油菜皮壳中多酚氧化酶活性的组织化学检定及其与粒色的关系

以组织化学法及抑制剂处理研究了油菜种子成熟前皮壳中的多酚氧化酶活性有无、存在部位及其与粒色的关系。结果表明,甘蓝型和白菜型油菜种子成熟前,皮壳(包括种皮和糊粉层,下同)的栅栏层存在较强的多酚氧化酶活性;黄籽皮壳的活性略低于黑籽皮壳的,但当有足够的多酚化合物存在时,黄籽皮壳也能象黑籽皮壳一样变为黑色。黑籽油菜变色前的种子用抗坏血酸处理,多酚氧化酶活性受到抑制,呈色过程中断,种子呈纯黄状态。说明多酚氧化酶对籽粒的呈色极为重要。     

芥菜型油菜黄黑种皮色泽特征的分析化学研究*

主要以经多代自交选育的芥菜型油菜自交系黄黑籽种皮为材料，对于其中可能影响种皮色泽的化学成分，探讨与改进了测定方法，测定了相对含量。结果是：黑/黄种皮花色素、黑色素和木质素含量之比依次为3.26/1，3.73/1，3.02/1，说明该3种成分均是表征种皮色泽差异的内在特征成分；而黑/黄种皮多酚含量之比为1.16/1，但黑皮样对香草醛显红色，说明种皮多酚含量相当高是芥菜型黄籽油菜的显著特征，黑/黄种皮多酚的分子结构差异可能是形成芥菜型油菜种皮色泽差异的根本内因。     

转bar基因抗草铵膦油菜对草铵膦抗性的评价

为评价抗草铵膦转基因杂交油菜对草铵膦的抗性,以转bar基因抗草铵膦杂交油菜“7748”为材料,在2个密度水平和4种除草剂下,以油菜单株鲜重、株高、单株叶面积、净光合速率、SPAD值、全株角果数、每角粒数、千粒重等为指标,研究了草铵膦及其对照药剂对抗草铵膦转基因杂交油菜生长、产量及产量构成、品质的影响.结果表明,草铵膦处理后4d之内油菜叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率极显著低于对照,15d左右内油菜单株鲜重、单株叶面积极显著低于对照,20 d左右内油菜株高极显著低于对照,但药后1个月左右均超过对照.密度间、密度与除草剂交互作用差异显著,密度间以高密度的平均产量最高,除草剂间以草铵膦处理的平均产量最高.草铵膦处理后,油菜全株角果数有所下降,但角粒数、千粒重提高.转基因杂交油菜对草铵膦有较强的抗性,草铵膦对转基因杂交油菜安全并能稳定增加其产量,可应用于生产.     

自研型丸化种衣剂对直播油菜生长及产量的影响

用自研型丸化种衣剂包衣油菜种子,在免耕直播条件下研究了种衣剂对油菜生长及产量的影响,并与进口种衣剂进行了比较.结果表明,丸化型种衣剂具有促控油菜生长、提高幼苗素质、成苗率及抗逆境能力、有效防治病虫害、增加产量等作用.与对照相比,丸化处理成苗率、根系活力、脯氨酸含量分别提高14.4%,32.2%和68.9%,对苗期主要病虫害防效达82.8%～87.0%,增产22.0%.     

中国河北省和日本东北部天然野生大豆群体性状调查比较

收集我国河北省１８个天然野生大豆群体４６１份样本和日本东北部４１个天然群体１４４７份样本,调查比较了河北省和日本东北部野生豆天然群体的百粒重、种皮色、花色和胰蛋白酶抑制剂蛋白电泳形态等性状的表型组成。河北天然群体的ＫＴＩ蛋白形态Ｔｉａ频率是８５．５％,Ｔｉｂ频率为１４．５％;６０％以上的群体是Ｔｉａ和Ｔｉｂ混合群体。河北东北部群体都是混合群体,白洋淀湖区群体是Ｔｉａ单态的。表型多样性值显示河北东北部平原和西南半山区有较高的多样性。日本东北部天然群体ＫＴＩ有９６．５％Ｔｉａ和３．５％Ｔｉｂ频率,２２％的群体是Ｔｉａ和Ｔｉｂ混合群体,群体形态组成单一,形态多样性值低于我国河北省群体。     

Water Uptake by Seeds in Yellow-seeded Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Cultivars with Contrasting Imbibition Behaviors

Abstract

The rate of water uptake by seeds is assumed to be an important factor affecting the susceptibility of seeds to flooding injury, but the traits which could contribute to restricting rapid imbibition by seeds remain undetermined in yellow-seeded soybeans. This study was conducted to determine the possible factors controlling the rate of imbibition in soybeans with yellow seed coats. The imbibition behavior of two yellow-seeded cultivars, Tamahomare and Tachinagaha, with different flooding susceptibilities was examined in relation to initial seed moisture content, the hydration location of the seed surface during imbibition, and the state of the seed coat. Low seed moisture increased the water uptake by Tamahomare intact seeds and even allowed substantially faster imbibition than occurred in its embryos, while in Tachinagaha seed moisture content had little influence on seed imbibition. This rapid imbibition by low-moisture Tamahomare seeds was not due to alterations in the permeability of the seed coat nor in water uptake by the embryo, but rather to increased movement of water along the abaxial sides of the cotyledons. The seed coat of Tamahomare loosened readily upon submergence whilst that of Tachinagaha rather tightly adhered to the embryo, suggesting that the seed coat of Tamahomare adheres very loosely to the embryo and may aid in conducting water laterally between the seed coat and embryo. The degree of adherence of the coat to the embryo and/or the ease with which the coat can be loosened upon hydration appear to play a crucial role in determining the rate of water uptake in yellow-seeded soybeans.     

油菜籽粒千粒重图像测定方法

为快速、自动、精准地测定油菜籽粒千粒重,建立一种基于图像处理技术,对不同品种的甘蓝型油菜籽粒进行分样、称取质量、获取图像并经图像处理得到表征籽粒面积的像素数,建立籽粒面积与质量之间的相关性模型.利用选择性极限腐蚀算法获得每个籽粒的核,并标记在籽粒的梯度图像上,再利用分水岭算法对标记的梯度图像进行分割.提取一次分割后仍然...     

红光和蓝光对甘蓝型油菜黄籽和黑籽粒色的影响

在甘蓝型黄籽和黑籽油菜种子发育时期用红光和蓝光处理植株，待种子成熟后，分别测定其种皮中的PAL活性及蛋白质，多酚，花色素和黑色素的含量，结果表明，蓝光可降低PAL活性，增加蛋白质含量、减少多酚，花色素和黑色素的合成，PAL活性对甘蓝型油菜种皮色泽有影响，且对黄籽的影响更大。     

选育高含油量双低油菜品种的理论与实践

含油量作为油菜生产最终目标性状产油量的组成因素,与油菜生产效益的提高息息相关。在目前我国 油菜产量水平已得到相当程度提高的前提下,培育高含油量油菜品种是进一步发展油菜产业的必由之路。根据油 菜含油量的遗传特点,结合培育高含油量杂交油菜品种中油杂8号和中油杂11的体会,提出了除了利用黄籽以 外,培育大粒和适宜植株形态性状的品种也是提高油菜含油量的重要途径。初步构建了高含油量油菜品种的形态 组成,并基于近年来参加和通过国家区域试验的冬油菜品种含油量变化情况,展望了我国高含油量油菜育种的发 展前景。     

新型黄籽甘蓝型油菜的获得及其遗传规律分析

本文分析从白芥（白芥属）和甘蓝型油菜属间体细胞融合获得的黄籽材料,根据农艺性状、产量和品质性状,获得2个具有较高育种应用价值的黄籽新种质D244-18和D244-6。D244-18的黄籽性状遗传研究表明,它由2对独立遗传基因控制,当2对基因均为隐性纯合时,籽粒为黄色,在来源上是新型黄籽甘蓝型油菜。     

Association of growth dynamics, yield components and seed quality in long-term trials covering rapeseed cultivation history at high latitudes

Brassica oilseed yield trend has declined in Finland by over 20% during the last 15 years. Improved genetic yield potential of turnip rape (B. rapa L.) and oilseed rape (B. napus L.) can be better realised with increased understanding of yield determining processes under northernmost growing conditions. This study aimed at (1) determining the genetic improvements in seed yield, yield components, quality traits and duration of the main growth phases and (2) comparing all these traits in turnip rape and oilseed rape. This work is based on the dataset from long-term Official Variety Trials (1976–2006), covering the entire historically relevant period of rapeseed cultivation in Finland. The results indicated that number of seeds per square metre dominated production of high yields, while single seed weight was not correlated with yield. Over the years, seed yields were produced with very different combinations of seed numbers and weights, differing markedly between the two crops. While high seed numbers were required for production of superior seed yields, single seed weights were not particularly high. Environmental variation markedly affected seed yield, seed number per square metre and duration of flowering compared with its effect on single seed weight. Duration of flowering was, however, negatively associated with seed number. Even though seed weight was largely determined by genotype, no marked plant breeding improvements were identified, contrary to those in number of seeds per square metre, seed yield, oil content and oil yield. For oilseed rape the increase in seed yield (41%) was far higher than for turnip rape (19%) without being associated with a longer seed-filling phase and later ripening, but rather the contrary.     

Favism-inducing toxins in broad beans (Vicia faba) biological activities of broad beans extracts in favism — Sensitive subjects

Ingestion of broad bean seeds will precipitate an acute haemolytic anaemia (favism) in certain sensitive subjects. Aqueous extracts from both fresh and dried mature broad bean seeds, obtained from a favism-endemic area in Iran, were incubated with blood from favism-sensitive and control subjects. Changes in the reduced glutathione content of red blood cells were determined as an index of toxicity. The results showed that:

1. The toxic principles in broad beans were at least partially water soluble.
2. The seed coats of dry mature seeds and the flesh from fresh seeds had low toxicity.
3. The immature whole seeds and the seed coats of fresh mature seeds were toxic.

     

高温处理对不同状态水稻种子发芽率的影响

以2个早籼稻品种的超干种子、干种子、鲜种子、湿种子、露白种子为材料,研究了高温处理对不同状态水稻种子发芽率的影响。结果表明,水稻不同种子状态耐受高温能力存在极显著差异,从强到弱依次为超干种子干种子鲜种子湿种子露白种子;水温对种子发芽率的影响比气温更显著;处理温度超过一定范围,发芽率随着温度升高和时间延长极显著下降;不同品种高温处理后的种子发芽率表现相同规律趋势,但也存在极显著个体差异;种子水分制约种子耐受高温能力,种子水分含量越高,耐受高温能力越弱。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜种子发育过程中若干特性的研究

比较甘蓝型油菜同一遗传背景组合分离出的黄黑两个品系在种子发育过程中若干特性。结果表明：黄籽比黑籽胚体转绿色快，退化胚珠数少，结籽率高。黄籽油菜种皮转色时期为开花后３０天。黄籽种子体积增加比黑籽快５—１０天，干物质积累速度在花后３５天内显著快于黑籽。黄籽含油率比黑籽高７．９７％。     

大豆种子萌发过程中不同器官同工酶的变化

本文利用薄层垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺电泳分析技术,结果表明,大豆种子萌发过程中,子叶中的酯酶、酸性磷酸酯酶及下胚轴中的过氧化物酶同工酸酶活性面积增大,下胚轴和种皮中的酯酶、酸性磷酸酯酶同工酶酶活性面积减小;子叶和下胚轴中的谷氨酸草酰乙酸转移酶同工酶酶带数目变少,带幅变窄,染色变浅;种皮中的谷氨酸草酰乙酸转移酶同工酶酶谱无变化。     

陕北黄芥黄色种皮的遗传研究

本研究采用黄芥（Brassica juncea L.）与两个不同来源的褐籽类型芥菜型油菜杂交，研究黄芥黄色种皮的遗传。结果表明：黄芥的粒色主要受母体基因型控制，褐色对黄色为显性；F2和BC1世代株间乃至株内颜色不尽一致，但黄色单株和褐色单株能够明显区分，褐色和黄色的比例分别符合3:1和1:1的分离比例，证明黄芥的粒色主要受一对主效基因控制，同时受修饰基因和环境的影响。黄籽和褐籽杂交F2代粒色与几个品质性状的相关分析，结果证明除含油量与粒色密切相关外，其脂肪酸组分的平均值与种皮颜色也有一定的相关性。     

油料种子超干处理与种子活力及脂质过氧化的关系

油菜、芝麻、花生种子经过超干处理后，发芽率不受影响，但发芽指数和活力指数均低于对照。发芽前经过“回水”处理，则与对照基本一致．超干及其老化的种子，外渗液的电导率明显低于对照；种子过氧化氨酶、过氧化物酶和超氧物歧化酶等酶系统保持完好；丙二醛和挥发性醛类物质相应减少。     

Natural seed coats provide protection against penetration by Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) larvae

The seed coat is the first host or non-host tissue contacted by bruchids, suggesting its participation in the evolutionary adaptation of bruchids to favor legume seeds. In the present work, we studied the influence of seed coat on the ability of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae F.) larvae to penetrate, develop in and survive on seeds. Our results showed that the oviposition, larval eclosion and adult emergence of C. maculatus were drastically reduced in some seeds and that the time necessary for the surviving larvae to perforate the seed coat increased by up to 100% in these seeds. The surviving larvae that crossed the Phaseolus vulgaris (Leguminosae B.) seed coat reached only 55.6% of the mass of a normal larva. The seed coat of some seeds was very toxic to insect larval development. Despite individual variations, seed coats were generally highly restrictive to the development and survival of the bruchid. The study of the seed coat efficiency as a protection tissue against penetration of insects can provide an important tool for new strategies for crop protection. The strengthening of the seed coat defense mechanisms may represent an efficient strategy because the seed chemical defense barrier would be moved to the outer structures and damage to the embryo would be minimized or avoided.     

秦油2号角果的生长特性

通过测定秦油２号角果长、宽的增长及其亮、籽粒重量变化。角果长度在花后１２—１５天定型，宽度在花后２１—２８天定型。当长度达到最大值时，宽度的增长速度达最大值；当宽度达最大值时，果壳的鲜重、干重及籽粒的鲜重也达最大值。秦油２号籽粒增重具有明显的优势。     

Surfactant and antioxidant properties of an extract from Chenopodium quinoa Willd seed coats

Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa) has been a source of food for millennia by the Andes region native population. Because of its bitter taste, quinoa seeds are commercialized without their coat for human consumption. Quinoa coats are surfactant sub-products of the quinoa food industry, which have been only characterized to contain triterpene saponins. We postulated that this coat should also contain antioxidant molecules as part of the defense system of the quinoa seed. We found that a quinoa seed coats hydroalcoholic extract, displayed thiol compounds in addition to polyphenols, recognized antioxidants. Accordingly, it inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidation and the loss of microsomal thiol content, both oxidative phenomena promoted by Cu²⁺/ascorbate. Microsomal glutathione S-transferase (GST) is inhibited by reducing agents, which decrease the content of catalytically active disulfide-linked dimers. The effects of this quinoa extract on microsomal GST are consistent with it displaying disulfide reducing properties. The occurrence of thiol compounds in this quinoa extract is discussed in terms of the potential of their antioxidant properties.