温度底物浓度和微量元素对牛粪厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

洱海流域畜禽奶牛粪便的无序堆置和不合理处置对洱海入湖污染具有较大贡献,为了控制畜禽养殖污染,该研究在结合洱海流域现有中温沼气工程产气率低、运行不稳定、易结壳等问题的基础上,通过取样当地奶牛粪为原料,研究温度、接种量和微量元素等3种因素对中温厌氧发酵产沼气过程的影响,并运用响应面法优化微量元素的添加量,以筛选出适于高原地区奶牛粪便中温厌氧发酵的沼气工程操作参数。试验结果表明:发酵温度为35℃条件下原料产气量大于30和45℃;35℃的发酵温度有利于挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fat acids,VFA)的产生与甲烷菌再利用;发酵温度为35℃时,发酵各个阶段4类菌群的数量多于30和45℃;因此,发酵温度为35℃时,牛粪厌氧发酵系统微生物区系中各类功能微生物数量与比例最佳,适合于中温厌氧发酵微生物菌群的生长、代谢;接种量越大发酵启动越快,接种量10%总产气量最大,未接种试验组,发酵启动较慢,总产气量也较低;通过中心复合试验设计和响应曲面回归分析确定得出,添加微量元素Fe2+质量浓度5.00 mg/L、Ni2+质量浓度21.40μg/L、Co2+质量浓度28.82μg/L时,可刺激厌氧发酵过程的作用酶以促进产气。本研究在资源化利用养殖废物的同时,提高了沼气工程产气率,试验结果为洱海流域农村养殖粪便厌氧发酵沼气工程正常运行提供理论依据。     

温度与有机负荷对猪粪厌氧发酵过程的影响

为提高畜禽养殖场沼气工程能源利用效率,降低工程运行成本.该文通过全混式半连续试验,以猪粪为发酵原料,研究不同温度(20、28、38℃)和有机负荷(0.3、1.3、2.3、3.3、4.3 kg/(m3·d))条件下,甲烷产率、挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)及总无机碳(total inorganic carbon,TIC)的变化特征.结果表明:20℃条件下,反应器启动缓慢,甲烷产率低.当有机负荷增加全1.3 kg/(m3·d)以上时,反应器运行不稳定,需外加NaHCO3调节pH值;在28℃与38℃条件下,各有机负荷甲烷产率无明显差异,但是在较高有机负荷3.3和4.3 kg/(m3·d)下运行时,28℃条件下产生挥发性脂肪酸积累的现象,系统缓冲能力缺乏,VFA/TIC值分别达到0.4和0.6.当实际沼气工程低负荷率运行时,可选择28℃作为发酵温度,以达到节省能源、提高沼气工程经济效益的目的.该研究可为实际沼气工程运行管理提供数据参考.     

三价铁离子促进玉米秸秆厌氧发酵

厌氧消化是农业废弃物资源化利用的有效途径之一。微量元素是影响有机废弃物厌氧产沼气性能的重要生态因子,其中铁对有机废弃物的厌氧发酵过程的效率和稳定性作用最为显著,而通常秸秆的含铁量很低。因此,该试验以玉米秸秆为例,研究了初始FeCl3加入量分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.5%、1.5%、3%、6%（基于秸秆的挥发性组分）时秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气、产甲烷过程以及沼液沼渣特征。结果表明初始FeCl3加入量为3%,秸秆的厌氧产甲烷效率相对于对照（加入量0%）提高了14%。X射线衍射分析结果表明FeCl3存在时,沼渣中纤维素的结晶度显著降低。沼渣的组分分析结果表明FeCl3的存在有助于提高玉米秸秆中纤维素及半纤维素的分解效率,从而提高了秸秆产甲烷效率。该研究可为农业废弃物甲烷化利用提供参考。     

餐厨垃圾干发酵滚动式质热交换反应器设计与性能试验

为解决干式厌氧发酵传质传热效果差,易造成微生物生长代谢不均匀等问题,该研究设计一款反应器,利用罐体滚动代替搅拌,使底物自由混合,大幅度解决了干式发酵的阻碍。通过中温批次发酵验证反应器性能,并与搅拌式反应器进行对比,结果表明:滚动式反应器发酵过程中甲烷体积分数最高达74.89%;发酵前期挥发性脂肪酸有一定程度的积累,但在中期被迅速消耗,且未对产气和pH值造成明显影响;底物挥发性固体去除率高达68.74%,发酵体系稳定。微生物群落结构随着发酵进行,不同时期呈现动态变化,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是发酵体系中绝对的优势细菌门,最主要的古菌门是广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)。混合营养型的甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)伴随着发酵的推进成长为绝对优势甲烷菌属。     

立式连续干发酵装置的设计与产气特性

该研究设计的立式连续干发酵装置的几点特色包括搅拌升温调节罐、多点分布式进料、立式连续干发酵反应器和熟料回流混合过程,形成一种高固体浓度有机废弃物制取生物燃气的工艺方法及其发酵系统,可实现沼气工程的快速启动、厌氧发酵罐内无需搅拌、且节能,节水,减少沼液沼渣的排放量,保护环境,降低成本。采用上述设计的反应器进行发酵试验,研究熟料回流对产气特性的影响得出,应用回流的各组挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFA)都有所降低,且回流比为1:7的VFA含量最低,氨氮没有累积,C/N接近25,产气效果最好。回流比1:9组,VFA含量累积最高,同时出现氨氮抑制产气的现象,所以得出熟料回流量过多,厌氧发酵系统就会受到抑制,且熟料回流对沼气中甲烷含量没有显著影响。     

射流搅拌提高牛粪中温厌氧发酵产沼气性能

现有中温沼气工程的搅拌方式以机械搅拌和沼液回流搅拌为主,存在产气率低、设备难以维护、长期运行不稳定等问题。该研究设计了一种射流搅拌技术,集沼液回流搅拌和沼气搅拌于一体,试验用于牛粪中温厌氧发酵产沼气。通过沼气产率、营养基质消耗、微生物种类和数量的变化等方面分析射流搅拌强化牛粪中温厌氧发酵产气的效果及机理。结果表明:发酵期30 d内,无搅拌、机械搅拌、沼液回流搅拌和射流搅拌的总产气量分别为52.34、64.30、61.97和71.22 L;原料产气量分别为0.238、0.292、0.282和0.324 L/g,射流搅拌厌氧反应器的原料产气量比无搅拌、机械搅拌、沼液回流搅拌分别提高了36.1%、22.9%、18.4%;射流搅拌方式中化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)降解率最高达到60.8%;在产甲烷高峰期发酵第10天左右,射流搅拌反应器内产甲烷菌最大值达2.0×108个/m L;挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)浓度的降速较其他有搅拌方式快,VFA无积累,不受高浓度VFA的产物反馈抑制或底物抑制。     

玉米秸秆与巢湖蓝藻混合厌氧发酵的产沼气性能

为了提高蓝藻的资源化利用效率,该研究利用玉米秸秆和蓝藻混合厌氧发酵制备沼气。结果表明,与单一的玉米秸秆或蓝藻发酵过程相比,玉米秸秆和蓝藻混合发酵能够有效促进沼气的生成。当玉米秸秆、蓝藻和接种污泥混合挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)质量比是2:8:1,产气效果最佳,挥发性固体产气量为687.3mL/g,其中甲烷体积分数达到63.3%。同时该体系液相磷酸盐含量、总碳、总有机碳也最高,表明该系统内发生为了蓝藻的有效降解。研究结果对于农业废弃物和巢湖蓝藻的资源化利用具有一定的意义。     

喷淋次数和接种量对序批式秸秆牛粪混合干发酵产气性能的影响

序批式干法厌氧发酵产沼气技术可明显提高有机废弃物处理能力,但在提高以秸秆为主的农业废弃物发酵效率核心工艺及产气性能方面还缺乏系统的研究。该文通过调节喷淋次数和接种量研究了以玉米秸秆为主要原料的序批式干法厌氧发酵产气性能,并通过模型拟合、水解产物分析等手段揭示了影响水解和甲烷生产的制约因素。结果表明,调节喷淋次数和接种量均对沼气产量具有显著性影响（P<0.05）。喷淋次数为4次/d,接种量不低于质量分数20%时,沼气产量最大为251.6 L/kg。而且,产气高峰期甲烷体积分数平均为55%左右。增加接种量、提高喷淋次数可有效促进底物的水解。但是,甲烷产量、最大产甲烷率却呈现先增加后降低的趋势,并明显受到有机酸（丙酸）、氨氮积累浓度的制约,水解产物高效转化对提高产气效率具有重要作用。该研究可为改善秸秆序批式干法厌氧发酵工艺优化提供理论指导。     

蔬菜废弃物中温厌氧发酵酸化失稳预警指标筛选

厌氧消化是一种可以较好地将有机废弃物处理和能源回收结合的生物技术,它是多种厌氧微生物共同参与、分阶段有序进行的复杂串联代谢过程。其中产甲烷菌对环境最敏感、代谢速率最慢,产甲烷阶段往往是厌氧消化系统的瓶颈,水解酸化与产甲烷两阶段不能较好地匹配,极易受到抑制。针对蔬菜废弃物厌氧发酵易酸化的特点,该试验旨在筛选发酵体系酸化失稳预警指标,采用自行设计的70 L反应装置,在中温35℃条件下进行蔬菜废弃物厌氧发酵的连续冲击负荷试验。通过对发酵过程中的气相及液相指标监测,该研究筛选出4类失稳预警指标,分别为:1)甲烷与二氧化碳的比值。当CH_4/CO_21.06时,系统出现酸化现象,提前18 d对厌氧发酵系统做出预警指示,具有最强的失稳预警性;2)挥发性脂肪酸。当丙酸、正/异丁酸、正/异戊酸出现突变时,系统出现酸化征兆,分别在17、15和15 d对厌氧消化体系做出失稳预警;3)碱度。包括总碱度(total alkalinity,TA)、碳酸氢盐碱度(bicarbonate alkalinity,BA)、及挥发酸盐碱度(intermediate alkalinity,IA)的耦合性指标,当BA1500 mg/L、BA/TA0.8或IA/BA0.4时,系统提前13、12和12 d做出酸化预警指示,此时发酵体系缓冲性能较差,系统极易出现挥发性脂肪酸的累积进而导致系统酸化失稳;4)氧化还原电位和pH值在整个厌氧消化过程中均持续微弱变化,利用其绝对值很难做出失稳判断,利用其相对变化值可做出失稳判断,骤变分别发生在产气彻底停止前第5天和第4天,预警能力较弱。在工程实际应用中,相比液相指标而言,气相指标的监测更容易实现,建议CH_4/CO_2作为预警指标。     

产甲烷复合菌剂的性能评价及中试试验产气效果

产甲烷菌对环境变化的敏感性很容易导致厌氧发酵失败,如何保证产甲烷菌的活性是厌氧发酵稳定进行的关键。在考察RY3、SH4、G1、G2和G3产甲烷菌株主要生理生化特征和拮抗作用的基础上,构建了产甲烷复合菌剂,并对产甲烷复合菌剂的pH值耐受性、温度耐受性和不同接种量进行了性能评价。结果表明：5株互补共生构建的产甲烷复合菌剂可在pH值5.5～10.5的范围内生长,且在pH值5.5～9.5的范围内培养3 d后甲烷总产量在1 706.7～2 026.7 ?mol之间,具有较优良的耐酸碱性能;产甲烷复合菌剂的生长温度范围在15～70℃,且在30～55℃范围内培养3d后甲烷总产量在1 906.9～2 028 ?mol之间,温度适应范围宽泛。产甲烷复合菌剂接种量试验表明,在低温20℃下,接种产甲烷合菌剂的试验组比未接种复合菌剂对照组在产甲烷的时间上平均缩短14 d,在高温50℃下,接种产甲烷复合菌剂的试验组比未接种产甲烷复合菌剂的对照组在产甲烷的时间上平均缩短5 d,无论低温还是高温下,复合菌剂的接种均可明显促进产甲烷过程的启动,缩短启动时间。中试产气效果及动力学分析表明,20℃低温下,接种10%复合菌剂的试验组21 d内沼气总产量和甲烷总产量均为接种10%活性污泥试验组的1.6倍;50℃高温下,接种10%复合菌剂的试验组21 d内沼气总产量为接种10%活性污泥试验组的2.7倍,甲烷总产量为2.8倍,无论低温20℃还是高温50℃下,接种复合菌剂的可显著提高厌氧发酵产沼气效率,缩短产甲烷进程,为厌氧发酵系统优化调控提供一种新的技术途径。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.