍贵用材树种的生长特性和材性分析

利用浙江龙泉和庆元两地在较好立地上营造的21 36年生红豆树、江南油杉、伯乐树、闽楠、刨花楠和乐东拟单性木兰6种珍贵用材树种的片林,以研究其生长、干形和木材基本密度的变化规律。研究结果表明,红豆树是一个树高和胸径生长量大、径生长速生持续期长、木材基本密度中等及其径向均匀性较高的珍贵用材树种,平均年轮宽度达到0.8 1.2 cm,36年生时按宽度和面积计算心材比例分别为60.57%和37.47%。因红豆树分叉干特性明显,在栽植的第2年就应及时修枝抹芽和施肥,以培育树干通直、心材比例高的优质干材。江南油杉和闽楠等其它5种珍贵用材树种皆较少分叉干,其树干通直。闽楠以材质优良而闻名,木材密度中等,虽然其生长速度较慢,但生长势很强,年生长量稳定,加之树冠窄小,适宜长周期大径材的培育;伯乐树生长速度中等,木材密度略低,但其径向均匀性较高,宜作为优质的工艺材来培育;树冠窄小的乐东拟单性木兰生长速度中等,但其木材密度大、径向均匀性高,是优良的珍贵用材树种;江南油杉是个早期生长快而后期生长慢,木材密度中等的针叶树种,可通过加强经营管理延长速生期和提高木材密度的径向均匀性;刨花楠虽然生长速度中等,但其木材密度却较低,浸水有粘液,不宜作为珍贵用材树种培育。     

Geographic variation and genetic performance of Picea koraiensis in growth and wood characteristics

Eight provenances of 19-year-oldPicea koraiensis Nakai from the provenance trials of Maoershan (45°20′N, 127°30′E), Liangshui (47°10′N, 128°53′E) and Jiagedaqi (50°24′N, 124°07′E) in Northeast China were investigated to analyze the genetic variation in growth characteristics (tree height and diameter) and wood characteristics (tracheid length, tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, annual ring width as well as wood density). Great variation in height growth and breast height diameter growth was observed among the provenances, and along with the increase of tree age, these provenances presented different geographic adaptability. The growth characteristics ofPicea koraiensis stand at age of 10 in Maoershan and Liangshui provenance trials had a positive correlation with longitude, and with increase of tree age to 15 and 19, the tree growth of the provenances displayed a significant positive correlation with latitude as well as altitude. For wood characteristics, great variation was also found among the provenances. There exists a close relation between growth characteristics and wood properties of the provenance. The height and breast height diameter growth of the provenance had a positive correlation with tracheid diameter and annual ring width, and a negative correlation with tracheid wall thickness and wood density. Genetic performance of the provenance in all above characteristics was also investigated in order to provide more useful information for comprehensive selection of this species for pulpwood and plywood production. Foundation item: The paper was supported by National Key Project of The State Forestry Administration. (96-011-01-06) Biography: WANG Qiu-yu (1957-), female, professor in College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan