农牧交错带土壤磷素动态研究

对海拔2600～3000m农牧交替带不同退化程度的草原、草原开垦后土壤磷素变化进行了系统研究。退化草原包括:轻度(LDP),中度(MDP)和重度(HDP)3种类型,耕种土壤开垦年限从1至50年不等,土壤样品取自甘肃省7县市18个地点,主要土壤类型为黑钙土。通过进行磷的分级发现,草原开垦后土壤有机磷组分明显下降。种植8、16、41年后土壤有机磷分别下降8%、20%和36%;区域性土壤分析结果亦表明,耕种30年以上的土壤有机磷平均下降35%。有机质矿化,土壤侵蚀后由于耕作措施造成的底土与表土混合,以及无机磷肥的施用使得耕种土壤中Ca-P明显增加。NaOH浸提的潜在活性有机磷,随着草原退化程度的增加和耕作年限的延长有递减的趋势。活性有机磷与总有机磷显著相关(R2=0.63),而活性有机磷的多寡与耕种和施肥明显相关。     

宁南黄土高原土壤^137Cs分布与相关影响因子研究

利用^137Cs示踪方法,对宁南黄土高原阳洼流域纵断面土壤^137Cs分布及相关影响因子进行了初步研究。结果表明：流域纵断面^137Cs面积活度随坡面海拔和水平距离的变化,表现为一种不规则的波动振荡趋势。随海拔降低,纵断面上、中部^137Cs面积活度逐步下降,有明显的土壤侵蚀发生;坡面下部^137Cs面积活度最高,泥沙沉积的再分布现象明显。流域内林草地剖面土壤^137Cs呈指数型分布,坡耕地、梯田^137Cs在耕层内呈均一分布,其分布模式与各土地类型土壤有机质的分布状态完全一致。相关分析表明,两者在P〈0．01水平达到极显著相关（r^2=0．336,n=417）。土壤^137Css的损失和土壤有机质的移动具有相同的物理路径和运移机制;农耕坡地土壤^137Cs面积活度随坡度增加有逐步降低的趋势;土地利用方式、坡度、耕作活动是影响纵断面土壤^137Cs空间异质性的主要因素。^137Cs示踪方法是研究土壤侵蚀空间分布的一种有效工具。     

紫色丘陵区土壤侵蚀对土壤生物学肥力的影响

为更好地理解侵蚀土壤质量变化,该文利用137Cs技术探讨了川中丘陵区紫色土陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤生物学肥力的影响。结果表明,与无侵蚀的坡地相比,陡坡耕地土壤微生物量碳含量及碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性分别显著降低41%、44%、17%,土壤生物学肥力退化指数MFDI达-35%。陡坡耕地土壤蔗糖酶活性与137Cs浓度显著正相关（r=0.643,p=0.024）,表明蔗糖酶活性随土壤侵蚀强度增大而降低。耕作侵蚀造成的陡坡耕地上坡土壤损失导致土壤微生物量碳含量、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶及蔗糖酶活性最低,而耕作侵蚀造成的陡坡耕地坡底土壤堆积导致这4个微生物特性最高,结果陡坡耕地这些微生物特性的空间变异分别增大2.8、0.8、1.4、4.5倍。紫色土陡坡耕地土壤生物学肥力退化与空间变异性增大在今后的土地管理中应引起关注。     

雅鲁藏布江中游地区土壤蚀的^137Cs示踪法研究

雅江中游地区林草地土壤侵蚀强度的^137Cs示踪法研究表明,林草地土壤剖面的^137Cs总量,可以很好地表征土壤的侵蚀程度。研究区^137Cs本底值介于830.6-1114.0Bq/m^2之间;林草地平均土壤侵蚀强度介于341－1971t/km62.a,影响林草地土壤侵蚀强度的主要因子为林草地覆盖度,其次为坡度。     

应用^137Cs研究小流域泥沙来源

通过在0.17km^2面积的小流域198个点,525个样品表层土壤中^137Cs含量的分析,研究结果表明：（1）不同地貌部位^137Cs含量有明显分异,为^137Cs法定量研究土壤侵蚀与沉积提供了科学依据,（2）小流域泥沙主要来源于沟谷地,占流域总产沙量的72．4％,（3）^137Cs技术测定的是净土壤侵蚀量,可持供更为真实的侵蚀,产沙及沉积信息,虽计算侵蚀量和沉积量有待完善,但可较准确的表达相对侵量的变化与分布趋势,这是^137Cs技术与其他方法相比较显著的特点。     

基于^137Cs地表富集作用的土壤侵蚀速率的定量模型

建立了一个根据农业耕作土壤剖面中^137Cs的损失量与土壤侵蚀量之间关系的定量模型,定量模型是在假设^137Cs在耕作层中得到充分的混合而变得均一前,沉降的^137Cs在土壤表层产生地表富集作用,根据质量平衡模型推导而成,在建立模型的过程中,充分考虑了地表富集层的厚度,^137Cs在此层中的分布特征,^137Cs的衰变常数,年沉降分量,犁层厚度和采样年份等因素,模型结果还说明,^137Cs的损失量（CR－CE）／CR与年平均土壤侵蚀量之间的关系既非线性关系亦非指数关系,而是一种复杂的曲线关系。     

基于FRN技术的我国不同地区典型土壤保持措施的有效性评价

选择中国西南-东北样带4个典型土壤侵蚀区,包括位于长江上游的西昌,黄土高原延安,北方风蚀区的丰宁和东北黑土区的拜泉,应用环境放射性核素(FRN)技术研究了不同土壤保持措施在减少土壤侵蚀、改善土壤质量方面的作用。在西昌,137Cs和210Pbex的测定结果表明,不同植被覆盖结构减少土壤侵蚀的作用为:灌木>有地被物的乔木>草类>无地被物的乔木;在延安,利用137Cs示踪技术对坡地景观的产沙量估算结果表明,梯田和林草地相对于坡耕地产沙量分别减少了49%和80%,林草地的土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量相对于坡耕地分别增加了255%、198%和18%,梯田土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量分别增加了121%、103%和162%,而土壤容重分别降低了1.6%和6.4%;在丰宁,对7Be的测定结果表明,与传统耕作方式相比,4年免耕+作物高留茬(50～56cm)和免耕+作物低留茬(25cm)分别使土壤侵蚀速率下降44%和33%;在拜泉,通过137Cs测定结果发现,坡改梯使土壤流侵蚀降低14%,等高耕作使土壤侵蚀量减少了34%。研究结果说明,灌木林覆盖、林草复合结构是控制西南侵蚀山地土壤侵蚀的优选生物配置措施,梯田和林草复合结构在控制黄土高原土壤侵蚀和改善土壤质量方面有重要作用,免耕+高留茬措施是我国北方风蚀区防治土壤侵蚀退化的有效措施,等高耕作应当成为防治东北黑土区土壤侵蚀的关键措施。     

利用137Cs示踪农业耕作土壤侵蚀速率的定量模型

建立了一个根据农业耕作土壤剖面中^137Cs的损失量与土壤侵蚀量之间关系的定量模型,在假设^137Cs在耕层中得到充分的混合而变得均一的基础上,根据质量平衡模型推导而成,模型显示^137Cs的衰变常数,年沉降分量,耕层厚和采样年份对年平均土壤侵蚀速率都有重大影响,模型结果还说明,^137Cs的损失量与年平均土壤侵蚀量之间的关系既非线性关系亦非指数关系,而是一种复杂的曲线关系。     

林地开垦加速侵蚀下土训养分退化的研究

应用定位观测资料，研究了人为开垦林地对土壤侵蚀的影响，通过比较梁坡林地开垦不同年限后的土培养分变化动态，分析了土壤养分退化的过程及特征，结果表明，人为开垦林地后，土壤侵蚀强度剧增，呈加速侵蚀特征，在人为加速侵蚀影响下，有机质含量开垦年限之间呈y=ae^kt指数关系，土壤腐殖质组成也随开垦年限而发生变化，土壤全氮，碱解氮，有机磷是反映土壤养分退化速度的敏感性指标，林地开垦20年后，土壤有机质，有效氮，有效磷含量降低到与侵蚀黄绵土相当的水平，有效态Zn,Cu,Mn含量低于或接近临界值，已达严重退化的程度，林地及不同开垦年限的农地中，土壤pH值，CaCO3含量和CEC的变化幅分别为8．06－8．44，102－135g/kg和7.8-19.25cmol/kg，随开垦年限的增加，土壤的保肥能力明显下降。     

子午岭地区林地破坏加速侵蚀对土壤养分流失和微生物的影响研究

以浅沟集水区为研究对象,分析了子午岭地区林地被开垦破坏15年后裸露地在不同侵蚀强度和侵蚀方式下的土壤养分流失和土壤微生物数量的变化。结果表明,林地开垦破坏后,土壤侵蚀加剧发展,侵蚀强度达159.7t/(hm2a),是林地土壤侵蚀量的上千倍。开垦破坏15年后,裸露地浅沟集水区不同地形部位表层土壤全氮、有机碳、速效磷和土壤微生物总数显著减少,同林地相比,依次分别减少37.9%～82.6%、42.7%～86.4%、24.2%～80.3%和31.8%～92.0%。在裸露地浅沟集水区梁坡随坡长的增加,表层土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷含量及微生物总数呈显著的下降趋势,且沟槽的土壤各养分含量及微生物总数明显低于沟间。裸露地浅沟集水区土壤养分流失强度及微生物数量减少幅度在浅沟集水区的空间分布与土壤侵蚀方式和侵蚀强度相对应。林地开垦破坏15年后,土壤养分以有机碳流失最严重,其次分别为速效磷、全氮;微生物中的真菌减少幅度最大,细菌次之,放线菌减少幅度最小。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

不同炭基改良剂提升紫色土蓄水保熵能力

通过连续2a田间试验,研究了5种改良剂(秸秆、有机肥、生物炭、炭基改良剂I和炭基改良剂Ⅱ)对紫色丘陵区坡耕地土壤水分库容、孔隙度和团聚体组成及稳定性的影响,分析了土壤水分特征参数与孔隙度和团聚体组成的关系,以期为紫色土区水土保持和土壤改良提供科学依据。结果表明,与不施改良剂(对照)相比,5种炭基改良剂都能提高土壤对降水的截存和保贮能力,显著提高了土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、水分总库容、有效水库容及重力水库容,降低了土壤凋萎点含水量和无效水库容;不同改良剂提升作用大小为改良剂Ⅱ改良剂I生物炭有机肥秸秆对照。施用改良剂I、改良剂Ⅱ、生物炭和有机肥显著提高了土壤孔隙度,降低了土壤容重,秸秆的效果不显著。施用炭基改良剂降低了0.25mm的微团聚体含量,促进了小团聚体向大团聚体的转化,其中对粒径5mm的机械稳定性大团聚体提升幅度最大,比对照提高14.5%~60.7%;5种炭基改良剂都显著提高了团聚体的平均重量直径及稳定性指数,以炭基改良剂I、炭基改良剂Ⅱ和生物炭的作用效果最大。土壤总库容、重力水库容和有效水库容与总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度以及土壤大团聚体含量呈正相关,而与土壤非毛管孔隙度和小团聚体呈负相关,土壤蓄水保水能力与土壤团聚体组成和孔隙度密切相关。因此,施用炭基改良剂通过促进土壤团聚作用,提高大团聚体含量和土壤孔隙度,进而增大土壤持水量和土壤有效水库容,是改善紫色土结构和提高紫色土坡耕地保水蓄水能力的有效措施。     

不同改良剂对宁夏地区盐碱土土壤结构的影响

采用玉米室内盆栽试验的方法,研究了宁夏回族自治区石嘴山市平罗县姚伏镇大兴墩村的盐碱土在施用硫磺、有机肥、石膏、PAM等不同土壤改良剂对土壤结构的影响.研究结果表明,4类改良剂均有效降低了土壤容重,土壤空隙度随之增加,土壤物理结构的改善与水分利用相互配合,共同促进了当地盐碱土的改良;硫磺的最佳用量确定为在30.45 g/盆,并需要注意土壤通气性,防止发生反硫化作用,对玉米根系产生毒害;综合而言,PAM改良效果最佳.其次是石膏和S3处理.     

Short-term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission,temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events

Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO₂, temperature (T_soil), moisture (M_soil) and air-filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO₂, T_soil and M_soil were carried out at each point over a 28-day period. The greatest mean values of FCO₂ (0.74 g m⁻² hr⁻¹) and M_soil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and T_soil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO₂, T_soil, M_soil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO₂ during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where M_soil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where T_soil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO₂ emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane field reform.     

不同改良剂对酸性土壤的修复效应

为明确不同改良剂对酸性植烟土壤的修复效应,采用盆栽试验,分析了施用丰收延酸性土壤改良剂、金叶酸性土壤改良剂及石灰后土壤pH、水解性酸、潜性酸及土壤交换性能的动态变化。结果表明:施用改良剂可提高土壤pH 3.01%~24.11%,降低土壤水解性酸16.08%~50.46%、交换性Al 3+51.80%~64.27%、交换性H+含量84.12%~93.56%,提高土壤交换性盐基总量45.18%~46.16%、阳离子交换量0.33%~20.10%、盐基饱和度21.35%~49.78%。施用土壤改良剂后,土壤pH先升高后下降,至移栽60天后趋于稳定;土壤水解性酸在烤烟移栽后30~90天差异较小,至移栽后120天略有增加。施用石灰的土壤交换性氢、交换性铝一直下降,但施用丰收延、金叶酸性土壤改良剂的土壤交换性铝下降至烟苗移栽后120天略有增加,土壤交换性氢上升至烟苗移栽后120天大幅度下降。施用土壤改良剂后,土壤交换性盐基总量、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度一直提高,但变化幅度较小。不同土壤改良剂的材料来源及组成成分不同,其对酸性土壤的恢复效果也不同,以施用石灰的效果最好。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。     

A review of visual soil evaluation techniques for soil structure

Soil structure forms a key component of soil quality, and its assessment by semi‐quantitative visual soil evaluation (VSE) techniques can help scientists, advisors and farmers make decisions regarding sampling and soil management. VSE techniques require inexpensive equipment and generate immediate results that correlate well with quantitative measurements of physical and biochemical properties, highlighting their potential utility. We reviewed published VSE techniques and found that soils of certain textures present problems and a lack of research into the influence of soil moisture content on VSE criteria. Generally, profile methods evaluate process interactions at specific locations within a field, exploring both intrinsic aspects and anthropogenic impacts. Spade methods focus on anthropogenic characteristics, providing rapid synopses of soil structure over wider areas. Despite a focus on structural form, some methods include criteria related to stability and resiliency. Further work is needed to improve existing methods regarding texture influences, on‐farm sampling procedures and more holistic assessments of soil structure.