柞蚕饲料转化效率的遗传效应分析

以柞蚕高饲料效率品种9906和多丝量品种H043为亲本进行杂交分别获得P1、P2、F1、F2、B1、B26个世代材料,利用干量折合法获得6世代的茧重转化率和茧层生产率,按照Mather和Cavalli,L.L.等的方法进行基因效应分析,结果表明:这两个性状均符合简单的加性—显性遗传模型,基因作用比较简单,茧重转化率和茧层生产率的基因加性效应作用方向不同,茧重转化率表现为正值,茧层生产率表现为负值,而显性效应的作用方向相同,均为正值,即表现为正向杂种优势。     

家蚕饲料效率的遗传学研究

试验采用不同蚕品种和不同世代设计,研究了饲料效率在不同系统间、世代间,品种间的表现,发现F_1的饲料效率介于两亲本之间,几乎不存在杂种优势,回交后代表现取决于回交亲本。经饲料效率的遗传研究查明,控制叶丝转化率的基因在7对以上,控制茧重转化率的基因在12对以上。基因效应中上位性效应起重要作用,叶丝转化率主要受显性效应、加性效应和显性×加性效应控制;茧重转化率主要受显性效应、加性×加性效应、显性×加性效应控制,确定了叶丝转化率和茧重转化率的位点互作属重叠型。此外还估算了遗传力、平均显性度和基因数目等遗传参数,并对有关问题作了讨论。     

家蚕茧荧光色的遗传研究

以纯黄荧光茧色品种龙限A和纯紫荧光茧色品种龙限B为材料，将蚕茧荧光色量化．分析了蚕茧荧光色在不同世代的表现，发现F1代蚕茧的荧光分值介于两亲本之间，偏向荧光分值低的亲本，回交后代表现取决于回交亲本，估算出控制茧荧光色的基因在3对以上。家蚕茧荧光色主要受加性效应、显性效应、加性×加性效应及显性×显性效应控制，确定了茧荧光色的位点互作属于重叠型。发现家蚕茧荧光色的遗传是一种部分性连锁遗传。讨论了家蚕茧荧光色判性的可能机制。此外，还估算了家蚕茧荧光色的平均显性度和广义遗传力分别为0．5005、74．94。     

家蚕耐氟性状基因效应分析

采用世代平均值分析的多元回归程序 ,对家蚕耐氟性状的基因效应参数进行了估计。结果表明 :家蚕耐氟性能世代间存在显著差异 ,耐氟性状遗传符合加性 显性遗传模型 ;耐氟性表现为部分显性遗传 ,主要受加性效应所控制 ,显性效应比例较小 ,加性效应引起的变异比例为 81 92 % ,显性效应变异为 11 93 % ,不存在上位效应     

猪杂交优势的影响因素

杂种优势可定义为杂种1代(F1)与纯合亲代均值间的差数。杂种优势取决于基因的非加性效应,即显性效应和上位效应,而与加性效应无关。显性效应是同一基因座位上2个基因的特殊组合效应,在杂种优势中起决定作用。而上位效应是指不同基因     

柞蚕全茧量的主基因-多基因混合遗传分析

全茧量性状是柞蚕育种的重要指标之一。选择全茧量有显著差异的2个柞蚕品系582(P1)、宽青(P2)为亲本,通过对P1、P2及F1和F2作4家系世代联合分析,研究柞蚕全茧量遗传规律。结果表明:柞蚕全茧量由2对主基因控制,同时存在多基因的修饰作用和性别上的差异,雌性个体符合2对等加性主基因+加显多基因模型,雄性个体符合2对等显性主基因+加显多基因模型;雌、雄个体主基因遗传力分别为49.01%和24.35%,多基因遗传力分别为0.53%和26.47%。柞蚕育种对全茧量的选择应依据性别采用不同的选择方案:雌个体应强化早期选择;雄个体需多代连续选择,并强化后续世代选择。     

不同性别柞蚕全茧量性状的遗传差异分析

研究全茧量性状在不同性别柞蚕间的遗传差异,对于柞蚕品种的高产性状选择具有重要指导意义。利用数量性状加性-显性-母体遗传模型,对5个柞蚕品种及其20个正、反交组合不同性别个体的全茧量性状遗传差异进行分析,结果表明:雌性柞蚕的全茧量性状遗传除受加性和显性效应的影响外,还受母体效应的影响,其中加性效应占总遗传方差的比率较大;在雄性柞蚕的全茧量性状遗传效应中,加性效应所占的比率最大,显性效应所占的比率较小,母体效应则不显著。雌性柞蚕的全茧量性状遗传力h2N=66.67%,雄性柞蚕的全茧量遗传力h2N=78.38%,高于雌性柞蚕。由于雌性、雄性柞蚕的全茧量性状遗传的加性效应在总遗传方差中均占有较大比率,因此全茧量性状选择适于在早期世代进行,且对雄性个体具有更好的选择效果,但全茧量性状遗传存在负向显性效应。     

柞蚕杂交组合582×宽青产卵量的遗传分析

探索柞蚕产卵量的遗传规律,对柞蚕产卵性状的遗传改良具有重要指导意义。以柞蚕新品种582和宽青为对交亲本分别配制F1和F2,用主基因-多基因分离分析法研究其产卵量的遗传规律,结果表明:柞蚕杂交组合582×宽青的产卵量由2对主基因控制,同时受微效多基因修饰,其中,主基因遗传率占43.84%,多基因遗传率占5.81%。值得注意的是,环境因素对柞蚕产卵量的影响较大,环境方差占总表型方差的比率达50.35%,因此,环境因素对产卵量的影响不容忽视。研究结果提示,在排除环境因素干扰的情况下,通过固定有利于提高产卵量的主基因,完全可以对柞蚕品种的产卵性状进行遗传改良。     

茧质性状杂种优势率的遗传模型分析

本文采用性连锁模型进行分析得知,杂种优势率是与杂交种的显性效应。亲本的加性效应,显性效应,性连锁加性效应有关的复杂函数;正反交之间以及雌雄间杂种优势率的开差,是由性连锁加性效应的作用引起;超亲杂种优势率由于分子部分还要涉及两个亲本的基因加性效应,所以其变异幅度比杂种优势率大。     

家蚕温汤处理无性繁殖性状的遗传分析

为阐明家蚕无性繁殖性状的遗传规律 ,测定了该性状的杂种优势率、狭义遗传力和基因数 ,并利用世代平均值多元回归方法 ,对其基因效应进行了分析。结果表明 :无性繁殖性状的杂种优势率为 2 0 71% ,狭义遗传力为74 0 2 % ,由 1对以上的多基因所控制 ;无性繁殖性状符合加性 显性遗传模型 ,主要受加性效应控制 ,其次是显性效应 ,两者占总遗传变异的 97 0 5 % ,起决定性作用。     

Evaluation of reciprocal differences in Bos indicus x Bos taurus backcross calves produced through embryo transfer: I. Birth and weaning traits

Angus (A) and Bos indicus (B; Brahman or Nellore) reciprocal backcross, embryo transfer calves, belonging to 28 full-sib families, were evaluated for differences in birth weight, gestation length, and weaning weight. Two methods were investigated; method I made no distinction between how the F(1) parents were produced, whereas method II distinguished between the 2 types of F(1) parents (AB vs. BA corresponding to A x B vs. B x A, respectively). Bos indicus backcross calves had a 4.3 d longer (P < 0.05) gestation length but did not differ in their average birth weight from A backcrosses. Among B backcrosses, B x F(1) calves had a 5.2 d longer (P = 0.01) gestation length than F(1) x B calves (290.5 vs. 285.3, respectively). Under method II analysis, there was a consistent trend for gestation length, in which BA F(1) parents produced calves that ranked greater than calves from AB F(1) parents, as sires and dams. Crosses with a greater proportion of B in the sire in relation to the amount in the dam had a heavier (P < 0.05) birth weight (F(1) x A and B x F(1); 38.1 and 38.4 kg, respectively) than their respective reciprocal crosses (A x F(1) and F(1) x B; 34.3 and 33.5 kg, respectively). The F(1) x A and B x F(1) crosses showed a large difference in birth weight between males and females (5.3 and 4.1 kg, respectively), whereas A x F(1) and F(1) x B crosses showed a small difference (P > 0.10) in birth weight between males and females (1.5 and 1.1 kg, respectively). Further examination within each sex showed a difference between male reciprocals that was generally much larger than that between female reciprocals. Calves with a greater percentage of B in the sire compared with the proportion in the dam ranked heavier for weaning weight as for birth weight, though these differences were not significant. In breeding systems involving B x Bos taurus crosses, even when using embryo transfer, not only does the breed composition of the calves affect their preweaning performance, but the particular cross that produces the calves also should be considered in making breeding decisions.     

结缕草属植物青绿期的遗传分析

选用结缕草属植物青绿期2个极端类型材料Z136和Z039相互杂交,获得正反交F₁分离群体,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对F₁群体青绿期进行遗传分析,以初步明确结缕草属植物青绿期的遗传特性。结果表明,1)正反交后代的青绿期变异范围均较大,正交的变异范围为178~261 d,反交的变异范围为188~253 d,均远远超出了双亲的青绿期(248和231 d),正反交后代的平均值分别为223.6和216.8 d,两者存在显著差异,结缕草属植物的青绿期有母体遗传效应。2)正反交的遗传模型差异较大,母体遗传效应和环境效应对青绿期的影响明显,正交F₁群体青绿期的最适遗传模型为A-0模型,即无主基因模型,而反交F₁群体青绿期的最适遗传模型为B-4模型,即2对主基因的等加性遗传模型,且反交的主基因遗传率较高,为94.35%。     

家蚕绿色茧品种G_1的茧色性状遗传及不同茧色蚕体组织的黄酮类化合物含量分析

为了探究绿茧系家蚕品种的茧色性状遗传规律,以家蚕绿茧品种G1和白茧品种C108为亲本,配制正反交F1及其自交F2和回交代等多种群体材料,茧色分离调查结果显示:F1为浅绿色茧;自交F2呈现白色茧∶浅绿色茧∶绿色茧=1∶2∶1的分离比;回交后代(C108×G1)×G1、G1×(G1×C108)均呈现绿色茧∶浅绿色茧=1∶1的分离比,而C108×(G1×C108)呈现白色茧∶浅绿色茧=1∶1的分离比。此结果说明家蚕品种G1的绿茧性状对白茧性状为不完全显性遗传。家蚕绿茧系的显色物质为黄酮类化合物,分析不同茧色蚕体组织中的黄酮类化合物含量是研究色素代谢与绿色茧呈色机制的重要途径之一。采用NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH比色法,测定亲本绿茧品种G1、白茧品种C108和(G1×C108)F1的幼虫中肠、血液、丝腺组织在整个5龄期的黄酮类化合物含量以及茧层中的黄酮类化合物含量,结果显示:3种茧色个体的中肠组织的黄酮类化合物含量无明显差异,推测其合成黄酮类化合物的能力相当;中肠组织与血液中的黄酮类化合物含量与茧色没有明显关系;丝腺组织和茧层中黄酮类化合物含量以G1最高,(G1×C108)F1居中,C108最低。此结果说明绿茧色的深浅与丝腺和茧层中的黄酮类化合物含量表现出良好的一致性。     

甘蓝型与白菜型冬油菜杂交F1代植物学性状及自交亲和性分析

通过甘蓝型冬油菜与北方白菜型冬油菜及其正反交杂种F₁植物学形态,生长习性,自交亲和性的比较,分析杂种抗寒性,植物学形态,生长习性,自交亲和性的变化.选择白菜型冬油菜陇油9号与甘蓝型冬油菜Vision组配的(陇油9号×Vision),(Vision×陇油9号)甘白杂交正反交组合,通过亲本与杂种形态比较,越冬率统计,套袋自交以及花粉-柱头互作等,对杂种抗寒性,植物学形态,生长习性,自交亲和性作出评价.陇油9号与Vision杂交,杂种F₁植物学形态,干物质积累特性为中间型,生长习性和生长点下凹程度均偏白菜型.F₁正,反交越冬率分别为68.75%和65.00%,根长为14.83和14.30 cm,根颈直径为6.08 和5.67 mm.自交亲和性为:Vision>F₁ (Vision×陇油9号)>F₁ (陇油9号×Vision)>陇油9号,其相应的自交亲和指数为20.83,1.09,1.06,0.87;杂种及其亲本的自交亲和性的大小与其花粉在柱头上的萌发数量与萌发速度相一致.陇油9号与Vision杂交,杂种F₁抗寒性强于甘蓝型冬油菜,但较白菜型冬油菜弱.同时,白菜型冬油菜与甘蓝型冬油菜杂交,杂种F₁代自交亲和,但杂种的自交亲和程度远远低于甘蓝型冬油菜,而且F₁杂种的自交亲和性因杂交组合方式而有差异.     

家蚕胚胎伴性温敏性的遗传研究

试验用新九与伴1等4个温敏性的品种杂交，将其F1代蚕种用高温干燥条件催青，结果雄蚕正常孵化，雌蚕几乎不孵化，表明伴1等品种具有控制催青温敏性表达的基因存在。用华1与伴1组配的F1、F2及F1与亲本回交的14个组合作遗传分析，认为催青敏感性状由位于Z性染色体上的一个主基因控制，呈隐性的伴性遗传。     

Genetic evaluation of Ethiopian Boran cattle and their crosses with Holstein Friesian for growth performance in central Ethiopia

Breed additive and non-additive effects, and heritabilities of birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), 6 months weight (SMWT), yearling weight (YWT), eighteen months weight (EWT), 2 years weight (TWT) and average daily weight gain from birth to 6 months (ADG1) and from 6 months to 2 years (ADG2) were estimated in Ethiopian Boran (B) cattle and their crosses with Holstein Friesian (F) in central Ethiopia. The data analysed were spread over 15 years. Ethiopian Boran were consistently lighter (p < 0.01) than the B-F crosses at all ages. Ethiopian Boran also gained lower weight than all the crosses. At birth, 50% F crosses were significantly (p < 0.01) lighter than all the other crosses. However, the differences in SMWT, YWT, EWT, TWT, ADG1 and ADG2 were all non-significant among the crosses. The individual additive breed differences between B and F breeds were positive and significant (p < 0.01) for all traits. The individual heterosis effects were significant (p < 0.05) for all traits except WWT for which the effect was non-significant. The maternal heterosis effects were significant (p < 0.01) for BWT (2.5 kg) and WWT (-3.0 kg). The heritability estimates for all traits in B and crosses were generally moderate to high indicating that there is scope for genetic improvement through selection. Selection within B and crossbreeding should be the strategy to enhance the growth performance under such production systems.     

Long-term egg production and heterosis in quail lines after within-line or reciprocal recurrent selection for high early egg production

1. Four Japanese quail lines were developed using 13 generations of reciprocal recurrent (lines AA and BB) or within-line selection (lines DD and EE) for high egg number until 98 d of age. In these lines and their reciprocal crosses, egg production, egg weight and mortality were monitored for up to 21 months to evaluate the impact of selection method and line origin on long-term production and heterosis. 2. Both hen-housed total egg number (EN) and hen-day egg laying rate (ELR) were consistently lower in recurrent lines than in lines under within-line selection: after 13 months of test, the difference was -47.1 eggs for EN and -20% for ELR%, whereas mortality was similar at around 20%. 3. Line EE was the best pure line for early egg production (55.2 eggs at 98 d of age) and also gave eggs which were consistently about 2 g larger than those from line DD but it had the highest overall mortality (78.5%) of all lines. On average, line DD laid 399 eggs (EN) over the whole experiment, 84 more than Line EE. 4. Crossbreds from the 2 types of pure lines and line DD had similar patterns and rates of egg production during the whole experiment, as indicated by the similarity of the curves adjusted for those lines by using the monomolecular model for EN and the modified compartmental model for ELR. 5. However, heterosis was higher from recurrent selection lines and it increased more with time than did heterosis from within-line selection lines.     

Estimates of genetic parameters for Boran, Friesian and crosses of Friesian and Jersey with the Boran cattle in the tropical highlands of Ethiopia: reproduction traits

A study with the objectives of estimating breed differences, heterosis and recombination effects as well as heritabilities (h²) and repeatabilities (r²) for age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), days open (DO) and number of services per conception (SPC) was conducted using reproduction records collected from 1496 cows comprising purebred Boran (B), Friesian (F), crosses of Friesian and Jersey (J) with Boran breeds. The crossbred cow groups included four F × B crosses [1/2F:1/2B(F₁), 1/2F:1/2B(F₂), 5/8F:3/8B and 3/4F:1/4B], three J × B crosses [1/2J:1/2B(F₁), 1/2J:1/2B(F₂) and 3/4J:1/4B] and one three‐breed cross (1/4F:1/4J:1/2B). The crossbreeding parameters were estimated using a repeatability animal model for CI, DO and SPC, and a unitrait animal model for AFC. The overall least‐squares means estimated were: 38.3 ± 0.26 months, 435 ± 4 days, 145 ± 10 days and 1.58 ± 0.03 (number) for AFC, CI, DO and SPC, respectively. The breed additive effects of F and J were only significant (p < 0.01) for AFC. Relative to B, both F and J additive contributions for AFC were ?5.4 ± 0.5 and ?5.5 ± 1.9 months, respectively. Crossing the B with F and J breeds also resulted in significant heterosis (p < 0.05) ranging from 10 to 21% in all traits. The estimated recombination loss was only significant for AFC (2.8 ± 1.0 months) for F × B crosses. Heritability estimates were high for AFC (0.44 ± 0.05) and low for CI (0.08 ± 0.03), DO (0.04 ± 0.03) and SPC (0.08 ± 0.02). The corresponding estimates for the repeatability (r²) were 0.14 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.02 for CI and DO, respectively. The permanent environmental effect for SPC was zero. These findings show that breed differences between F or J and B, and the individual cow variations are low for reproductive traits studied, except for AFC. Heterotic effects seem to be the major genetic causes for the improved reproductive performances in both the F × B and J × B crossbred cows.     

结缕草属植物生殖性状的遗传分析

选用2份生殖性状存在差异的结缕草(Z136)和中华结缕草(Z039)相互杂交,获得正反交F₁分离群体,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对F₁群体的花序密度、生殖枝高度、花序长度、每穗小穗数、小穗长度、小穗宽度、小穗长度/宽度进行遗传分析,以初步明确这些性状的遗传特性。结果表明,1)在调查的7个性状中,正反交杂交后代中每一个性状的变异范围均超出了双亲的变异范围,不同性状的变异系数差异较大,花序密度的变异系数最大,其次为生殖枝高度和每穗粒数,小穗长度和宽度的变异最小,花序长度的变异居中。2)花序密度、生殖枝高度、小穗长度和小穗长/宽正反交后代的观测值存在显著差异,可能有母体遗传效应,花序长度、每穗粒数和小穗宽度正反交后代间的观测值无显著差异。3)花序密度正反交后代群体的最佳遗传模型为存在2对主基因控制的遗传模型,生殖枝高度、花序长度和小穗宽度正反交后代群体的最佳遗传模型均为A-0模型,即无主基因模型。每穗粒数正交为1对主基因的遗传模型,反交为无主基因模型,小穗长度的正交为无主基因模型,反交为1对主基因模型。小穗长/宽正交的最适遗传模型为B-1模型,即2对主基因的加性-显性-上位性遗传模型,主基因遗传率为42.72%,反交群体的最适遗传模型为B-2模型,即2对主基因的加性-显性遗传模型,主基因遗传率为98.81%。     

Breed effects and heterosis in advanced generations of composite populations for growth traits in both sexes of beef cattle

Heterosis effects for birth weight, ADG from birth to weaning, 200-d weight, ADG from weaning to 368 d, 368-d weight, 368-d height, 368-d condition score, and 368-d muscling score (males only) were evaluated separately for each sex in F1, F2, and combined F3 and F4 generations in three composite beef cattle populations. Breed effects were evaluated for the nine parental breeds (i.e., Red Poll [R], Hereford [H], Angus [A], Limousin [L], Braunvieh [B], Pinzgauer [P], Gelbvieh [G], Simmental [S], and Charolais [C]) that contributed to the three composite populations (MARC I = 1/4 C, 1/4 B, 1/4 L, 1/8 H, 1/8 A; MARC II = 1/4 G, 1/4 S, 1/4 H, 1/4 A; and MARC III = 1/4 R, 1/4 P, 1/4 H, 1/4 A). Breed effects were significant for all traits evaluated. The large differences among breeds for growth and size traits in combined additive direct and additive maternal genetic effects (Gi + Gm) provide an opportunity to use genetic differences among breeds to achieve and maintain optimum additive genetic (breed) composition for growth and size traits to match cattle genetic resources to a wide range of production and marketing situations. Combined individual and maternal heterosis was significant in the F1, F2, and combined F3 and F4 generations for each composite population and for the mean of the three composite populations in both sexes for most of the traits evaluated. In both sexes, heterosis retained in combined F3 and F4 generations was greater (P less than .05) than expected based on retained heterozygosity for birth weight, ADG from weaning to 368 d, and for 368-d weight and did not differ (P greater than .05) from expectation for other traits. These results support the hypothesis that heterosis in cattle for traits related to growth and size is due to dominance effects of genes.