灵芝子实体及其深层培养产物特性的研究

本文对灵芝（Ｇ—６）子实体与发酵菌丝体的粗多糖、多糖组份、粗蛋白及氨基酸组成进行了比较。结果表明：发酵菌丝体中含有子实体中所具备的组份,但各组份在量上不同。菌丝体中的粗多糖及多糖含量均高于子实体分别为子实体的２．２６倍、３．５倍。菌丝体的蛋白含量明显高于子实体,比子实体高２．４７倍,且两者氨基酸组成不一致。其中子实体中必需氨基酸为总氨基酸量的５８．４％,而菌丝体中必需氨基酸为总氨基酸的４５．２％。     

不同生长期赤灵芝子实体多糖含量变化研究

目的：研究不同生长期灵芝子实体多糖含量的变化规律。方法：采用超声波协同回流提取子实体，蒽酮-硫酸法测定灵芝多糖的含量。结果：现蕾后开伞前子实体中多糖含量最低，为11．2mg/g，30d子实体多糖含量为13．0mg包孢子粉弹射期间，子实体多糖含量随着子实体生长而增加，从18．2mg/g上升到24．7mg／g，此时，子实体停止生长，不再弹射孢子粉。     

不同原料栽培的灵芝品质比较

以枸树、梧桐、全棉秆、碎棉秆、光棉秆、棉子壳为原料进行灵芝栽培试验,并对其子实体质量进行了分析比较。结果表明:①原料的结构越坚硬,子实体生长的时间较长,但灵芝产量高,芝盖大而厚实;②灵芝子实体的多糖含量则与栽培的培养基原料有关,棉子壳栽培的灵芝子实体多糖含量最低,碎棉秆栽培的灵芝子实体多糖含量最高。③除孢子粉的As和氯氰菊酯超标外,枸树、梧桐、全棉秆、碎棉秆、光棉秆、棉子壳的子实体重金属及农药残留低于绿色食用菌国标。     

灵芝子实体提取液中孢子的回收纯化方法

灵芝孢子一般是从成熟的灵芝子实体上收集，但由于收集方法的限制，灵芝孢子不能全部回收。笔者从灵芝子实体中提取多糖过程中发现灵芝子实体中孢子的残留量较高。为此，摸索出一条切实可行的灵芝孢子回收纯化方法，并介绍如下：将灵芝子实体浸提液用１００目尼龙网滤去子...     

不同灵芝中粗多糖含量的比较研究

本实验利用苯酚－硫酸法对同一菌种液体发酵的菌丝体、不同生长阶段的子实体及其孢子粉中的粗多糖的含量进行了分析，发现灵芝菌丝体中粗多糖的含量明显高于灵芝子实体和孢子粉中的含量，菌丝体中粗多糖含量是灵芝老化期子实体中粗多糖含量的6倍，是灵芝孢子粉中粗多糖含量的2．8倍。而粗多糖在灵芝子实体的生长过程中呈逐渐下降的趋势。另外，不同品种的灵芝子实体中多糖含量存在一定的差异，其中南韩灵芝最高，达到1．58％，而紫灵芝中粗多糖的含量相对较低，为1．05％。     

灵芝多糖与三萜类的提取纯化工艺研究进展

多糖和三萜两大类活性物质是灵芝的主要药效成分.本文综述了从灵芝子实体、菌丝体和孢子中提取纯化灵芝多糖和三萜类物质的提取纯化工艺研究现状、研究趋势及研究内容.     

灵芝保健食品的研制

本文探讨了灵芝保健食品的制备方法，选用优质紫芝，以１０￣２０目的粉碎度，８０￣８５℃热水浸提三次，可使其有效成分提取完全，将减压浓缩后的浓缩液分别制成灵芝冲剂和口服液，省却醇沉工艺。保证了制品中的有效成分含量并降低了生产成本，同时添加β－ＣＤ，降低了制品的苦味，提高了制品的稳定性。     

西藏野生灵芝粗多糖提取工艺研究

采用正交试验,对影响灵芝多糖提取的4个主要因素（料水比、提取温度、提取时间、醇析浓度）进行了最佳工艺条件研究。结果表明,提取灵芝子实体粗多糖采用水提醇沉法,最优工艺条件为：料水比1∶50,提取温度90℃,提取2次,每次提取2h,90%乙醇醇析,3000r/min离心30 min取沉淀,sevage法除游离蛋白,离心取上层液即为灵芝粗多糖溶液。苯酚-硫酸法测定灵芝子实体粗多糖含量约为0.734%,这一含量在全国灵芝子实体多糖含量中处于中等水平,还有待于进一步的研究和开发利用。     

不同粉碎程度对灵芝多糖与三萜提取得率的影响

以3个品种的灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)子实体为材料,比较了不同粉碎程度对灵芝多糖与三萜提取效果的影响,结果表明,超细粉碎工艺能够有效地破碎灵芝子实体中的菌丝细胞,显著提高灵芝多糖的提取率,但对三萜的提取结果没有影响.     

不同生育期灵芝子实体水提物与其免疫活性

分析4个灵芝(Ganoderma)菌株不同生育期子实体水提物的提取得率、多糖含量、多糖分子量分布和其对巨噬细胞RAW 264.7 NO释放量的影响.结果表明,随着灵芝的生长发育,其子实体水提物得率呈逐渐降低的趋势,水提物中多糖含量差异显著.水提物经透析后其多糖的分子量分布主要集中在12 kDa至25 kDa之间,但不同生育期间的各分子量多糖的含量存在差异.芝蕾发育初期和成熟后期子实体水提物透析后的免疫活性较好.综合考量,认为成熟后期采收的灵芝子实体虽然多糖含量较低,但生物量较大,可获得较大量活性多糖,所以确定成熟后期为适宜采收期.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.