Foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins following direct stem injection into white and green ash trees for control of emerald ash borer

BACKGROUND: Azadirachtins are natural insecticides derived from the neem tree. The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic invasive insect pest that infests various ash tree species and has the potential for significant economic, aesthetic and ecological impacts throughout North America. The initial translocation and foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins were examined following direct injection into white and green ash trees growing in urban scenarios as a potential control for EAB. RESULTS: Substantial concentrations of azadirachtins A and B [mean maxima > 0.98 mg kg^?1 fresh weight (f.w.)] were observed within 2 days of injecting a specifically designed formulation of azadirachtins. Foliar residues declined exponentially through time, with half‐life estimates ranging from 5.1 to 12.3 days. At the time of leaf senescence, foliar residue levels approximated 0.01 mg kg^?1 f.w., strongly mitigating the potential effects of non‐target biota in soil or aquatic compartments. CONCLUSION: The magnitude and duration of exposures observed in this field study were considered to be above the thresholds required for biological effectiveness against both larval and adult life stages of EAB. Results support the use of azadirachtins as an environmentally acceptable systemic insecticide for control of EAB and protection of high‐value ash trees in urban environments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sub‐lethal effects of imidacloprid on bumblebees,Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae), during a laboratory feeding test

A laboratory feeding test was conducted on queenless micro‐colonies of three bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris L) to study the effects of low doses of imidacloprid on pollen and syrup consumption, worker survival, brood size and larval development. Two doses were used: D1 = 10 µg AI kg⁻¹ in syrup and 6 µg AI kg⁻¹ in pollen; D2 was 2.5 times higher in syrup and 2.7 higher in pollen. During 85 days 27, 30 and 29 micro‐colonies were reared for control, D1 and D2 treatments respectively. Food consumption was not affected by either dose. During the 5‐day pre‐oviposition period the mean insecticide intake was 4.8 ng per day per worker in treatment D2. Both doses slightly but significantly affected worker survival rate by 10% during the first month, without any dose‐effect relationship. Brood production was significantly reduced in D1 treatment and larval ejection by workers was significantly lower in D1 and D2 than in control. No significant effect of D1 and D2 treatments on the duration of larval development was revealed. No residue could be detected in workers still alive after 85 days. It was concluded that the survival rate and reproductive capacity of B terrestris was not likely to be affected by prolonged ingestion of nectar produced by sunflower after seed‐dressing treatment with imidacloprid (Gaucho), since honey or pollen collected by honeybees foraging treated sunflower never revealed concentrations of imidacloprid higher than 10 µg kg⁻¹. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Field evaluation of systemic imidacloprid for the management of avocado thrips and avocado lace bug in California avocado groves

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of systemic applications of imidacloprid for the management of avocado thrips and avocado lace bug was determined in field trials. Following insecticide treatment by chemigation, leaves of appropriate age for each insect were sampled over a 6 month period and used for bioassays. Imidacloprid residues were measured by ELISA in leaves used for bioassays to determine concentrations of insecticide that were toxic to both pests. RESULTS: The uptake of imidacloprid into treated trees was extremely slow, peaking in the current year's leaf flush at only 8 ng cm^?2 leaf tissue after 15 weeks. Avocado thrips mortality in bioassays with young flush leaves, the preferred feeding substrate for this insect, was minimal, indicating that imidacloprid concentrations were below threshold levels needed for effective control. Residues present in older leaves, which are preferred by the avocado lace bug, were higher than in young flush leaves, and provided good control of this pest. Probit analysis of bioassay data showed that the avocado lace bug (LC₅₀ = 6.1 ng imidacloprid cm^?2 leaf tissue) was more susceptible to imidacloprid than the avocado thrips (LC₅₀ = 73 ng imidacloprid cm^?2 leaf tissue). CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the slow uptake of imidacloprid into avocado trees, the levels of imidacloprid would be sufficient to control avocado lace bug infestations. In contrast, the slow uptake would be problematic for avocado thrips control because inadequate levels of insecticide accumulate in new flush foliage and would allow avocado thrips populations to build to levels that would subsequently damage developing avocado fruit. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Long-term foliar persistence and efficacy of spinosad against beet armyworm under greenhouse conditions

BACKGROUND: The immediate lethality caused by spinosad has been widely studied on Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). However, long‐term effects can also provide valuable information on insecticide toxic action. Here, the persistence of spinosad on Capsicum annuum L. foliage and the lethal and sublethal effects of greenhouse‐aged foliar residues of this insecticide on third instars of S. exigua are reported. RESULTS: Foliage was collected at 0, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after application, and spinosad residues were measured. Residues decreased over time according to first‐order kinetics. The average rate constant and half‐life of disappearance were 4.44 × 10^?3 and 156 days and 5.80 × 10^?3 and 120 days for 60 and 120 mg L^?1 respectively. Larval mortality gradually decreased, corresponding to the residues, but was still appreciable (35 and 65% for 60 and 120 mg L^?1 respectively) when the larvae were fed with foliage collected 50 days after treatment. Subsequently, pupal development was reduced and varied between 20 and 60% and between 21 and 41% for 60 and 120 mg L^?1, respectively, in all ages of leaf residues that were bioassayed. At all time points, the consumption rate by the larvae was reduced between 62 and 84% for both concentrations that were bioassayed. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that, under the present greenhouse conditions, the degradation of spinosad was slower than that reported by other authors in the field, and, because of that, its residues could cause lethal and sublethal effects to S. exigua larvae. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Prevention of pine wilt disease induced by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Monochamus galloprovincialis by trunk injection of emamectin benzoate

The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. We evaluated the efficacy of emamectin benzoate (EB) for preventing wilt disease in the field and its effect on the vector Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Four experimental plots were delimited in a maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) forest in Portugal. Trunk-injection trials with EB included three dose-rates: 0.032 g a.i. cm^?1 diameter at breast height—DBH, n?=?75 trees; 0.064 g a.i. cm^?1 DBH, n?=?75 trees; and 0.128 g a.i. cm^?1 DBH, n?=?50 trees; along with an untreated control plot (n?=?75 trees). EB was successfully injected and translocated in pines at an effective concentration. None of the treated trees died after a period of 26 months, contrasting with a 33% mortality of non-treated pines. Analysis of residues successfully detected EB in branches of treated pines, with the quantity increasing relative to the injection dose rate, and was found to have a clear effect on the longevity and feeding activity of adult M. galloprovincialis feeding on branches. EB was efficient in preventing wilt disease and bark beetle attacks in the terrain, and its application by trunk injection is a new option for wilt disease management programs in Portugal and in Europe.     

Management of cardamom borer,Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee and thrips,Sciothrips cardamomi Ramk using diafenthiuron and its residues in fresh and cured cardamom capsules

Cardamom is an important spice crops used all over the world as a flavoring agent of food materials. The productivity is limited by insect pests and thus effective insecticide which does not leave residues in the produce is the need of the hour. Diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 300 g a.i ha^?1 was found effective in managing both the cardamom shoot and capsule borer, Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee and thrips, Sciothrips cardamomi Ramk and thus can be recommended for pest management. Cardamom capsules were collected from the plants that were sprayed with diafenthiuron at the recommended dose of 200 g a.i ha^?1 and double the dose (400 g a.i ha^?1), which were then analyzed under HPLC with a normal phase column. The diafenthiuron residue was below the detectable levels of 0.05 µg g^?1 in the harvested produce (both fresh and cured) after twelve and fourteen days of spray. So, capsules can be harvested safely without any risk of insecticide residues 12 days after spraying of diafenthiuron and thus can be recommended for usage in cardamom plantations.     

Effects of residues of fenvalerate and permethrin on the feeding behaviour of Tetranychus urticae (Koch)

The effects of synthetic pyrethroids on the feeding behaviour of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) were studied using a modified leaf disc technique. Four different concentrations of the pyrethroids fenvalerate and permethrin and of the organophosphorous insecticide phosmet were sprayed on to Henderson lima bean plants in the laboratory. A water spray was used as a control. Leaf discs were taken from each treatment, including the control, at 2h, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after treatment. One mite was placed on each disc, allowed to acclimatise and then observed for 1 h. Experiments were conducted under laboratory light at 25 (±1.5)°C and 30 (±2)% r.h. Mites on untreated and phosmet-treated discs spent an average 70–95% of the time feeding; mite behaviour appeared to be unaffected by phosmet. In contrast, mites often spent only 5–40% of the time feeding on discs treated with fenvalerate or with the higher rates of permethrin. In response to pyrethroid residues mites exhibited hyperactivity, longer search periods and reduced feeding, reduced oviposition and a preference for areas with lower residues. These changes in mite behaviour may partially explain mite outbreaks in the field on apple trees following treatment with pyrethroids.     

Persistence and activity of mexacarbate and its metabolites against spruce budworm larvae

This study was conducted to determine if metabolites of mexacarbate contribute to its residual toxicity to spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) larvae. Potted white spruce (Picea glauca) trees were treated with ‘Zectran’ UCZF # 19 at 100 g a.i. ha^?1 and kept in a glasshouse. Mexacarbate residues declined by 98–99% within three days and reached non-detectable levels 10 days after treatment. Mortality of larvae fed on buds from these trees declined more gradually and was still 19–27% when exposed 10 days after treatment. The very low levels of mexacarbate (<0.07 μg g^?1) found after three days did not produce such mortality. Gas chromatographic analysis of metabolites in needles revealed that after three days, 4-methylformamido-3,5-xylyl N-methylcarbamate was present at levels 20–30 times higher than the parent compound. This metabolite was about 50 times less toxic than mexacarbate to larvae when applied topically but was only 7 times less toxic when ingested. Two other methylcarbamate metabolites, the amino, and methylamino analogues were detectable for one day following treatment but not at later time points. They were as toxic as mexacarbate both topically and orally. Based on these findings, the methylformamido analogue could contribute to the residual toxicity of mexacarbate treatments of spruce.     

Foliar Persistence and Residual Activity of Tebufenozide Against Spruce Budworm Larvae

A field study was conducted to investigate the persistence of tebufenozide in white spruce foliage. An aqueous suspension concentrate formulation, RH-5992 2F, was sprayed over single trees at three dosage rates, 35, 70 and 140 g of the active ingredient (AI), in 2·0 litre ha⁻¹, using ground application equipment. Foliage was collected at different intervals of time up to 64 days after treatment and tebufenozide residues were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Foliage was also fed to laboratory-reared 4th- and 6th-instar spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens). The data indicated that tebufenozide residues in foliage declined with time according to first-order kinetics. The average rate-constant and half-life of disappearance (DT₅₀) were 0·0340 and 20·45 days, respectively. Larval mortality declined gradually, corresponding to the residues, but was still appreciable (49 to 70%) when the larvae were fed with foliage collected 64 days after treatment. The amount of foliage consumed by the larvae decreased when foliar residues of tebufenozide increased, thus indicating anti-feedant activity of the chemical. The LD₅₀ values for both instars were similar and averagedc.25 ng per insect, but the LD₉₀ values were significantly lower for 4th-instar than for 6th-instar, at 63·6 and 96·1 ng per insect respectively. This implies that, theoretically, at a foliar concentration of 1·0 μg tebufenozide g⁻¹ foliage (fresh wt), the spruce budworm larva needs to consume 65 to 100 mg of foliage in 10 days to cause mortality in about 90% of a population of the insect.     

Rate, placement and timing of aldicarb applications to control Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in oranges

BACKGROUND: The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a cosmopolitan insect pest of citrus and vectors the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, a suspected causal organism of citrus greening or ‘huanglongbing’ disease. Aldicarb 150 g kg^?1 GR (Temik^® 15 G) was evaluated at three rates, two placements and three timings for ACP control in orange trees. RESULTS: Application of aldicarb at 5.6, 2.8 and 1.4 kg AI ha^?1 in March 2006 reduced adults by 58–66%, 45–46% and 25–37% respectively compared with untreated controls in two separate trials. No difference was observed in placement (one versus two sides of the tree) or tree size (8 years old versus 12 years old). Application at 5.6 kg ha^?1 in January 2007 reduced adults by 86% and shoot infestation by 77% in spring, and was generally better than the November and especially February applications. Even more striking results were evident on adults caged on treated plants for 25 days in March. Spiders and ladybeetles were equally abundant in treated and untreated trees. CONCLUSION: Aldicarb application at 5.6 kg ha^?1 to the bed side of mature citrus trees 2–3 months before spring growth can suppress ACP through spring without a direct effect on principal psyllid natural enemies. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

The solar chamber: an innovative technique for controlling verticillium wilt of olive1

Control of olive tree wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is not easy. A simple solar-chamber technique has been developed to achieve effective control. The treated tree is irrigated, the soil is covered by a plastic sheet, and a chamber made of a metal framework covered with plastic sheets is placed over the tree. Trees were exposed for 10, 15 and 20 days. Using this approach the temperature in the chamber reached 55°, and soil temperatures at 5 and 15 cm depth reached 55 and 45°, respectively. It was no longer possible to isolate V. dahliae from infected trees after 15–20 days. Growth of treated trees was improved as compared with the untreated ones. Laboratory studies on the efficacy of dry heat on the survival of V. dahliae in diseased branches showed that 50–55°C was lethal after 1 h. On PDA medium, the fungus was killed in 1 h at 50°C and in 45 min at 55°C.     

Residues in blackcurrants,fodder peas,spinach and potatoes treated with sublethal doses of 2,4,5-T to simulate wind drift damage

Blackcurrants, treated with 0.1 kg of 2,4,5-T ha^?1 (as esters of mixed C₄–C₆ alcohols; ‘Tormona 80’), contained 0.1 mg of 2,4,5-T residues kg^?1 in the berries at ripeness 29 days after treatment. Total residues in the berries were not reduced during growth and ripening, although the residue concentrations declined in the same period due to growth dilution. In spinach leaves from old plants, treated with 0.1 kg ha^?1, 0.05 mg of 2,4,5-T kg^?1 was found 14 days after treatment. Fodder peas showed no residues (< 0.002 mg kg^?1) at harvest 62 days after treatment with 2,4,5-T esters. After application of 0.1 kg ha^?1 on potato plants, the disappearance of 2,4,5-T was rapid during the first month, but residues were translocated into the tubers and reached a constant level of 0.02 mg kg^?1 after 1 month until harvest at 108 days after treatment. In all crops, visible effects were observed after treatment with 0.1 kg ha^?1. After the application at 0.01 kg ha^?1, phytotoxic effects were observed only in blackcurrants, but negligible residues were found in all the test crops.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of spinosad against the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar

The toxicity of the naturally derived insecticide spinosad was tested against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Bioassays using red oak leaf disks, treated with spinosad in a Potter spray tower, yielded an LC₅₀ value of 0.0015 µg AI cm⁻² (3‐day exposure; 13‐day evaluation; 2nd instar larvae). Applied to foliage to run‐off in the laboratory (potted red oak seedlings) and the field (4 m‐tall birch trees), spinosad effectively controlled 2nd instar larvae at concentrations ranging from 3 to 50 mg litre⁻¹. Toxicity in the laboratory, and efficacy and persistence in the field, were comparable to those achieved with the insecticide permethrin. Laboratory studies supported field observations that control was achieved in part by knockdown due to paralysis. In addition, laboratory results demonstrated that crawling contact activity may play an important role in field efficacy; 50% of treated larvae were paralyzed 16 h after a 2‐min crawling exposure to glass coated with a 4 mg litre⁻¹ spinosad solution. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Estimation of fly population density of Bactrocera oleae in olive groves of Crete

Population density of adults of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was obtained from olive trees during a two-year study by means of two different methods, namely, knock down by an insecticide applied as a fog (‘sondage’) and trap captures (of yellow sticky panels and McPhail traps baited with ammonium). First it was concluded that yellow sticky panel traps give a poor representation of the olive fruit fly population density of the olive grove. Yellow panel trap captures were significantly lower than McPhail’s (September) and than the actual population of B. oleae as recorded in olive tree canopy (August of 2008). When only McPhail captures were compared to the olive fruit fly population in the tree canopy, B. oleae captures in McPhail traps represented only a small percentage of the population that was recorded in the olive tree canopy (July and August of 2009). It was estimated that traps captured only 0.5% of the flies present within a radius of 20 m in the studied field (which consists of approximately 25 trees). However, during autumn (September), low trap captures of B. oleae can occur even when the fly population in the field is near zero.     

Residues of zeta‐cypermethrin in bovine tissues and milk following pour‐on and spray application

The depletion of zeta‐cypermethrin residues in bovine tissues and milk was studied. Beef cattle were treated three times at 3‐week intervals with 1 ml 10 kg^?1 body weight of a 25 g litre^?1 or 50 g litre^?1 pour‐on formulation (2.5 and 5.0 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg^?1 body weight) or 100 mg kg^?1 spray to simulate a likely worst‐case treatment regime. Friesian and Jersey dairy cows were treated once with 2.5 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg^?1 in a pour‐on formulation. Muscle, liver and kidney residue concentrations were generally less than the limit of detection (LOD = 0.01 mg kg^?1). Residues in renal‐fat and back‐fat samples from animals treated with 2.5 mg kg^?1 all exceeded the limit of quantitation (LOQ = 0.05 mg kg^?1), peaking at 10 days after treatment. Only two of five kidney fat samples were above the LOQ after 34 days, but none of the back‐fat samples exceeded the LOQ at 28 days after treatment. Following spray treatments, fat residues were detectable in some animals but were below the LOQ at all sampling intervals. Zeta‐cypermethrin was quantifiable (LOQ = 0.01 mg kg^?1) in only one whole‐milk sample from the Friesian cows (0.015 mg kg^?1, 2 days after treatment). In whole milk from Jersey cows, the mean concentration of zeta‐cypermethrin peaked 1 day after treatment, at 0.015 mg kg^?1, and the highest individual sample concentration was 0.025 mg kg^?1 at 3 days after treatment. Residues in milk were not quantifiable beginning 4 days after treatment. The mean concentrations of zeta‐cypermethrin in milk fat from Friesian and Jersey cows peaked two days after treatment at 0.197 mg kg^?1 and 0.377 mg kg^?1, respectively, and the highest individual sample concentrations were 2 days after treatment at 0.47 mg kg^?1 and 0.98 mg kg^?1, respectively. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

八种杀虫剂对黑粪蚊的防治效果及残留分析

选择8种杀虫剂,分别在实验室和菇房条件下研究其对黑粪蚊的防治效果和对平菇菌丝生长的影响,并分析施药后不同时间平菇中的农药残留.结果表明,40%辛硫磷EC、40%氧乐果EC、48%毒死蜱EC对黑粪蚊具有很好的防治效果,但对平菇菌丝的抑制率明显高于其它药剂;10%吡虫啉WP、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC不仅对黑粪蚊成、幼虫具有良好的防治效果,而且使用后对平菇菌丝生长的影响较小;2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC、1.8%阿维菌素EC等使用5天后均未检测到农药残留,5%氟虫腈SC和10%吡虫啉WP药后15天仍能检测到残留.     

Impact of ant control technologies on insecticide runoff and efficacy

BACKGROUND: Insecticides are commonly used for ant control around residential homes, but post‐treatment runoff may contribute to contamination of surface water in urban watersheds. This study represents the first instance where runoff of insecticides was directly measured after applications around single family residences. During 2007, houses were treated with bifenthrin or fipronil sprays following standard practices. During 2008, pin stream applicators, spray‐free zones and restricting sprays to the house foundation were considered as management options. RESULTS: During 2007, the resulting runoff from the bifenthrin spray in the irrigation water had a mean concentration of 14.9 µg L^?1 at 1 week post‐treatment and 2.5 µg L^?1 at 8 weeks, both high enough to be toxic to sensitive aquatic organisms. In comparison, treatments with bifenthrin granules resulted in no detectable concentrations in the runoff water after 8 weeks. The mean concentration for fipronil used as a perimeter spray was 4.2 µg L^?1 at 1 week post‐treatment and 0.01 µg L^?1 at 8 weeks, with the first value also suggesting a potential for causing acute aquatic toxicity to sensitive organisms. During 2008, insecticide runoff was reduced by using spray‐free zones and pin stream perimeter applications. CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that insecticide runoff from individual home treatments for ants can be measured and used to improve techniques that minimize runoff. The pin stream application and applications limited to the house foundation should be further evaluated for their potential to reduce pesticide runoff from residential homes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Relationship between azinphos-methyl usage and residues on grapes and in wine in Australia

Azinphos-methyl was applied to Shiraz winegrapes by commercial high-volume and hand-held sprayers during seasons 1993/94 and 1994/95. Residue levels in grapes resulting from treatments applied by commercial sprayer were below the maximum residue level (MRL) of 2 mg kg^-1 for grapes in Australia, whereas residues resulting from treatments applied by hand-held sprayer still exceeded the MRL five weeks after final application. There was a strong correlation for most treatments between treatment concentration of azinphos-methyl and residue level in grapes, and in wine made from treated grapes. Applied at the recommended rate (1·2 g litre^-1 wettable powder (WP) and 2·4 ml litre^-1 suspension concentrate (SC)) by commercial high-volume sprayer, azinphos-methyl residue levels in wine were well below the MRL, and below the MRLs of most importing countries, except Denmark and Sweden. When applied by hand-held sprayer, residue levels in wine were 5·9–29·6 fold higher than those previously obtained by commercial application of insecticide. Since wines are often blends from different grape blocks and grape-growing districts, in practice, this is unlikely to be of concern. Wine made from grapes treated by commercial sprayer showed no detectable residues of azinphos-methyl after one year of storage. In both years, residue levels in grapes of both formulations of azinphos-methyl fluctuated during the five-week post-treatment period, although there was an overall downward trend. Previously unrecorded systemicity in azinphos-methyl was demonstrated in laboratory studies with barley seedlings, and this may explain these fluctuating data in grapes. The reduction of azinphos-methyl residues in grapes over time appears to be a complex phenomenon involving translocation of active ingredient combined with an increase in the size and weight of berries, producing fluctuating residue levels. © 1998 SCI     

Disposition kinetics,cytotoxicity and residues of fenvalerate in tissues following oral administration to goats

Disposition kinetics in goats of fenvalerate [(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] were studied after oral administration at 5 mg kg^?1. The insecticide persisted in blood for up to 48 h. The V_d(area), t_1/2(β), and t_1/2(Ka), of fenvalerate were 12.14 (±0.39) litre kg^?1, 12.25 (±0.25) h and 0.63 (±0.11)h, while the AUC and Cl_B values were respectively 7.35 (±0.39) μg h ml^?1 and 0.68 (±0.04) litre kg^?1 h^?1. The residues in tissues reached a peak four days after insecticide administration and then started to decline. Maximum residue was found in the adrenal gland, followed by liver, kidney and intestine. Both GOT and GPT activities in kidney tissue, but only GPT activities in liver tissue had decreased significantly 4, 8 and 22 days post-administration. The fenvalerate did not produce any significant effects on serum acetylcholinesterase, cholesterol or protein levels in goats. Histopathological examination showed fatty changes in the periphery of lobule, congestion in sinusoid, haemolysis in central vein, necrosis and periportal fibrosis around the central vein of liver, and necrosis in kidney of fenvalerate-treated goats.