生物质炭对不同pH值土壤矿质氮含量的影响

为了揭示生物质炭作为土壤调理剂添加后对土壤矿质氮形态、含量等土壤性质的影响,该研究利用芒草分别在350和700℃裂解制得生物质炭,发现2个温度尤其是700℃制得的生物质炭,对NH4+有很强的吸附能力,但对NO3-的吸附能力很弱。将生物质炭分别加入到酸性(pH值为3.8)和碱性(pH值为7.6)土壤中,25℃下室内培养180d。结果表明,生物质炭提高了土壤全氮含量,酸性和碱性土壤分别平均提高了22%和17%;但使土壤铵态氮含量大幅降低至接近仪器检测限水平;生物质炭对土壤硝态氮含量的影响因生物质炭和土壤类型而异。生物质炭对土壤矿质氮形态和含量的影响,显然与生物质炭对铵的吸附作用、提高土壤pH值、增强氨挥发损失,以及形成微生物量氮等密切相关。该研究可为开展生物质炭基氮素新型肥料及制剂等方面的科学研究提供参考。     

PRB修复垃圾渗滤液污染地下水过程中pH值变化分析

随着城市化的不断发展,生活垃圾产生量越来越多,因管理不善,导致垃圾渗滤液污染地下水的问题越来越突出,污染地下水的修复研究迫在眉睫。实验模拟地下环境,以被垃圾渗滤液污染地下水为研究对象,分别用沸石、无烟煤、陶粒、活性炭、炉渣、粉煤灰、零价铁作为反应介质,设计了6种地下可渗透反应墙（PRB）,分别为反应器1、2、3、4、5和6。分3个阶段对PRB技术治理污染地下水中pH值影响和变化进行模拟研究,分析反应器pH值降低的原因并探讨pH值变化机理。实验结果表明,所有反应器pH值较进口降低,第三阶段出口pH值平均值较进口平均降低0.40;因水解酸化反应存在,产生一定量NH4＋和有机酸,造成反应器出水pH值降低和复合填充材料NH4＋相对去除率降低,说明PRB技术治理渗滤液污染地下水具有一定可行性,但技术方法有待继续深入研究。     

pH值对黄河兰州段底泥中总磷释放的影响

分析了不同pH值对黄河兰州段底泥总磷(TP)释放特性的影响。结果表明:底泥中的总磷在酸性范围内呈现负释放状态,且pH值越小",负释放强度越大";在碱性范围内,pH值越大,总磷释放量越大。当pH值为4和6时,水体中的总磷在第1 d都是下降,呈现出负释放的状态;pH值为4时,在第4 d负释放量达到最大值,而pH值为6时到实验结束时负释放量依然在增大。当pH值为10、11、12时,总磷呈现出明显的正释放状态,且在第2 d,总磷的释放量达到最大值。实验数据说明在碱性条件下,底泥中的磷对水质可能产生不良的影响。本次实验对黄河水质的监测以及治理有一定的参考价值。     

黄土高原生态系统演替进程中土壤有机质和pH值变化规律

通过对黄土高原生态系统演替进程中土壤有机质和pH值变化进行分析,结果表明:在同一演替系列中,随演替进程的推移,土壤中有机质增加,pH值减小;在不同地段上,演替高级阶段土壤的有机质高于低级阶段,pH值正好相反;人为间断干扰的生态系统土壤有机质下降,pH值升高;人为持续干扰的亚顶级生态系统土壤有机质明显降低,PH值明显升高.     

初始pH值对鸡骨素酶解液Maillard反应产物的影响

以鸡骨素酶解液为原料,研究了不同初始p H值条件下,添加木糖、半胱氨酸及硫胺素制备的Maillard反应产物(MRPs,maillard reaction products)在热反应过程中的特性变化。研究表明,p H值差异引起各体系氨基酸和总糖初始含量及变化趋势差异,p H值5、7和9体系反应终点多肽含量分别为100.11、100.01、104.55 mg·m L-1;与其它2个体系相比,p H值9体系分子量为2.3、1.39k Da的峰消失,出现峰面积较大的2.95k Da峰和较小的1.04k Da峰,褐变程度为p H值7体系的1.7倍;随着p H值升高,不同体系的MRPs风味主成分存在一定差异,p H值7体系的有机硫化物电子鼻响应值约为其它两个体系的1.6倍,p H值9体系的氮氧化物响应值最大。不同初始p H值影响添加物的含量及状态,导致各体系Maillard反应历程不同,引起MRPs化学组分的差异。本研究为鸡骨素酶解液MRPs风味及功能组分生成机制的研究及鸡骨高值化衍生产品的开发提供一定理论参考。     

不同pH值淋溶液对猪粪中不同指标溶出的影响

该文研究猪粪在酸雨条件下释放污染物的规律,分析释放物的环境危害性。试验配置pH值为3．60、4．80和5．60的淋溶液,模拟广东省内的酸雨降水环境,对新鲜猪粪进行24d的淋浴,然后对各组淋出液和猪粪残留化学成分进行分析,得出不同pH值淋溶下污染物重金属铜、锌、砷和氨氮、总磷、COD_(cr)等时间一浓度曲线。结果表明,新鲜猪粪在酸性淋溶下,其渗滤液的pH值有所降低,在24d淋溶过程中渗滤液重金属(Zn、Cu、As)的浓度总体上呈下降趋势,以pH4．8时滤出重金属的速度较pH 3．6、5．6快;COD、氨氮早期溶出较快,以后逐步减缓。新鲜猪粪经酸性淋溶后,渗滤液中铜、砷以及COD、总磷、氨氮含量均显著增加。因此对即使临时堆放亦需采取措施,以防止因雨水等导致的渗滤液污染。     

pH值对胃蛋白酶原激活率影响的研究

采用 2 4头平均体重 5.2 5kg的 2 8± 1日龄断奶杜×长大杂交仔猪 ,分成 4个处理组 ,在玉米豆粕型基础饲粮 (对照组 )中分别添加 1 % Na HCO3、 0 .6% HCl、 2 .4 % HCl,饲养仔猪 3周后于晨饲后 1 h屠宰 ,测定胃内容物 p H和胃内容物中胃蛋白酶原激活率。结果表明 ,添加 1 % Na HCO3使胃内容物 p H值上升 ,而添加 0 .6% HCl、 2 .4 % HCl则使胃内容物 p H值下降 ,胃内容物 p H值越低 ,胃蛋白酶原激活越快。在体外试验中 ,随 p H值下降 ,胃蛋白酶原激活率呈三次曲线上升。上述结果表明 ,胃蛋白酶原激活率与 p H值有关 ,p H值越低 ,胃蛋白酶原激活率越高     

煤矸石自然风化及人工模拟风化过程中盐分及pH值的动态变化——以平朔露天矿区为例

为揭示煤矸石初期物理崩解风化过程中盐分和pH值的动态变化规律,选择了山西平朔露天矿区17处暴露地表自然风化5年和14年粒径为0.1～10.0mm的风化煤矸石,以及经过人工破碎粒径也为0.1～10.0mm的新鲜煤矸石为对比材料。研究结果表明:自然风化14年左右的煤矸石全盐量高于风化5年左右的煤矸石。自然风化煤矸石pH值的变化幅度为6.55～9.20,人工破碎新鲜煤矸石的pH值为7.26～7.95。人工破碎新鲜煤矸石30min、48h、96h浸水试验结果表明,同一浸泡时间含盐量随着粒径缩小而升高,同一粒径随着浸泡时间的延长而变大;同一浸泡时间pH值随着粒径缩小而降低,同一粒径随着浸泡时间的延长也变大;风化煤矸石的pH值和全盐含量>新鲜煤矸石。     

宁夏引黄灌区干湿交替过程中土壤pH的动态变化及影响因素

地处干旱半干旱区的黄灌区干湿交替过程中引起土壤环境因素的周期性变化,从而影响农田生态系统关键过程。通过连续测定黄河上游宁夏引黄灌区稻田在灌溉淹水和落干过程中的土壤pH,研究在水稻生育期内表层土壤pH在高频次灌溉排水干湿交替过程中的变化规律。结果表明:在灌水之后淹水过程中,表层土壤pH升高;相反在淹水之后落干过程中表层土壤pH降低;但在最后一次灌水之后,经过长时间的落干烤田过程,土壤pH随表层土壤表层盐分积累过程逐渐升高。土壤电导率(EC)与土壤pH在灌溉淹水和落干过程中具有相同的变化趋势,具有显著正相关性(p0.05),土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)与pH呈极显著负线性相关(p0.01),而灌溉量、施肥量、降水、地表5 cm土壤温度对表层土壤pH的影响均不显著。     

微波辅助提取中pH值与脱色对苹果果胶的影响

为了得到高得率、高品质的苹果果胶,该文利用不同pH值的盐酸溶液对苹果渣中果胶进行微波辅助提取（Microwave-assisted extraction, MAE）,之后对果胶提取液进行大孔树脂XAD-16HP脱色,研究了pH值与脱色对果胶得率和品质的影响。结果表明：微波辅助提取工艺中随着pH值的升高,果胶得率、半乳糖醛酸质量分数和总离子含量减少,酯化度、黏均分子量和总多酚增加,褐变度无显著变化;大孔树脂吸附脱色后果胶褐变度、总多酚、彩度C*值显著下降,色调角H°值显著增加,半乳糖醛酸质量分数和酯化度没有     

寿光大棚菜地土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、pH与EC的变化研究

为防治土壤退化、促进农业可持续发展提供科学依据,以寿光地区露地土壤作对照,研究了连作1、5、8和12年大棚蔬菜(番茄)土壤有关生物学指标的变化。结果表明,土壤呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性棚内高于棚外,并随连作年限延长开始增强而后减弱,由于管理差异,12年棚龄土壤又回升。随着连作年限延长,土壤脲酶活性逐渐减弱,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增强;土壤呼吸强度和酶活性都由表层向底层逐渐减弱。土壤pH随连作年限增加逐渐下降,而EC逐渐增加,至12年棚龄时,与对照比0—20 cm土层pH下降了1.06单位,其他层次变化不显著。试验还表明,该地区表层土壤pH变化于6.45~7.51,EC 0.5 mS/cm,能较好地满足作物生长需要,同时,EC是影响土壤pH及酶活性变化的重要因素。土壤EC及过氧化氢酶活性可作为反映大棚菜地土壤质量变化的参考指标。     

PH对红壤微生物生物量碳和生物量磷的影响

The impact of pH changes on microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and microbial biomass phosphorus (Pmic) were examined for 3 red soils under citrus production with different lengths of cultivation. Soil pH significantly affected Cmic and Pmic. The Cmie and Pmic changes, as a function of soil pH, appeared to follow a normal distribution with the original soil pH value at the apex and as pH increased or decreased compared to the original soil pH, Cmic and Pmic declined. Moreover, there were critical pH values at both extremes (3.0 on the acidic side and 8.0 to 8.5 on the alkaline side), beyond which most of microorganisms could never survive. The effect of pH on Cmic and Pmic was also related to the original soil pH. The higher the original soil pH was, the less Cmic or Pmic were affected by pH change. It is suggested that soil microorganisms that grow in a soil environment with a more neutral soil pH range (i.e. pH 5.5-7.5) may have a greater tolerance to pH changes than those growing in more acidic or more alkaline soil pH conditions.     

Substrate inputs and pH as factors controlling microbial biomass, activity and community structure in an arable soil

Our aim was to determine whether the smaller biomasses generally found in low pH compared to high pH arable soils under similar management are due principally to the decreased inputs of substrate or whether some factor(s) associated with pH are also important. This was tested in a soil incubation experiment using wheat straw as substrate and soils of different pHs (8.09, 6.61, 4.65 and 4.17). Microbial biomass ninhydrin-N, and microbial community structure evaluated by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), were measured at 0 (control soil only), 5, 25 and 50 days and CO₂ evolution up to 100 days. Straw addition increased biomass ninhydrin-N, CO₂ evolution and total PLFA concentrations at all soil pH values. The positive effect of straw addition on biomass ninhydrin-N was less in soils of pH 4.17 and 4.65. Similarly total PLFA concentrations were smallest at the lowest pH. This indicated that there is a direct pH effect as well as effects related to different substrate availabilities on microbial biomass and community structure. In the control soils, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c&9t and i17:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with soil pH. In contrast, the fatty acids i15:0, a15:0, i16:0 and br17:0, 16:02OH, 18:2ω6,9, 17:0, 19:0, 17:0c9,10 and 19:0c9,10 were greatest in control soils at the lowest pHs. In soils given straw, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 15:0 and 18:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with pH, but the concentration of the monounsaturated 18:1ω9 PLFA decreased at the highest pHs. The PLFA profiles indicative of Gram-positive bacteria were more abundant than Gram-negative ones at the lowest pH in control soils, but in soils given straw these trends were reversed. In contrast, straw addition changed the microbial community structures least at pH 6.61. The ratio: [fungal PLFA 18:2w6,9]/[total PLFAs indicative of bacteria] indicated that fungal PLFAs were more dominant in the microbial communities of the lowest pH soil. In summary, this work shows that soil pH has marked effects on microbial biomass, community structure, and response to substrate addition.     

设施菜地土壤pH值、酶活性和氮磷养分含量的变化

为了了解设施菜地土壤的理化性质,测定了日光温室和塑料大棚黄潮土菜地和黑姜土菜地土壤的pH、土壤有机质、氮素、磷素和土壤酶活性含量,结果表明：设施菜地土壤pH值平均每年下降0.05～0.06,15年黄潮土菜地由碱性变为中性,黑姜土菜地由中性变为酸性。设施菜地土壤有机质和全氮含量升高,有机质含量比粮田高11.6%～62.8%。设施菜地土壤硝态氮含量为21.91～49.52 mg/kg,比粮田高13～18倍。设施菜地土壤磷素特别是无机磷积累量大,积累的磷主要分布于耕作层,10年左右菜地土全磷含量比粮田增加1000 mg/kg左右,积累速度约为100 mg/(kg·a),15年黄潮土菜地表层土壤中无机磷积累量为1335.7 mg/kg,有机磷积累量为67.9 mg/kg,二者相差20多倍。设施菜地土壤有效磷含量随种植年限增加而升高,10年左右的菜地土壤有效磷含量一般都在200 mg/kg左右以上,属于极高水平。设施菜地土壤无机磷形态含量变化大,黄潮土菜地Ca8—P、Ca2—P积累量高,黑姜土菜地土壤Al-P和O-P积累量高,黄潮土菜地Ca8—P含量以10年菜地土最大。黄潮土菜地土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性为黑姜土菜地土的3倍左右,黑姜土菜地土酸性和中性磷酸酶活性为黄潮土菜地土的5倍左右,黄潮土菜地土脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性高于相临粮田,黑姜土菜地土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性高于粮田,脲酶活性对菜地年龄和菜地类型的反应最敏感。所以设施菜地到一定年限后,土壤性质会发生变化,应采取措施防止土壤酸化,硝态氮,磷素累积。     

pH和磷对铅胁迫下芥菜生长和土壤酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同pH和磷酸盐浓度对铅污染土壤种植的芥菜生物量和铅吸收的影响,及铅浓度与土壤酶活性的关系.结果表明,芥菜地下部分铅含量明显高于芥菜地上部分.土壤酸化有可能导致土壤中铅的溶出释放,在试验中,土壤pH为5.0时,土壤中铅的释放最多,芥菜生长和土壤酶活性受到的影响最大.土壤中铅与磷酸结合成难溶性的磷酸铅,当土壤中施加的磷浓度为300mg/kg时,土壤中铅的释放量最少,芥菜生长和土壤酶活性受到的影响最小;土壤中铅的释放溶出与土壤酶活性相关性较大,同时二者易受土壤pH和磷含量的影响,因此把土壤中铅的释放溶出与土壤酶活性结合起来作为判断土壤铅污染程度指标更合适.     

Urease activity of microbial biomass in soils as affected by cropping systems

 The impacts of crop rotations and N fertilization on different pools of urease activity were studied in soils of two long-term field experiments in Iowa; at the Northeast Research Center (NERC) and the Clarion-Webster Research Center (CWRC). Surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were taken in 1996 and 1997 in corn, soybeans, oats, or meadow (alfalfa) plots that received 0 or 180 kg N ha^–1, applied as urea before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha^–1. The urease activity in the soils was assayed at optimal pH (THAM buffer, pH 9.0), with and without toluene treatment, in a chloroform-fumigated sample and its nonfumigated counterpart. The microbial biomass C (C_mic) and N (N_mic) were determined by chloroform fumigation methods. The total, intracellular, extracellular and specific urease activities in the soils of the NERC site were significantly affected by crop rotation, but not by N fertilization. Generally, the highest total urease activities were obtained in soils under 4-year oats–meadow rotations and the lowest under continuous corn. The higher total activities under multicropping systems were caused by a higher activity of both the intracellular and extracellular urease fractions. In contrast, the highest values for the specific urease activity, i.e. of urease activity of the microbial biomass, were found in soils under continuous soybean and the least under the 4-year rotations. Total and extracellular urease activities were significantly correlated with C_mic (r>0.30* and >0.40**) and N_mic (r>0.39** and >0.44**) in soils of the NERC and CWRC sites, respectively. Total urease activity was significantly correlated with the intracellular activity (r>0.73***). About 46% of the total urease activity of the soils was associated with the microbial biomass, and 54% was extracellular in nature. Received: 25 May 1999     

土壤pH对不同酸性敏感型水稻品种氮利用效率与根际土壤生物学特性的影响

为探讨酸化土壤影响水稻氮利用效率的土壤生物学机制,以酸性敏感型品种五优308和酸性特异型品种荆楚优148为材料,采用盆栽试验考察不同土壤pH条件下水稻的氮利用效率指标与根际土壤酶活性及微生物数量的关系。结果表明,在土壤pH值3.5~6.5范围内,五优308氮素稻谷生产效率(NGPE)与氮生理效率(NPE)随土壤pH值的下降显著降低,氮收获指数(NHI)变化不明显;而荆楚优148中3个指标在pH值5.0时最大。土壤pH值的下降均降低了2个品种的根际土壤酶活性,但品种间、时期间降幅稍有差异。五优308各时期磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量随土壤pH值降低而降低,而荆楚优148各时期PLFA含量在pH值5.0时最高。五优308的NGPE、NPE与3种土壤酶活性均呈显著正相关,而NHI仅与蔗糖酶活性呈极显著正相关;荆楚优148氮利用效率指标与土壤酶活性呈负相关,与土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性的相关性较显著;五优308氮利用效率指标与微生物数量呈正相关,但其显著性在不同生育时期间与微生物间有一定差异;而荆楚优148氮利用效率指标与分蘖~孕穗期土壤微生物数量呈极显著正相关,与齐穗期土壤微生物数量呈极显著负相关。由此可见,酸性敏感型水稻品种氮利用效率随土壤pH下降显著降低,且主要由根际土壤酶活性与微生物数量显著下降所致;而酸性特异型水稻品种氮利用效率在pH值5.0时最大,且其与土壤生物学特性指标的相关性表现与酸性敏感型水稻品种不同。本研究初步明确了酸化稻田影响水稻氮利用效率的土壤生物学机制,为酸化稻田适宜水稻品种选择提供了参考。     

攀西烟区紫色土pH值与土壤养分的相关分析

对四川攀西烟区有代表性的30个紫色土样品的pH值、有机质及有效养分含量进行了测定。结果表明，攀西烟区紫色土的pH值在5．13～8．14范围内，有半数左右的土壤偏碱性；有机质、碱解氮、有效锌和有效锰的含量均随pH值的升高而降低，交换性钙的含量随pH值的升高而升高，而pH值与速效磷、速效钾、交换性镁、速效铜、速效硼间的相关性则不显著。烟区紫色土的有机质和碱解氮含量偏低，速效磷、速效钾含量中等，交换性钙、交换性镁含量丰富；部分pH值较高的土壤可能会缺乏铜、锌等微量元素；在不同pH值的土壤上硼营养均严重亏缺，建议生产中增施硼肥。     

基于高光谱成像技术的青贮玉米饲料pH值无损检测

为实现青贮玉米饲料pH值的快速、无损检测,该研究采用高光谱成像技术建立不同品质青贮玉米饲料pH值的定量检测模型。采集青贮玉米饲料样本936～2 539 nm的平均光谱,采用6种预处理方法对青贮玉米饲料平均光谱进行处理,通过建立偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）模型得出多元散射校正（multiplicative scatter correction,MSC）和卷积平滑（savitzky-golay,SG）两种预处理方法效果较好,使用竞争性自适应重加权算法（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS）、变量组合集群分析算法（variable combination population analysis,VCPA）以及迭代保留信息变量（iteratively retains informative variables,IRIV）算法对经MSC和SG卷积平滑预处理光谱进行特征波长提取,利用PLSR和极限学习机（extreme learning machines,ELM）分别建立饲料全波段、特征波长的pH值预测模型。MSC-CARS-PLSR为最优算法组合,其校正集决定系数为0.926 2,均方根误差为0.421 3,预测集决定系数为0.917 0,均方根误差为0.426 6。研究结果表明,结合PLSR模型可以实现对青贮玉米饲料pH值的准确预测,可为青贮玉米饲料pH值提供一种可靠且有效的无损检测新方法。