大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素作为黏膜免疫佐剂的研究进展

免疫佐剂是一类通过刺激机体免疫系统而非特异性地增强机体对抗原免疫应答的活性物质,也是近年来研究的热点.免疫佐剂种类众多,利用细菌及其代谢产物作为黏膜免疫佐剂具有很好的发展前景,研究较多的是霍乱毒素(CT)和大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素(LT),从研究效果看,LT比CT更为理想.但是LT和CT一样本身具有毒性,这是其作为黏膜佐剂的主要缺点.目前,国内外研究工作者对其突变体做了大量研究,以期找到具有黏膜佐剂活性但低毒或无毒的大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素突变体.文章对大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素分子及其突变体的研究做一综述.     

黏膜免疫佐剂及免疫途径研究进展

黏膜是病原体入侵的主要门户,黏膜表面有高度集中的淋巴组织,一个黏膜部位的免疫反应可以诱发所有黏膜效应组织免疫反应的出现.黏膜免疫还可以诱导全身免疫应答,是目前疫苗研究的新方向,但黏膜免疫佐剂及免疫途径的发展制约着黏膜免疫的效果.文章对黏膜免疫佐剂及其途径进行了综述.     

大肠杆菌耐热性肠毒素的研究进展

随着分子生物学的发展 ,近年来 ,对大肠杆菌耐热性肠毒素的研究已从细胞水平 ,分子水平进入基因水平 ,在其分子结构与功能、理化特性、提纯方法与鉴定、致病机理、分子生物学等方面进行了大量的研究 ,本文就大肠杆菌耐热性肠毒素的研究概况作一简要的介绍。     

大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素研究进展

大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素(LT)是产毒性大肠埃希菌产生的一种能导致人畜腹泻的毒素,由六聚体蛋白形成AB5型结构.A亚基具有ADP核糖基转移酶活性,而B亚基为五聚体,主要与表达于真核细胞表面的神经节苷脂GM1结合.LT具有很强的免疫原性和黏膜免疫佐剂活性.为了将其毒性与佐剂活性分开,研究者构建了一系列无毒或减毒的突变体.证明突变体具有佐剂活性,并发现没有毒性的AB复合物以及酶活性在佐剂活性中发挥的作用是分开的.野生型LT、LT突变体以及B亚基与外源抗原共同免疫机体后,对机体免疫系统具有调节作用.     

大肠杆菌耐热性肠毒素Ⅰ融合基因的构建及其免疫原性研究

用限制性核酸内切酶ＢａｍＨＩ和Ｂｇ１Ⅱ双酶切质粒ｐＢＳＴ２－６，获得了大肠杆菌耐热性肠毒素Ⅰ（ＳＴ１）基因，再将含ＬａｃＺ基因（编码β－半乳糖苷酶）的载体ｐＵＣ１８用ＢａｍＨＩ酶切、碱性磷酸酶处理，然后与ＳＴ１基因通过Ｔ４ＤＮＡ连接酶连接，转化至受体菌ＤＨ５α中。通过菌落原位杂交筛选，共筛选出５３个ＳＴ１基因探针杂交阳性的重组子，对其中一个重组子ＤＨ５α（ｐＸＳＴ１）进行限制性核酸内切酶酶切分析和核苷酸序列分析，证明重组质粒ｐＸＳＴ１含有２个正向串连在一起的ＳＴ１基因，而且融合在ＬａｃＺ基因的上游，具有正确的阅读框架。又ＤＨ５α（ｐＸＳＴ１）菌株能在含Ｘ－Ｇａｌ的ＬＢ平板上长成蓝色菌落，而且ＥＬＩＳＡ也检测到ＳＴ１融合蛋白，这表明该菌株能表达具有β－半乳糖苷酶活性的大肠杆菌ＳＴ１—β－半乳糖苷酶融合蛋白。免疫实验结果表明，重组菌株ＤＨ５α（ｐＸＳＴ１）安全无毒，表达的ＳＴ１融合蛋白能够诱发ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ鼠产生抗体，该抗体具有中和天然ＳＴ１肠毒素的毒性作用，这表明ＤＨ５α（ｐＸＴ１）可以作为预防幼畜腹泻的菌苗候选株。     

大肠杆菌耐热性肠毒素ST Ⅰ突变体与黏附素K99融合基因的构建及其表达

采用PCR技术从产肠毒素大肠杆菌C83922质粒中扩增出耐热性肠毒素(ST Ⅰ)和黏附素K99基因片段,进一步结合基因重组技术成功构建了含有融合基因ST Ⅰ-Linker-K99的重组质粒pMSLK;通过PCR和寡核苷酸定点突变技术将ST Ⅰ毒素中心的6个Cys分别突变成Ser和Gly,经亚克隆后将含有突变位点的融合基因插入到pET-20b表达栽体中,获得了重组质粒pES(S)LK和pES(G)LK;将以上2种质粒分别导入到BL21(DE3)菌株中,成功构建BL21(DE3)(pES(S)LK)和BL21(DE3)(pES(G)LK)2种重组菌株,对其表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹分析.结果表明:这两种重组菌株都能高效表达ST Ⅰ突变体与K99的重组蛋白,而且表达的融合蛋白能够被产肠毒素性大肠杆菌强毒株C83922抗血清特异性识别.     

B subunit of E. coli enterotoxin as adjuvant and carrier in oral and skin vaccination

Mucosal sites are one of the main natural ports of entry into the body. Stimulation of a local response by antibodies as the systemic protection may enhance the efficacy of non-living vaccines, and allow for vaccination by subunit vaccines without the need for injection. Mucosal or skin vaccination necessitates a suitable adjuvant and carrier. Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and its B subunit (LTB) have been found to be effective adjuvants. The aim of this study was to efficiently produce and purify recombinant LTB (brLTB), and examine its adjuvant and carrier properties. The gene encoding LTB was cloned and expressed in E. coli, and the product was found to have a pentameric form with the ability to bind the cell receptor, GM1 ganglioside. A one-step method for efficient purification and concentration of brLTB was developed. Both oral and intramuscular vaccination with purified brLTB yielded high antibody titers, which detected the whole toxin. In an attempt to test its adjuvant characteristics, brLTB was mixed with either BSA or a recombinant protein (rKnob of egg drop syndrome adenovirus) and delivered intramuscularly, orally or transcutaneously. The addition of brLTB significantly elevated the antibody response in groups vaccinated orally and transcutaneously, but had no influence in injected groups. Vaccination with another recombinant protein, (viral protein 2 of infectious bursal disease virus) supplemented with brLTB did not elevate the antibody response, as compared to vaccination with the antigen alone. These results demonstrate that the addition of brLTB makes oral and transcutaneous vaccination with protein antigens possible.     

壳聚糖黏膜佐剂促进黏膜免疫的研究进展

近年来通过黏膜部位释放抗原物质的新型免疫方法受到了越来越多的关注,其中鼻腔免疫被认为是最有前景的给药途径,佐剂可以提高或优化对通过黏膜或系统途径接种抗原的免疫应答,新的黏膜佐剂和传递系统是疫苗领域的研究热点,本文就纳米载体-壳聚糖作为特殊的黏膜免疫佐剂和PEG交联壳聚糖季铵盐智能水凝胶体系作为新型的鼻腔免疫传递系统作一...     

Effects of aroA deleted E. coli vaccine on intestinal microbiota and mucosal immunity

E. coli infection of broilers can result in systemic diseases and productivity losses. Use of antimicrobials against this condition is common but other approaches, such as vaccination, are gaining ground. Anecdotal field reports indicate that intestinal health is improved unspecifically following E. coli live vaccination. We hypothesized that the intestine may be an important site for the functionality of the vaccine. Vaccine effects on the intestine were assessed. Spray vaccination induced marked alterations of the caecum microbiota of broilers within 3 days, and this effect gradually waned. However, T cell activation occurred in the spleen, but not in caecal tonsils, and anti-E. coli IgA was concentrated in the respiratory mucosae. Accordingly, IL-6 mRNA was produced in the lungs following immunization. Overall, these data are an initial indication that any vaccine-induced effects on the intestine are greatly associated with the microbiota. However, immunity conferred by vaccination is not primarily induced in gut-associated lymphoid tissues.     

Prevalence of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene and its relationship with fimbrial and enterotoxin genes in E. coli isolated from diarrheic piglets.

A total of 720 Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic piglets on 756 swine farms were screened for the presence of the enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Escherichia coli strains that carried EAST1 genes were also tested by PCR for the presence of 4 fimbriae (F4, F5, F6, F41), 2 heat-stable enterotoxins (STa and STb), and 1 heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) gene. One hundred sixty-four (22.7%) of the 720 E. coli isolates carried genes for EAST1. Of these 164 isolates, 62 (37.8%) carried EAST1 genes only, 11 (6.7%) carried genes for at least 1 of the fimbrial adhesins, 51 (31.1%) carried genes for at least 1 of the enterotoxins, and 40 (23.8%) carried genes for at least 1 of the fimbrial adhesins and enterotoxins. Forty-six percent of strains that carried EAST1 genes carried STa genes, and 16% of strains that carried EAST1 genes carried F4. The isolation rate of enterotoxigenic E. coli strains carrying genes for EAST1 gene was 63%. The 6 major genotypes observed in this study (in decreasing order) were EAST1+, EAST1+STa+, EAST1+STa+STb+, EAST1+STa+F5+, EAST1+STa+F4+, and EAST1+STb+F4+. EAST1 is widely prevalent among diarrheagenic strains of E. coli and may represent an important virulence determinant in the pathogenesis of enteric colibacillosis of preweaned pigs.     

重组大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素的表达及对小鼠胚胎稳定性的影响

为研究大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素（LT）对小鼠胚胎稳定性的影响,运用大肠杆菌表达系统制备了具有生物活性的重组大肠杆菌LT,用重组LT通过腹腔注射处理妊娠小鼠,分析了LT对小鼠胚胎稳定性的影响。首先采用PCR方法从产毒大肠杆菌菌株44815基因组中扩增LT的A、B亚基基因,将其插入到pET-20b（＋）原核表达载体pelB信号肽的下游,分别构建成LTA和LTB分泌型表达载体;将载体分别转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）pLysS,在IPTG的诱导下进行表达,利用Ni-NTA琼脂糖凝胶从细菌周质释放液中提取和纯化重组LTA和LTB蛋白;利用细胞毒性试验检测重组蛋白的生物活性。然后用制备的重组LT注射妊娠6d的小鼠,连续注射3d后,统计小鼠的胚胎存活率。同时用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中与胚胎稳定性密切相关的Th1型细胞因子（IFN-γ、IL-2）和Th2型细胞因子（IL-4、IL-10）及IL-β的表达水平。结果表明,采用分泌性表达策略实现了重组LT在大肠杆菌中的高效分泌表达,LTA和LTB的表达量分别达68、62mg/L。表达的重组LT具有明显的细胞毒性作用;用LT处理妊娠小鼠,胚胎的存活率为32%,明显低于对照组;小鼠血清中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2的含量明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,分别为对照组的2、3倍。同时细胞因子IL-1β为对照组的2倍（P〈0.01）,而稳定胚胎发育的Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10没有明显变化（P〉0.05）。据此推测,LT可能与大肠杆菌性肠炎引起妊娠家畜流产有关,LT对胚胎稳定性的影响除与LT的直接毒性有关外,可能还与LT介导的免疫调节异常有关。     

猪源大肠杆菌热稳定肠毒素的检测

致病性大肠杆菌产生一种或多种肠毒素称为肠毒素型大肠杆菌(Enterotoxigenic E．COLI ETEC)．ETEC是引起幼畜腹泻的重要病原菌。ETEC能借助于所产生的菌毛抗原粘附于动物小肠黏膜。定居并产生作用于肠壁的外毒素，称为肠毒素。主要有两类肠毒素：一类是不耐热性肠毒素即热敏感肠     

Detection of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) gene and its relationship with fimbrial and enterotoxin markers in E. coli isolates from pigs with diarrhoea

The presence of the astA gene responsible for production of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) was examined in E. coli strains isolated from pigs with postweaning diarrhoea. Two hundred and seven isolates were tested using PCR for the astA marker and for heat-labile I (LTI), heat-stable I (STI), and heat-stable II (STII) enterotoxin genes. Moreover, the isolates were also analysed for their serotypes (O and K antigens) as well as for fimbrial adhesins using agglutination methods. It was shown that 96 (46.4%) of the isolates possessed the astA genetic determinant. The most common EAST1-positive E. coli serotype was O149:K91 and these strains were mostly LTI/STII-positive. A close correlation between the presence of F4 fimbriae and the EAST1 gene was also observed: 88 of 96 (91.7%) astA(+) isolates tested possessed the F4 antigen. Thus, EAST1 enterotoxin may represent an additional virulence determinant playing a role in the pathogenesis of porcine colibacillosis.     

鸭大肠杆菌灭活菌苗的制备和应用

１９９５年以来 ,用自制鸭大肠杆菌灭活苗免疫鸭１００万只 ,免疫效果显著 ,有效地控制了此病。１湿苗的制备取大肠杆菌病刚死亡鸭和病重鸭 ,解剖采集肝脏、脾脏 ,去掉脂肪和肌腱 ,称好病料的重量 ,加４倍生理盐水 ,放进组织捣碎机捣碎 ,每次２～３ｍｉｎ ,共捣３次。捣碎后装进５００ｍＬ玻璃瓶中 ,放进 -７０℃的低温层冻结６～１０ｈ后取出 ,用自来水反复冲洗玻璃瓶 ,使捣碎液迅速溶解 ,再放入结冰层冻结 ,反复冻融３～５次 ,冻的时间要长 ,溶解的时间要短 ,使抗原从组织细胞中裂解出来。然后用大容量离心机按３５００ｒ／ｍｉｎ离心２０…