采用广义回归神经网络建立酪蛋白乳化性与疏水性关系

为了研究琥珀酰化修饰后酪蛋白乳化性与疏水性关系,该文以琥珀酰化牦牛乳酪蛋白为研究对象,分析了不同酰化程度酪蛋白乳化性及疏水性变化趋势,采用广义回归神经网络建立了牦牛乳酰化酪蛋白乳化性与疏水性关系模型。结果显示,琥珀酰化牦牛乳酪蛋白乳化性和疏水性均与酰化程度、pH值有关,pH值为5以上,随着酰化程度的增加,酪蛋白乳化活性增大;等电点附近,酪蛋白乳化活性较差,等电点之后乳化活性迅速增大。pH值介于2-6时,所有酪蛋白乳化稳定性较强,pH值介于6-11之间时,酪蛋白乳化稳定性差异较小,pH值为12时乳化稳定性有所增加。酪蛋白内荧光与1-苯胺基萘-8-磺酸(1-aniline napthalene-8-sulfonic acid,ANS)外源荧光最大荧光强度和最大发射波长随酰化程度及pH值变化表现出较为复杂的关系。通过广义回归神经网络(generalized-regression-neu-network,GRNN)建立了牦牛乳酪蛋白疏水性参数、pH值、酰化程度与乳化性关系,网络模型对乳化性的预测相对误差小于10%,预测结果良好。研究结果为酪蛋白乳化性研究提供了参考依据。     

琥珀酰化和蛋白酶改性对小麦面筋蛋白功能性质的影响

对小麦面筋蛋白进行琥珀酰化和蛋白酶复合改性以提高其溶解性及其他特性。对复合改性面筋蛋白与原面筋蛋白、琥珀酰化面筋蛋白、碱性蛋白酶改性面筋蛋白进行了比较。结果表明:在pH 3~11、水解度4%~12%的范围内,复合改性面筋蛋白的溶解度亦随着水解度的增大而增大,比原面筋蛋白、酰化面筋蛋白、中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的改性产物都高。起泡性和起泡稳定性则先增加后降低,在水解度4%时具有较佳值,但在各水解度下较单一改性的面筋蛋白产物都要低。添加复合改性面筋蛋白面团黏弹性和面包口感较好,内部结构均匀、细腻。     

猪细小病毒主要非结构蛋白与结构蛋白的密码子偏爱性分析

通过分析猪细小病毒（porcine parvovirus,PPV）主要非结构蛋白（non-structural protein,NS1）及结构蛋白（VP1、VP2）的密码子偏爱性,为三种蛋白基因表达中宿主系统的选择提供参考。运用EMBOSS（The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite）的CHIPS（Codon Heterozygosity in a Protein Coding Sequence）和CUSP（Create a codon usage table）程序对PPV的NS1、VP1和VP2蛋白基因进行分析,并将分析结果与大肠杆菌、酵母及人的密码子偏爱性进行比较。结果显示,PPV的NS1、VP1、VP2基因的Nc（Effective number of codons）值分别为39．696、36．638和36．482,表明三种蛋白存在较明显的密码子偏爱性,并且均偏爱选择第三位核苷酸为A的密码子。PPV三种蛋白与大肠杆菌、酵母及人的密码子偏爱性也有一定差异,其中与酵母的密码子偏爱性差异最小,其表达系统选择酵母较为合适。     

热处理强度对猪肉肌球蛋白结构及风味成分吸附特性的影响

为了探究热处理强度对肌球蛋白结构及风味吸附特性的影响,该文选取猪肉中肌球蛋白,采用拉曼光谱等技术,分析了不同温度（45、55、65、75、85℃）对肌球蛋白巯基总量、二级结构和表面疏水性的影响;然后选取8种典型肉品风味成分,建立肌球蛋白-风味化合物作用体系,以同一顶空内不同风味化合物浓度自由比例为指标,采用固相微萃取气质联用技术探究不同热处理强度对肌球蛋白风味吸附作用的影响。结果表明：整个热处理强度增加的过程中肌球蛋白巯基基团含量显著降低（P<0.01）;温度升至55℃蛋白分子展开,α-螺旋和β-折叠转换成β-转角及无规则卷曲结构;温度升至75℃蛋白分子变性,β-转角及无规则卷曲转换成α-螺旋和β-折叠结构;在温度升高至65℃的过程中蛋白表面疏水性持续增加,温度继续升高略有降低;蛋白对4种醛（3-甲基丁醛、戊醛、庚醛、辛醛）的吸附性在展开过程中增强,聚合过程中减弱;蛋白对2-戊酮的吸附性先降低后升高,45℃处理组最低,85℃处理组最高,对3种酮（2-庚酮、2-辛酮、2-壬酮）的吸附性呈先增加后降低再增加的趋势,蛋白变性时（75℃）显著低于其余温度条件（P<0.01）,85℃处理时显著高于其余温度条件（P<0.01）;研究结果为今后关于肉品风味形成机理的研究提供参考。     

适宜加热温度保持牦牛瘤胃平滑肌加工品质和组织结构

为研究不同温度对牦牛平滑肌加工品质和组织结构的影响。将牦牛瘤胃平滑肌分别在50、60、70、80、90、100℃条件下处理60 min后取样,考察不同温度对牦牛平滑肌蒸煮损失、热收缩率、剪切力、胶原蛋白含量和微观结构的影响。结果表明:随温度的升高,牦牛平滑肌的蒸煮损失、热收缩率、初级和次级肌束膜的厚度均显著增加(P0.05);剪切力、胶原蛋白含量和肌纤维直径均显著降低(P0.05);总体表现为牦牛平滑肌的加工品质随温度的升高而下降,组织结构随温度升高而收缩。80℃是平滑肌加工品质形成的关键温度,80℃处理60 min牦牛平滑肌的蒸煮损失为31.39%?3.08%、热收缩率为30.80%?2.15%、剪切力值为86.63 N?8.72 N、胶原蛋白质量分数为49.52 mg/g?2.84 mg/g。因此,推荐牦牛瘤胃平滑肌在80~90℃范围内熟制具有较好的加工品质和组织形态。研究结果将为含平滑肌的内脏等副产物的精深加工提供参考。     

风干牦牛肉加工过程中水分状态变化及质构相关性分析

为研究风干牦牛肉在加工过程中水分迁移规律,以及与组织结构和质构之间的相关性,该文选取甘肃甘南公牦牛半膜肌,在自然风干60 d中采集样本,采用直接干燥法分析风干牦牛肉含水率的变化,水分活度仪、低场核磁共振仪研究水分活度和水分状态,(hematoxylin-eosinstaining,HE)染色法观察组织结构变化,物性测试仪分析质构特性。结果显示,牦牛肉在风干加工60 d过程中,含水率降低了约60.27%,最终水分活度约达到0.308,降低了约66.73%。30 d时不易流动水峰积分面积降低了约98.12%,40 d后无峰出现,而结合水含量基本不变。随含水率的降低,肌原纤维横截面积、肌纤维直径以及肌间距离均显著降低(P0.05),分别降低了约42.65%、67.15%和61.22%。硬度、内聚性、胶着性和咀嚼性显著升高(P0.05),其中咀嚼性增加了约1 229.16 g,弹性及回复力则显著降低(P0.05)。不易流动水的变化与组织结构及质构各指标间均表现出极显著相关关系(P0.01)。表明牦牛肉在自然冷冻风干过程中不易流动水不断向外扩散蒸发,引起牦牛肉肌纤维收缩和聚集,导致其质构特性发生变化。研究结果可为传统风干牦牛肉加工过程中水分迁移机制以及产品品质控制提供参考。     

Empirical predictions of plant material C and N mineralization patterns from near infrared spectroscopy, stepwise chemical digestion and C/N ratios

Prediction of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization patterns of plant litter is desirable for both agronomic and environmental reasons. Near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy has recently been introduced in decomposition studies to characterize biochemical composition. The purpose of the current study was to use empirical techniques to predict C and N mineralization patterns of a wide range of plant materials incubated under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. We hypothesized that the richness of information in the NIR spectra would considerably improve predictions compared to traditional stepwise chemical digestion (SCD) or C/N ratios. Initially, we fitted a number of empirical functions to the observed C and N mineralization patterns. The best functions fitted with R²=0.990 and 0.949 to C and N, respectively. The fractions of C and N mineralized at different points in time were then either predicted directly with regression functions or indirectly by prediction of the parameters of the empirical functions fitted to incubation data. In both cases, partial least squares (PLS) regressions were used and predictions were validated by cross-validations. We found that the NIR spectra (best R²=0.925) were able to predict C mineralization patterns marginally better than the SCD fractions (best R²=0.911), but considerably better than the C/N ratios (best R²=0.851). In contrast, N mineralization was better predicted by SCD fractions (best R²=0.533) than the C/N ratio (best R²=0.497), which was better than NIR predictions (best R²=0.446). Although the predictions with the NIR spectra were only slightly better for C and worse for N mineralization compared to SCD fractions, NIR spectroscopy still holds advantages, as it is a much less laborious and cheaper analytical method. Furthermore, exploration of the applications of NIR spectroscopy in decomposition studies has only just begun, and offers new ways to gain insights into the decomposition process.     

Usefulness of near‐infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of chemical and biological soil properties in different long‐term experiments

The prediction accuracy of visible and near‐infrared (Vis‐NIR) spectroscopy for soil chemical and biological parameters has been variable and the reasons for this are not completely understood. Objectives were (1) to explore the predictability of a series of chemical and biological properties for three different soil populations and—based on these heterogeneous data sets—(2) to analyze possible predictive mechanisms statistically. A number of 422 samples from three arable soils in Germany (a sandy Haplic Cambisol and two silty Haplic Luvisols) of different long‐term experiments were sampled, their chemical and biological properties determined and their reflectance spectra in the Vis‐NIR region recorded after shock‐freezing followed by freeze‐drying. Cross‐validation was carried out for the entire population as well as for each population from the respective sites. For the entire population, excellent prediction accuracies were found for the contents of soil organic C (SOC) and total P. The contents of total N and microbial biomass C and pH were predicted with good accuracy. However, prediction accuracy for the other properties was less: content of total S was predicted approximately quantitatively, whereas Vis‐NIR spectroscopy could only differentiate between high and low values for the contents of microbial N, ergosterol, and the ratio of ergosterol to microbial biomass C. Contents of microbial biomass P and S, basal respiration, and qCO₂ could not be predicted. Prediction accuracies were greatest for the entire population and the Luvisol at Garte, followed by the Luvisol at Hohes Feld, whereas the accuracy for the sandy Cambisol was poor. The poor accuracy for the sandy Cambisol may have been due to only smaller correlations between the measured properties and the SOC content compared to the Luvisols or due to a general poor prediction performance for sandy soils. Another reason for the poor accuracy may have been the smaller range of contents in the sandy soil. Overall, the data indicated that the accuracy of predictions of soil properties depends largely on the population investigated. For the entire population, the usefulness of Vis‐NIR for the number of chemical and biological soil properties was evident by markedly greater correlation coefficients (measured against Vis‐NIR predicted) compared to the Pearson correlation coefficients of the measured properties against the SOC content. However, the cross‐validation results are valid only for the closed population used in this study.     

安徽琅琊山落叶阔叶林结构及其土壤特性

 以琅琊山落叶阔叶林为研究对象,对样地林分进行每木检尺,并对林下更新状况及土壤特性进行调查分析。结果表明:4块样地共出现树种8种(胸径≥3.0 cm),分属7科9属,以槭树科和榆树科为主;群落垂直结构简单,灌木层和草本不甚明显。乔木层中的五角枫、榉树、化香3个树种居绝对优势地位,琅琊山落叶阔叶林的树种多样性较低。不同林分土壤理化特性表现为:呈中性至微酸性反应,EC值、有机质、速效P及速效K含量都较高,N含量中等,综合养分条件较好;土壤pH(H2O)值、速效N和全N是影响各调查林分林木生长及林下更新的主要因子。研究结果可为琅琊山森林的自然更新和可持续经营提供科学依据。     

沙岸木麻黄防护林不同更新模式土壤结构分形特征及其效应

运用分形模型对滨海沙地木麻黄防护林10种更新模式土壤结构进行研究,探讨了分形维数与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明,沙质土壤小径级沙粒含量越大,土壤结构分形维数越大,土壤肥力越高,保水能力越强。土壤结构分形维数与土壤小径级颗粒含量及其他理化性质指标均存在显著回归关系。木麻黄、刚果12#桉、厚荚相思和湿地松顺序排列多行混交模式土壤结构分形维数最大,其改土效果最明显,为最优更新模式。分形模型在沙质土壤肥力研究上应用为木麻黄防护林更新模式选择提供了新思路。