红松人工林不同间伐强度效果分析

对不同间伐强度红松人工林的林分生长状况,林下植被生物多样性以及林下土壤的养分状况进行调查研究。结果表明:极强度间伐、强度间伐能有效提高林分直径生长量,增加大径材的出材量,缩短培育大径材的时间,及早达到木材采伐标准。但间伐强度过大影响整个林分的蓄积量。强度间伐有效提高林下植被的丰富度指数和多样性指数,植被状况良好。极强度间伐区土壤的养分状况最好,维持较高的土壤肥力。间伐有利于红松人工林地的可持续利用。     

近自然经营对辽东栎林优势乔木更新的影响

对黄龙山辽东栎林设置未间伐(对照)、13.4％材积强度间伐后天然更新(弱度间伐)和30.0％材积强度间伐后人工补植油松(强度间伐)试验,研究不同强度近自然经营间伐措施对辽东栎林立地环境、群落物种多样性和优势林木更新的影响.结果表明:近自然经营后林地可利用养分增加,尤其是土壤全N含量;间伐样地物种多样性指数均高于未间伐样地;优势乔木(辽东栎、油松和茶条槭)幼苗幼树数量随间伐强度增大而增加;与对照相比,间伐样地幼苗幼树存活率高,高生长量增加;在黄土高原黄龙山林区,油松需要人工促进更新,而辽东栎和茶条槭均能够天然更新;近自然经营间伐措施能够促进辽东栎次生林立地环境改善,加快优势林木更新进程;间伐30.0％后人工补植油松更适合当地辽东栎次生林的抚育管理.     

福建柏人工林不同间伐强度效果分析

通过对不同间伐强度的福建柏人工林(32a)的林分生长状况,林下植被生物多样性进行调查研究。结果表明:极强度间伐、强度间伐能有效提高林分直径生长量,增加大径材的出材量,缩短培育大径材的时间。强度间伐有效提高林下植被的丰富度指数和多样性指数,植被状况良好。强度间伐保留735株·hm-2的林分蓄积量最大,高于其他间伐强度,其差异显著,单株材积增幅达7.8%~34.8%。由此可见,强度间伐即保留735株·hm-2是福建柏培育中大径材合理的保留密度,其生长量最大,效益最好。     

辽东山区落叶松林近自然化改造短期效果分析

在辽宁清原县选择25年生落叶松人工林进行近自然化改造,以不间伐林分作为对照,研究近自然化改造对林分生长和林下草本层植物多样性的影响。结果表明:间伐1年后,间伐林分平均胸径和林分材积生长量及生长率均高于对照,差异显著(p0.05)。在间伐林分中,目标树的胸径生长量显著高于一般林木的胸径生长量。近自然化改造显著地提高了林下草本层植物多样性,间伐林分林下草本层丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数高于对照。因此,近自然化改造促进了人工落叶松林的林分生长,提高了林下草本层植物多样性,有利于目标树的持续快速生长。今后经营落叶松中龄人工林时,应多关注目标树的生长。     

森林抚育对马尾松纯林更新影响研究

主要从林分生长状况、林下植物多样性和林下更新树种情况等方面探讨了森林抚育措施(封山育林和间伐)对马尾松林分及林下植物更新的影响,并比较了各林分间伐1年后、5年后和7年后林下植物更新的差异。研究结果表明:抚育措施对林下植物多样性和更新层有明显影响,不同经营措施所影响的程度有所差异;同一林分,不同间伐强度下林下植物更新也存在差异。     

间伐强度对兴安落叶松林林下植被多样性及生物量的影响

研究了间伐强度对兴安落叶松林林下植物多样性和生物量的影响,为确定兴安落叶松林分的最佳采伐强度提供理论依据。以兴安落叶松林为研究对象,设置4种间伐强度(10%、20%、30%、40%)和对照的试验固定样地,对间伐5 a后各样地林下灌草多样性和生物量进行调查分析。结果表明:1)抚育间伐可以明显提高林下植物种类、Menhinick丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数,各层均以40%间伐强度最大,而生态优势度指数则呈递减趋势(P <0.05);2)适当加大间伐强度对林分林下植被层和枯落物层生物量具有促进作用,均以间伐强度30%为优(P <0.05);3)综上所述,在30%～40%的间伐强度下,兴安落叶松林林下植被多样性和生物量最高,林分质量最佳。     

川中丘陵区人工柏木林不同结构调整模式对比研究

以川中丘陵区人工柏木林两种结构调整改造模式—“带状采伐+补阔”改造林分（采伐带与保留带均为8m,补植阔叶树为桤木、香椿、香樟、喜树）、“生态疏伐”改造林分（按蓄积疏伐强度为25%～30%）和对照林分以及天然次生栎柏混交林作为研究对象,分析生物多样性、乔木生长、灌草盖度和林下更新幼苗数量,结果表明：（1）乔木层丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高的是栎柏混交林,其次是“带状改造+补阔”改造林分。灌、草丰富度均以栎柏混交林最高,其次是“生态疏伐”改造林分;灌木多样性指数最高的是“生态疏伐”改造林分,其次是栎柏混交林;草本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高的是栎柏混交林,其次是“生态疏伐”改造林分。对照林分乔灌草层物种丰富度、多样性指数均最低。（2）乔木平均胸径、平均树高按大小排列分别为：“生态疏伐”改造林分>“带状采伐+补阔”改造林分>栎柏混交林>对照,栎柏混交林>“带状采伐+补阔”改造林分>“生态疏伐”改造林分>对照。（3）灌草盖度第一、第二均是带状采伐+补阔”改造林分和栎柏混交林,对照最小。（4）林下更新幼苗以栎柏混交林最多,最...     

仙米林区青海云杉林抚育效果调查与评价

确定适宜的抚育间伐强度以建立适宜的林分结构,使森林的多种效益得到充分发挥,在门源县仙米林区,对青海云杉中幼林进行抚育间伐,并设定9个固定样地,于2016年对固定样地进行复测,通过测定林下植被多样性、林分生产力及林下更新3个方面的9个指标,进行青海云杉林抚育效果的评价。结果表明:15%的抚育强度在优化林分结构、提高林分生产力方面效果最佳;25%的抚育强度在提高林下植被多样性方面效果最明显;5%的抚育强度效果不明显。     

不同间伐强度对长白落叶松-红松林植物多样性和土壤特性的影响

为了提高长白落叶松-红松林的生产力和生物多样性,2005年秋对长白落叶松人工林进行疏伐,伐后林冠下栽植4年生红松。2012年秋又对上层长白落叶松进行生长伐,设计轻度、中度和强度3种间伐强度和1组未间伐林分(对照),分析5年后不同间伐强度对林下植物多样性和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:①抚育间伐能提高林下植物多样性,林下灌木层植物丰富度随着间伐强度的增加而增加,轻度、中度和强度间伐差异显著(p<0.05)。林下灌木层植物多样性指数随着间伐强度的增加而增加,对照与中度间伐、强度间伐差异显著(p<0.05),但中度间伐和强度间伐差异不显著。林下草本层植物的丰富度和多样性指数随着间伐强度的增加而增加,各间伐强度均与对照差异显著(p<0.05),但轻度间伐和中度间伐差异不显著。②适度抚育间伐能改善土壤的理化性质,随着间伐强度的增加,土壤容重有所降低,土壤孔隙度和持水量有所提高;土壤pH值呈现先升高后略有降低的趋势,全K、速效K、全P、速效P、全N、速效N含量先升高后略有降低,其中中度间伐效果最好。综合考虑,对长白落叶松林分进行中度间伐较为适宜。     

采伐强度对辽东栎林分生长和林下物种多样性的短期影响

在山西省浮山县中条林局三交林场辖区的辽东栎天然次生林中设置4个间伐强度处理,3 a后,通过比较林分生长和物种多样性变化来研究不同采伐强度对辽东栎林的影响.结果 表明,短期内,辽东栎林分胸径比树高对间伐更为敏感,重度间伐可以提高林分胸径平均增长量和胸径年平均增长量.林分胸高断面积、断面积增长量、断面积年增长量、蓄积量、蓄...     

马尾松人工同龄纯林自然稀疏规律研究

通过对马尾松4~20年生不同密度的人工同龄纯林生长资料的分析表明:第1次树高生长分化高峰期在4~7年生,第2次在11~14年生,幼林郁闭后林木直径分化状态比较稳定。中幼林期抚育间伐主要采伐劣等木,进入近熟林期后除采伐劣等木外,还可采伐一部分中等木。间伐施工应以留优去劣为主,适当照顾均匀。总稀疏强度与密度呈正相关性,出现稀疏的时间随密度增大而提前;连年稀疏强度高峰期出现在林分郁闭后的一段时间内。根据总稀疏强度与稀疏时间同密度的关系可确定不同密度林分的间伐强度与时间。利用马尾松人工林观测资料拟合出与立地条件、现存株数密度、林龄三因子相关的自然稀疏模型,从而可推算出不同立地条件的自然稀疏表,为马尾松人工林密度调控提供科学依据。     

间伐对马尾松天然次生林林下植物多样性的影响

选择12和14地位指数的2种立地的林分,分别设置6种和5种保留密度,对间伐4年后的23年生马尾松天然次生林林下植物多样性进行研究。结果表明:马尾松天然次生林林下植物种数随着林分保留密度的增大,12和14地位指数的林分均表现为由逐渐增加至一个峰值后逐渐减少;适宜的保留密度有利于提高林下植物的多样性,12和14地位指数林分的植物多样性分别以保留密度130株/667 m2和100株/667 m2的样地为最优;随着林分密度与冠层郁闭度的增大,林下植物类型有由阳性植物为主向中性与荫性变化的趋势,而形成阳性、中性及荫性共存的多态性植物群落;适宜的保留密度有利于提高林下植物的生物量和植被总盖度,12和14地位指数林分的林下植物生物量和植被总盖度分别以保留密度130株/667 m2和90株/667 m2的样地为最佳;2种地位指数不同保留密度林分的林下枯落物自然风干重、枯落物层厚及腐殖质层厚差异均不显著,而林下地被物鲜重和植被总盖度则均表现为差异极显著。     

Influence of conventional and chemical thinning on stand structure and diversity of plant and mammal communities in young lodgepole pine forest

Silvicultural practices that provide a wide variety of vegetative composition and structure (habitats) in young stands should help manage for biological diversity across forested landscapes. This study was designed to test the hypotheses that: (i) abundance and diversity of stand structure attributes (species diversity and structural diversity of herb, shrub and tree layers) and forest floor small mammal communities, and (ii) relative habitat use by large herbivores, will increase from unthinned to conventionally thinned to chemically thinned stands of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forest. Replicate study areas were located near Summerland, Kelowna and Williams Lake in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Each study area had three treatments: a conventionally thinned, a chemically thinned and an unthinned stand. Pre-commercial thinning was conducted in 1993. Coniferous stand structure and understory vegetation were measured prior to thinning in 1993 and 5 years later in 1998. Small mammal populations were sampled intensively from 1993 to 1998. Relative habitat use by large herbivores was sampled in 1998.

Our results indicate that chemical thinning of young lodgepole pine stands produced an aggregated pattern of crop trees compared with stands subjected to conventional thinning. Diameter growth of crop trees in the chemically thinned stands was similar to that in the conventionally thinned, but also to that in unthinned stands. Although horizontal stratification (aggregates of trees) was enhanced, vertical stratification (structural diversity of vegetation) was less in the chemically than conventionally thinned stands. Abundance and diversity of understory vegetation and small mammal communities were generally unaffected by stand thinning in these particular installations. Relative habitat use by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) occurred in a gradient from highest in the conventionally thinned stand to lowest in the unthinned stand. Habitat use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) tended to have the opposite trend. Moose (Alces alces) exhibited no difference in habitat use among stands. Thus, although there were few differences among treatment stands, chemical thinning could be used to develop an aggregated pattern of crop trees in pre-commercially thinned stands to maintain habitat for herbivores such as snowshoe hares and mule deer. Understory plant and forest floor small mammal communities would be maintained in these stands as well.     

Trade-offs between seedling growth,thinning and stand stability in Sitka spruce stands: a modelling analysis

The forest industry is increasingly adopting alternative silvicultural systems, involving regeneration beneath an existing forest canopy, rather than clear-felling and replanting. To apply these silvicultural systems in windy regions such as Britain and Ireland, it is essential that the interactions between thinning intensity, stand stability and seedling growth are properly understood. Here, we present a modelling analysis of the three key relationships between: (i) stand density and the proportion of incident radiation transmitted through a forest canopy as a stand is thinned; (ii) transmitted radiation and seedling growth, and (iii) stand density and stand stability. These relationships were examined using separate models of radiative transfer (MAESTRO), seedling growth, and stand stability/wind risk (ForestGALES). Output from the three models was synthesised to calculate whether a given stand thinned to a pre-defined stability limit would allow sufficient light to penetrate the canopy for seedling growth. A minimum transmittance of 20% was identified as a requirement for seedling growth, which corresponds to removing 45% of stand basal area. A thinning of this intensity left some stands susceptible to unacceptable wind damage, especially in old or previously thinned stands on soils where rooting is impeded. The results emphasised the fact that rooting conditions, thinning history and age of intervention are major constraints on the silvicultural options. In general, older stands are not suitable for conversion to continuous cover forestry (CCF) systems, and the transformation process should begin at pole stage, when heavy thinning does not leave the stand unstable. The analysis approach used here illustrates the potential for combining models to address complex forest management issues.     

Understory abundance,species diversity and functional attribute response to thinning in coniferous stands

Alternative strategies for stand density management in even-aged coniferous forests may increase plant species and functional diversity. We examined the effects of fixed and variable density thinning on tree seedling regeneration as well as on abundance (indexed by cover) and richness of understory vascular plants 11 years after harvesting 45- to 66-year old forests dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) or western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) at three sites in western Oregon. Each site contained an unthinned control (CON), and thinning treatments selected to enhance overstory structural diversity and spatial variability within stands (HD, high density treatment at 300 trees ha⁻¹; MD, moderate density treatment at 200 trees ha⁻¹; VD300, VD200 and VD100, variable density treatments at 300, 200 and 100 trees ha⁻¹). Leave islands are included in HD and the other thinning treatments contain both leave islands and gap openings. Tree seedling regeneration was highly variable and generally increased with thinning. Cover of all understory species was greater in VD100 than in the control whereas richness was greater in HD and MD. Cover and richness of early seral species were greater in most thinning treatments than in the control. Understory plant communities were overwhelmingly dominated by native species. In general, vegetation dynamics was accelerated by thinning, especially in variable density treatments. Cover of N-fixing understory species was greater in VD200 than in the other treatments, and in MD and VD300 than in the control, whereas richness of understory N-fixing species increased in all thinning treatments. Cover of understory species with intermediate soil water requirements was greater in MD, VD200 and VD100 than in the control, whereas richness of these species increased in VD200 compared to the control, HD and VD300. Thinning promoted higher diversity of understory conditions without reducing density and species richness of crop tree regeneration, and seemed to increase functional effect and response diversity.     

Some Genetic Aspects of Human Intervention in Forest Regeneration: Considerations Based on Examples from an Experiment in Northern Sweden

Some genetic consequences of forest regeneration methods arediscussed based on results from an 11-year-old experiment withScots pine in northern Sweden. The experiment comprises twoenvironments (seed-trees and clear-felling), two regenerationmethods (planting and sowing) and four seed sources (local seedsfrom the seed trees, northern stand seeds and two seed orchardcrops). Seed source was important compared with environmentand regeneration method for the occurrence of empty cultivationquadrats ( 2 x 2 m). In relative terms it was less importantfor growth. There was no indication that progenies of the localtrees were best suited for the locality. There was no evidentpositive effect of the higher selection caused by higher mortalityand release thinning in some entries compared with others. Hence,a higher selection after sowing than after planting could notbe shown to have positive effects. The variance between halfsib families was a small share of the total variance, and thusthe number of parents is probably unimportant for variance oftree height or seedling survival in a forest. Progenies fromthe seed orchards grew fast, but the mortality was higher thanfor the stand progenies. There was no significant genotype xenvironment interaction. There was a significant genotype xmethod interaction; seed orchard progeny were better for sowingthan for planting.     

间伐强度对云杉人工林下植物多样性的影响研究

调查了云杉人工林间伐后和未间伐的林分生长、林下植物种类、数量、盖度、高度,采用物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行了多样性分析,以探讨间伐强度对云杉人工林下植物多样性的影响.结果表明：随着间伐强度的增大,保留木的生长显著优于对照区;林下植物种类、数量显著增加;不同间伐强度林下植物种类的多样性、丰富度、生物量、盖度、显著高于对照区,且随间伐强度的增强而增大,以重度间伐（＜450株/hm2）最为显著（灌木层多样性除外）.     

Optimizing the Management of a Butt-rotted Picea abies Stand Infected by Heterobasidion annosum from the Previous Rotation

There are no instructions on the management of stands of Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in which butt rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum coll. (Fr.) Bref. was not discovered until the time of first thinning. A stochastic simulation model describing the spread of butt rot in a stand of Norway spruce was used with a new submodel describing the butt rot of young trees. Non-linear stochastic optimization was used to determine the most profitable management schedule of a young Norway spruce stand with butt rot. If the initial level of butt rot was 5% or 10%, or the stand was thinned in summer with stump treatment, one thinning with a rotation of 55 yrs was optimal. Two winter thinnings with a rotation of 61 yrs was optimal in an initially healthy stand. Optimizations indicated that silvicultural measures that decrease the transfer of H. annosum to next generation at clear-cuttings could be economically fulfilled.     

Early regeneration of Fraxinus rhynchophylla in the understorey of Larix kaempferi stands in response to thinning

The effects of thinning were investigated on naturally regeneratedFraxinus rhynchophylla Hance (Korean ash) grown in the understoreyof a Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr. plantation, established ona site that previously supported old growth hardwood forests.The regeneration characteristics were evaluated after thinningof the plantation (about 60 per cent of relative density wasremoved). In the naturally regenerated and mixed stands, Quercusmongolica Fisch. was the most abundant tree species in the overstorey,but the understorey of the thinned plantations was dominatedby F. rhynchophylla with six other minor tree species. Fraxinusrhynchophylla was regenerated by four propagation types includingnatural seedling, stump sprout, root sprout and layering. Beforethinning, the difference of average height growth for each regenerationtype was insignificant. One year after thinning, the stump sproutsshowed the fastest growth among the regeneration types. Heightgrowth of advance regeneration was slow in the year followingthinning but then increased rapidly surpassing the other regenerationtypes 5 years after thinning. Thinning had an effect on thecomposition of regenerated trees also by seedling, stump sprout,root sprout and layering in the understorey. Advance regenerationsoccupied the upper understorey at 5 years after thinning. Alarge number of stump sprouts emerged in the plots 1 year afterthinning, while at 5 years after thinning the occupation ofstump sprouts decreased. Root sprouts and layers faded away.Considering the early growth and the composition of understoreyF. rhynchophylla, its advance regeneration has a high potentialto develop into overstorey trees at this site.