PROSAIL模型和水云模型耦合反演农田土壤水分

土壤水分的实时、动态监测对农业生产及作物估产有着非常重要的意义。该文提出一种光学和雷达遥感半经验耦合模型,该模型通过引入植被覆盖度将作物覆盖下的散射贡献与裸露地表的直接散射贡献区分开,结合水云模型和PROSAIL模型对农田区域土壤水分进行反演研究。结果表明：该耦合模型模拟得到的后向散射系数与实测值之间具有较好的线性关系,在HH和VV极化下决定系数R2分别为0.792和0.723,RMSE分别为0.600和0.837 dB。同时该模型对农田区域土壤水分的反演精度也较高,其R2为0.809,RMSE为0.043 cm3/cm3。因此该模型可以有效分离农田作物及裸露土壤对雷达信号的影响,准确建立地表直接后向散射贡献与土壤水分的关系,为大面积复杂地表类型覆盖区域的土壤水分反演提供研究思路和理论支持。     

L波段主被动微波协同反演裸土土壤水分

土壤水分是进行干旱监测、土壤侵蚀、农作物产量预测以及地表温度研究的重要参量,利用主被动微波协同的方法提高土壤水分的反演精度是定量遥感发展所面临的重要任务。本文基于土壤L波段微波散射辐射模拟数据集,通过对比分析主被动微波数据对土壤水分含量和粗糙度2个参数的敏感性,提出了基于L波段主被动协同的裸土土壤水分反演算法,算法充分利用了被动微波地表发射率对土壤水分较为敏感,而主动微波后向散射系数对地表粗糙度较为敏感的特点。首先由地表垂直极化发射率和 VV 极化后向散射系数协同提取地表粗糙度信息,再由被动微波双极化数据结合地表粗糙度信息来估算土壤水分信息。利用SMAPVEX12实验数据集中部分稀疏植被采样点的观测数据对算法进行验证,验证结果显示,土壤水分反演结果与地面实测数据相关性为0.6637,RMSE为0.0607 cm3/cm3。该文反演算法模型系数直接由模拟数据集计算得到,克服了常规经验算法的发展对地表实测数据的依赖性,减小了算法在实际应用中的局限性。     

基于双时相ASAR影像的土壤湿度反演研究

地表粗糙度和湿度是影响裸地后向散射系数的重要因素,为了探求ENVISAT-ASAR 数据监测土壤湿度在国内的应用,该文以ASAR影像数据为基础,利用ZSribi-Dechambre(2002)经验模型研究了中国科学院南皮农业生态试验站附近一裸地的表面粗糙度和地表湿度.对雷达入射角进行归一化处理使之满足模型需求,反演结果表明该区地表粗糙度主要分布0.05～0.50 cm之间,土壤体积含水率大多分布存10%～34%之间,局部区域由于一些积水沟渠,使得土壤体积含水率较高,这与调查的实际情况相符合.反演的土壤湿度用地面实测值验证,结果发现模拟值和实测值具有较好的一致性,其RMSE误差为3.7%.该文介绍了在没有地表先验知识的情况下,利用扣除掉土壤粗糙度影响的后向散射反演模型获取土壤湿度的方法.该法仅需要两景相邻近时相并且不同入射角的HH同极化雷达影像,根据其后向散射系数的差值△"'即σ°可估算出粗糙度和土壤湿度参数,从而方便快捷地监测局部区域的土壤湿度状况.     

基于L波段的裸土区土壤水分微波遥感反演研究

以北京市大兴区为研究区,探讨利用ALOS/PALSAR数据反演裸土土壤水分的方法。由于PALSAR的后向散射系数主要与土壤水分及地表粗糙度有关,本研究使用AIEM理论模型计算地表的同极化后向散射系数,Oh半经验模型计算交叉极化的后向散射系数;由分析可知,同极化与交叉极化的差异不随土壤水分的变化而变化,仅随地表粗糙度的增加而减少,为此可建立后向散射系数与粗糙度之间的函数关系。本文利用BP神经网络算法反演研究区的裸土土壤水分含量,并利用实测数据对反演结果进行验证,结果表明估测裸土土壤水分含量误差为0.035 m3/m3,相对误差为13.9%。因此,可以利用L波段主动微波遥感反演裸土土壤水分含量,且具有较高的精度。本研究成果可为农业灌溉、灾害监测、环境评估等提供信息支持,具有重要的现实意义与应用价值。     

基于改进粒子群神经网络的麦田土壤水分反演

作物区土壤水分遥感反演往往受到作物冠层、地表粗糙度等因素影响,较难得到满意的土壤水分反演结果。为解决麦田土壤水分反演的问题,提出一种改进粒子群神经网络优化算法。该算法将多源光学和雷达影像数据进行联合,利用改进粒子群算法对神经网络权值进行优化,建立遥感影像与土壤水分之间一种隐式映射,并将影像数据作为该优化模型的输入变量,对麦田土壤水分进行反演。结果表明改进粒子群神经网络优化算法反演精度高于其他的反演方法,同时主被动遥感联合反演地表土壤水分的精度也比仅使用单一数据源作为输入的方法精度高,R~2达到0.807,RMSE为0.043 cm~3cm~(-3)。由此可见,改进粒子群神经网络的优化方法是可行的,可以有效建立后向散射系数与土壤水分之间的隐式关系,获取较高精度的土壤水分值。该方法可为利用雷达影像数据进行大范围土壤水分估测提供支持。     

利用多时相Sentinel-1 SAR数据反演农田地表土壤水分

土壤水分是陆面生态系统水分和能量循环的重要变量,在农田干旱监测、作物长势监测和作物估产等应用研究中具有重要的作用。该文结合基于变化检测的Alpha近似模型,利用Sentinel-1卫星获取的多时相C波段合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)数据,实现了农田地表土壤水分的反演。该文首先利用微波辐射传输模型验证了Alpha近似模型在土壤水分反演中的合理性。研究发现,对于土壤散射占主导的区域,Alpha近似模型对辐射传输模型有较好的近似,能够有效地消除地表粗糙度和植被对雷达后向散射系数的影响。在此基础上,结合怀来研究区多时相Sentinel-1 SAR数据,利用Alpha近似模型构建了土壤水分观测方程组,通过求解方程组得到了农田地表土壤水分。地面验证结果表明,土壤水分反演的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为0.06 cm3/cm3,平均偏差为0.01 cm3/cm3,精度较好。该文研究为利用高重访周期、多时相的Sentinel-1 SAR数据获取农田地表土壤水分提供了参考。     

TAU-OMEGA遥感辐射模型改进与参数化

大尺度地表土壤水分信息的获取对水资源管理、农业生产以及气候变化等相关研究具有重要意义。TAU-OMEGA（$ \tau -\omega $）模型是利用被动微波遥感技术进行大尺度土壤水分信息提取的常用模型。由于$ \tau -\omega $模型忽略了植被层的体散射作用,该模型仅适用于L波段,存在C波段适用性差及模型参数无法定量计算的问题。该研究在分析植被冠层对微波散射机制的基础上,通过增加反映冠层多次散射作用的辐射添加项对$ \tau -\omega $模型进行了改进,成功解决了模型在C波段的适用性问题;通过理论推导,得出了模型$ \omega $参数的理论计算方法,基于模拟数据集,实现了基于冠层叶面积指数的模型$ \omega $和$ \tau $参数的计算,解决了$ \tau -\omega $模型中$ \omega $参数无法根据遥感数据进行定量计算的问题。以玉米冠层为例,在C波段（6.6 GHz）,改进的$ \tau -\omega $模型对地表微波辐射亮温的模拟值与实测数据保持了较好的一致性,模拟误差较改进前有了极大的下降,V极化均方根误差为3.02 K,H极化均方根误差为3.94 K,结果表明了该研究提出的模型改进与参数化方案的合理性,研究结果为联合光学和被动微波遥感数据进行大尺度土壤水分反演奠定了基础。     

基于改进作物散射模型的陕西杨凌区麦田土壤水分反演研究

本文提出一种改进作物散射模型反演麦田土壤水分,该模型根据冬小麦等低矮植被的散射特性,在原模型的基础上保留植被层直接散射部分以及植被与地表相互耦合作用的信息,同时加入裸土地表的直接散射部分,并根据经验权重将两部分信息分离开,构建出适用于冬小麦等低矮植被的后向散射模型,并结合RADARSAT-2雷达数据以及陕西杨凌农田试验区的地面实测数据,计算得到改进模型的经验参数,进而对模型进行验证分析。研究结果表明：改进作物散射模型的模拟精度相对于未改进的作物散射模型有显著的提高,R_²在HH和VV极化下都达到80%以上。为了验证改进的作物散射模型算法及土壤水分反演的有效性,本研究将改进作物散射模型与TVDI光学指数模型、简化的MIMICS模型的土壤水分反演结果进行对比分析,改进的作物散射模型反演精度比TVDI和简化的MIMICS模型要好,R_²达到84.3%,均方根误差为0.028 cm_³/cm_³,简化的MIMICS模型反演结果比TVDI要好,但是精度不高,R_²为66.9%,均方根误差为0.043 cm_³/cm_³。改进的作物散射模型对地表植被比较敏感,可以有效的将冬小麦对雷达信号散射影响和裸土层散射贡献区分开,为植被覆盖下地表土壤水分的反演创造条件,给大面积大范围的地表土壤水分反演提供强有力的技术支撑。     

多极化多角度ASAR数据反演裸露和小麦地表土壤湿度

为了更好地监测地表土壤湿度,利用多极化、多角度ASAR-APP影像数据,研究了裸露和小麦地表土壤湿度反演方法。对裸露地表,基于AIEM（advance integral equation model）模型,建立多项式半经验模型反演土壤湿度;对小麦地表,小入射角HH极化ASAR数据与土壤湿度相关性更好,大入射角HH极化ASAR数据与小麦含水率相关性更好。基于水云模型,首先利用大入射角HH极化ASAR数据去除小麦冠层对雷达后向散射的影响,然后利用多角度ASAR数据推导建立小麦地表土壤湿度反演半经验模型;实测数据验证了裸露和小麦地表土壤湿度反演模型的适用性,利用验证数据反演裸露和小麦地表土壤湿度精度（RMSE）分别为3.55%、3.81%。结果表明,该文半经验模型具有较高的反演精度。     

裸露地表土壤水分的L波段被动微波最佳角度反演算法

该文阐述了中纬度地区春季裸露耕地土壤水分监测的重要性,对比分析了目前几种主要的土壤水分反演方法。为提高裸露耕地土壤水分的监测精度,在分析AIEM土壤发射率模拟数据库的基础上,提出了一种基于L波段单角度双极化被动微波遥感数据的土壤湿度和土壤粗糙度的反演算法,并对新反演算法的创新性和可行性进行了基于仿真数据的论证。该反演算法以地表温度作为辅助数据,利用L波段47°双极化的微波亮温数据进行土壤湿度和粗糙度的反演。仿真数据的验证结果表明,在充分考虑土壤温度、土壤质地等辅助数据测量误差的条件下,算法对土壤湿度和土壤     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.