Biochar and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer effects on maize (Zea mays L.) nitrogen use and yield in moist semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major nitrogen consuming crop, as nitrogen is considered as an important determinant of its grain yield. Though inorganic fertilizer is widely recommended, the problem of high cost and inaccessibility limit its usage by resource poor farmers. Biochar application provides a new technology for both soil fertility and crop productivity improvement. With limited research on the suitability of biochar for soil improvement practices in Ghana, our objective was to determine the synergistic effect of biochar and inorganic fertilizer on the nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency, and yield of maize. Field experiment was conducted in Ghana, KNUST, in the major and minor raining seasons. Biochar was applied at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha^?1 and fertilizer N applied at 0, 45, and 90?kg ha^?1. The results showed significantly (p??1 supplemented with 45?kg N ha^?1 increased N uptake by 200%, and grain yield by 213% and 160% relative to the control in the minor and major rainy seasons, respectively. The greater yield of maize recorded on biochar-amended soils was attributed to the improved N uptake and nitrogen use efficiency. In conclusion, our finding suggests that the application of combined biochar and inorganic N fertilizer is not only ecologically prudent, but economically viable and a practicable alternative to current farmers’ practice of cultivating maize in Ghana.     

生物炭对滴灌春小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响

为了解生物炭对滴灌春小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响,通过2年田间试验对灰漠土土壤和春小麦养分及产量等进行了研究。结果表明:与CK相比,施用生物炭显著(P0.05)增加了土壤肥力,并显著(P0.05)增加春小麦对N、P和K的吸收,还对春小麦产量及构成具有积极的促进作用。与NP处理相比,NP+B6处理显著(P0.05)增加了土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量以及植株吸磷量。与NP+M6处理相比,NP+B6处理显著(P0.05)增加了土壤全氮、速效钾和植株养分吸收量。     

Biochar combined with magnesium fertilizer improves cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L.) yield by modulating physicochemical characteristics and the bacterial community in acidic soil

Biochar and magnesium (Mg) fertilizers have gained increasing attention in agriculture for their potential benefits. However, their combined effects on vegetable growth in southern acidic soils have not been fully elucidated. To address this issue, a study was conducted with six treatments all of which included a baseline amount of compound fertilizer (CK), an increased amount of compound fertilizer (F), Mg fertilizer (M), biochar (BC), biochar combined with Mg (BCM) and an increased amount of compound F with Mg (FM), to investigate their synergistic effects on soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activity, microorganisms and cabbage yield. The results of the study showed that compared with CK, the M, BC and BCM treatments all increased soil organic matter (SOM), exchangeable magnesium (Ex-Mg), acid phosphatase (ACP) and yield, while the F treatment led to a 5% decrease in SOM. The BCM treatment significantly increased SOM, Ex-Mg, ACP by 14%, 40%, and 25%, respectively. The most abundant phyla in BCM processing were Proteobacteria (21%), Chloroflexi (19%) and Actinomycetes (17%); the most abundant genera were Bacillus (8%). Further, the effect of BCM on crop growth promotion was better than that of FM, and the economic analysis showed that compared with FM, the benefit of BCM increased by 14%. Through structural equation modelling analysis, the synergistic increase in yield was because of the increase in soil TP, Ex-Mg, NO₃⁻–N and β-GC caused by BCM, improving soil nutrients and microbial communities, thereby promoting cabbage growth. Therefore, the combined application of biochar and Mg in acidic soil could significantly improve soil fertility and crop productivity, while also reducing the need for costly chemical fertilizers, thereby offering a promising and cost-effective approach for sustainable agriculture.     

潮土长期施用生物炭提高小麦产量及氮素利用率

该文于2011年起在黄淮海典型潮土区建立的秸秆炭化还田定位试验的基础上,系统观测了2011至2017年时间段秸秆生物炭连续施用下小麦生长及氮吸收情况,分析了产量构成因素,地上干物质及氮累积,关键生育期叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和群体数量等与小麦增产的关系,并监测了长期生物炭施用下土壤有机碳(SOC)与全氮(TN)含量的变化。该试验采用小麦/玉米周年轮作,设每季0、2.25、6.75和11.25 t/hm2四个秸秆生物炭处理(分别表示为BC0(对照)、BC2.25(低)、BC6.75(中)和BC11.25(高))。结果表明,与BC0相比,BC2.25仅在2015/2016季提高小麦产量,对其他5季无明显效果;BC6.75则在2014/2015、2015/2016和2016/2017的后3季显著提高小麦产量;而BC11.25提高了2014/2015和2015/2016季小麦产量。尽管生物炭处理对各季小麦产量影响各异,但6季各处理平均产量数据显示低、中、高量生物炭处理均可提高小麦产量7.0%~8.5%、生物量5.2%~10.8%和氮肥偏生产力6.8%~8.6%,且3个处理间并无差异;中、高量生物炭处理还可提高小麦秸秆产量11.4%~12.6%、穗数10.1%~11.2%、籽粒氮积累量9.4%~11.2%、秸秆氮积累量17.4%~23.8%、地上部氮积累量13.3%~20.9%。生物炭施用在促进小麦生长和氮吸收利用的作用方面与其增加小麦生育期LAI和SPAD值一致,具体表现为低、中、高量生物炭处理均可明显增加2015/2016和2016/2017两季小麦主要生育期群体数量以及增加两季拔节期、抽穗期SPAD值和LAI值。3个生物炭处理对提高2011/2012土壤SOC含量和2011—2014年土壤TN含量无明显效果,中、高量生物炭处理可增加2012—2017年土壤SOC含量32.6%~215.6%和2014—2017年土壤TN含量20.0%~36.8%。研究表明,合理施用生物炭能够促进黄淮区潮土农田冬小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力以及促进小麦生长和地上部氮素吸收,进而起到提高土壤肥力和增加土壤固碳的作用。     

深耕改善砂姜黑土理化性状提高小麦产量

为探明砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式,进一步挖掘砂姜黑土生产潜力,发挥地域资源优势,以周麦27为试验材料,在大田条件下设置免耕、旋耕(15 cm)、深耕(30 cm)3种耕作方式,研究了耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤容重、有机碳含量、无机氮含量以及小麦籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在小麦苗期和成熟期,3种耕作方式处理间0~10 cm土层土壤容重差异不显著(P0.05),但深耕处理显著降低10~30 cm土层土壤容重(P0.05)。在小麦苗期、越冬期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期,3种耕作方式对0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量的影响规律不明显,但深耕处理明显增加20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量;20~40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量均为深耕旋耕免耕。与免耕处理相比,深耕处理通过增加小麦穗粒数和千粒质量,最终促使籽粒产量增加16.33%。综上所述,在该试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上,小麦季30 cm深耕处理可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤有机碳含量,进而提高小麦籽粒产量,可作为砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式。     

西北旱作农田不同耕作模式对土壤性状及小麦产量的影响

【目的】在雨养农业区,旱作区因连年翻耕而引起严重的土壤质量退化,使作物生产力下降,需定期改变其耕作方式。免耕深松隔年轮耕可以降低土壤容重,增加耕层土壤团聚体和有机碳氮的含量,增强土壤蓄水保墒能力,对改善土壤性状和提高作物产量具有重要意义。【方法】本研究于2007～2010年在宁夏南部半旱区进行了两年免耕一年深松 (NT/ST/NT)、两年深松一年免耕 (ST/NT/ST)、连年翻耕 (CT) 3种耕作模式试验,研究了其对耕层土壤容重、团聚体、土壤有机碳氮含量、土壤水分及作物产量的影响。【结果】3年耕作处理后,与连年翻耕相比,NT/ST/NT、ST/NT/ST处理0—20 cm层土壤容重分别降低了4.4%和7.3%,20—40 cm土层分别降低2.1%和5.7%,40—60 cm土层分别降低4.1%和5.5%;土壤孔隙度0—20 cm土层分别提高了4.1%和6.8%,20—40 cm土层提高了2.1%和4.3%,40—60 cm土层提高了5.5%和5.7%。0—20 cm土层,NT/ST/NT处理0.25～2 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量平均较CT处理提高了12.4%,ST/NT/ST处理 > 2 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量较CT处理平均提高了42.0%;20—40 cm土层,NT/ST/NT、ST/NT/ST处理 > 2 mm团聚体含量较CT处理平均分别提高了44.3%和50.4%。两种轮耕模式使0—40 cm土层土壤团聚体平均重量直径分别显著高于CT处理21.8%和22.5%,几何平均直径分别高于CT处理9.6%和9.5%。三个处理耕层土壤有机碳氮含量均比试验前有不同程度的增加,轮耕处理0—30 cm土层0.25～2 mm粒级有机碳含量和 < 0.25 mm粒级全氮含量显著高于CT,以ST/NT/ST处理效果最佳。NT/ST/NT和ST/NT/ST处理0—10 cm土层0.25～2 mm团聚体有机碳含量较CT处理分别显著提高7.9%和10.2%,10—20 cm土层分别提高19.0%和15.7%,20—30 cm土层分别提高10.6%和13.3%;0—10 cm土层 < 0.25 mm粒级全氮含量显著提高9.4%和10.9%,10—20 cm土层分别提高6.8%和10.2%,20—30 cm土层分别提高7.4%和9.3%。研究期间,NT/ST/NT和ST/NT/ST处理较CT处理可显著提高0—200 cm土壤贮水量,其中以ST/NT/ST处理保蓄土壤水分效果最佳。在小麦生长前期,轮耕处理土壤贮水量均高于连年翻耕,生长后期ST/NT/ST处理土壤水分含量最高,NT/ST/NT处理次之。轮耕处理的小麦生物量和籽粒产量显著高于连年翻耕,其中小麦籽粒产量分别增加9.6%和10.7%。【结论】免耕/深松轮耕可显著改善土壤的物理性状和水分环境,显著增加耕层土壤有机碳氮含量,提高作物的生产力,在宁南旱区有重要的应用前景。     

Combined application of biochar with compost and fertilizer improves soil properties and grain yield of maize

A pot study was conducted to assess the combined effect of biochar (B) with compost (Com) and inorganic fertilizers (F) for improving nutrient acquisition and productivity of maize. Seven different treatments, including B (1% w/w), F (Recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK): 60, 30 and 25 mg kg^─1), Com (1.5% w/w), Com+F (1.5% + NPK), B+F (1% + NPK), B+Com (0.5% + 0.75%), B+Com+F (0.5% + 0.75% + NPK) along with a control (C) without B, Com and F were applied in pots with four replications. The results showed that growth and grain yield of maize increased by the application of B, Com and F compared with C, but B+Com+F was more effective than their sole application (i.e. B, Com and F). Highest leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange attributes and nutrient concentrations: N, P and K in shoot and grains were observed, where B+Com+F was applied followed by Com+F > B+F > B+Com > F > Com > B > C. Soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC), N, P, and K were significantly increased, whereas soil pH was decreased by the combination of B with Com and F. Hence, application of B in combination with Com and F (B+Com+F) could be a good management strategy to enhance crop productivity and improve soil properties.     

不同肥力土壤下施氮量对小麦子粒产量和品质的影响

在高、低两种肥力土壤下,研究了施氮量对小麦子粒产量和综合品质性状的影响。结果表明,在高肥力土壤施氮量对产量的影响呈二次曲线关系,获得小麦高产的适宜施氮量J17为193.0kg/hm2,L21为211.4kg/hm2;在低肥力土壤上,随施氮量的提高子粒产量增加,但施氮量超过300kg/hm2时增产效应下降。施氮能够显著提高小麦子粒的蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉降值,改变子粒蛋白质和淀粉各组分所占的比例,提高面团吸水率、稳定时间、形成时间和评价值等品质指标,以及有利于小麦粉RVA谱特征值的提高,而且高肥力土壤的效果优于低肥力土壤。表明在高肥力土壤下有利于强筋小麦品质性状的提高。     

金坛市无氮区土壤肥力评价和对小麦基础产量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了金坛市各镇区土壤不施氮肥对小麦基础产量的影响,并根据土壤养分指标即土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾5个指标评价了土壤肥力水平。结果显示,金坛市小麦不施氮肥高产田土壤基础产量为3043 kg/hm2,中产田为2524 kg/hm2,低产田为2083 kg/hm2。隶属度函数和相关分析权重确定的综合评价指标IFI显示,高、中、低产田IFI平均值分别为83,69和54。IFI与基础产量进行回归分析表明二者线性关系达极显著水平。因而,本试验选定的养分指标能够客观反应土壤肥力实际情况,对土壤肥力评价和小麦科学施肥具有重要应用价值。     

长期施氮、磷、钾化肥对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

以1990年建立的国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地(北京昌平站)的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究了不同施肥制度对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,长期均衡地施NPK肥或NPK与有机肥配施,可以显著提高玉米产量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等肥力指标,并能提高土壤微量元素的含量;而不均衡施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)导致相应的营养元素的耗竭。相关分析表明,在褐潮土上增施磷肥和有机肥对提高玉米产量具有重要的作用。     

Biochar application to soil for climate change mitigation by soil organic carbon sequestration

Pyrogenic carbon (C) is produced by incomplete combustion of fuels including organic matter (OM). Certain ranges in the combustion continuum are termed ‘black carbon' (BC). Because of its assumed persistence, surface soils in large parts of the world contain BC with up to 80% of surface soil organic C (SOC) stocks and up to 32% of subsoil SOC in agricultural soils consisting of BC. High SOC stocks and high levels of soil fertility in some ancient soils containing charcoal (e.g., terra preta de Índio) have recently been used as strategies for soil applications of biochar, an engineered BC material similar to charcoal but with the purposeful use as a soil conditioner (1) to mitigate increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) by SOC sequestration and (2) to enhance soil fertility. However, effects of biochar on soils and crop productivity cannot be generalized as they are biochar‐, plant‐ and site‐specific. For example, the largest potential increases in crop yields were reported in areas with highly weathered soils, such as those characterizing much of the humid tropics. Soils of high inherent fertility, characterizing much of the world's important agricultural areas, appear to be less likely to benefit from biochar. It has been hypothesized that both liming and aggregating/moistening effects of biochar improved crop productivity. Meta‐analyses of biochar effects on SOC sequestration have not yet been reported. To effectively mitigate climate change by SOC sequestration, a net removal of C and storage in soil relative to atmospheric CO₂ must occur and persist for several hundred years to a few millennia. At deeper soil depths, SOC is characterized by long turnover times, enhanced stabilization, and less vulnerability to loss by decomposition and erosion. In fact, some studies have reported preferential long‐term accumulation of BC at deeper depths. Thus, it is hypothesized that surface applied biochar‐C (1) must be translocated to subsoil layers and (2) result in deepening of SOC distribution for a notable contribution to climate change mitigation. Detailed studies are needed to understand how surface‐applied biochar can move to deeper soil depths, and how its application affects organic C input to deeper soil depths. Based on this knowledge, biochar systems for climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration can be designed. It is critically important to identify mechanisms underlying the sometimes observed negative effects of biochar application on biomass, yield and SOC as biochar may persist in soils for long periods of time as well as the impacts on downstream environments and the net climate impact when biochar particles become airborne.     

生物炭与氮肥配施对土壤肥力及红枣产量、品质的影响

【目的】通过连续三年 (2013～2015 年) 田间试验,研究了生物炭与氮肥配施对华北平原枣区潮土土壤肥力及作物产量品质的影响,为华北平原枣区高效施肥和提高红枣产量品质及可持续发展提供理论依据。 【方法】以河南省濮阳市林科院田间试验为研究平台,15 年生扁核酸枣为供试材料,设置生物炭用量 4 个水平 (C₀、C₁、C₂、C₃,即 C 0、2.5、5、10 t/hm2)、氮肥用量 3 个水平 (N₁、N₂、N₃,即 N 300、450、600 kg/hm2),采用“4 × 3”完全方案设计,加上完全空白处理 CK (不施生物炭和氮肥),共计 13 个处理。在 9 月底红枣采收后,采集新鲜红枣测定其产量及品质,同时取 0—20 cm 土壤样品测定不同处理的土壤肥力。 【结果】1) 生物炭与氮肥配合施用,显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量。同时也提高了土壤中速效氮、磷、钾的养分含量。土壤养分含量随着生物炭施用量的增加而增加。其中全氮和速效磷养分含量以 C₃N₃ 处理最高,与对照相比,分别增加了 80.28% 和 32.82%,全钾和全磷养分含量以 C₃N₁ 处理增加幅度最大,增幅分别为 55.3% 和 27.9%;C₃N₂ 处理的速效氮和速效钾含量最高,分别增加了 68.0% 和 41.0%。此外,培肥措施显著降低了土壤容重,C₃N₃ 处理的土壤容重最低,为 1.22 g/cm3,降低了 15.86%。2) 生物炭与氮肥配施总体上提高了红枣的总糖、维生素 C、可溶性固形物、蛋白质及氨基酸的含量,但仅氨基酸含量达到显著差异 (P < 0.05),其中C₃N₁处理较对照增加100%。3) 不同施肥处理提高了扁核酸红枣的产量,较对照提高 4.5%～26.9%,其中 C₃N₁ 处理增产效果最明显。 【结论】生物炭与氮肥配合施用,对华北平原枣区的土壤养分吸收、土壤质量和红枣产量及品质起到了积极作用,可作为改善该枣区红枣生产力和土壤肥力的一种有效措施。生物炭施入土壤后,提高土壤肥力的同时也可以减少化肥的投入。生物炭10 t/hm2配施,氮肥300 kg/hm2为该试验区最佳施肥量。     

定位化肥牛粪配施对设施蔬菜产量和土壤肥力的影响

采用定位施肥方式,连续多次在同一保护地块化肥减量配施牛粪,通过大棚蔬菜种植试验,设置对照(CK,单施复合肥2250 kg/hm2)、低(L,66.7％CK+有机肥30000 kg/hm2)、中(M,33.3％CK+有机肥4500 kg/hm2)及高(H,单施有机肥60000 kg/hm2)4个不同化肥减量配施有机肥底肥...     

减氮结合覆盖对旱地冬小麦花后生理性状及产量的影响

在渭北旱塬雨养农作条件下,结合当地氮肥施用过量的现状,于2012~2016年4个冬小麦种植季度,以无氮裸播为对照,研究了减氮结合覆盖(农户模式,农户减氮,垄覆沟播,全膜穴播,秸秆覆盖)对旱地冬小麦花后生理性状及产量的影响。结果表明:减氮结合覆盖较农户模式并不一定会降低小麦产量,其中全膜穴播连续3年增产分别高达175、725和1 022 kg/hm~2。叶绿素相对含量SPAD值随氮肥施用量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,而氮肥对冬小麦花期旗叶光合速率的影响虽未达到显著水平,但施氮也促进了光合速率的提升,其中覆盖处理对SPAD值及光合速率有一定的负效应。另外,过量施氮与不同覆盖处理的花期根系活力较农户减氮显著降低了30.6%~38.5%。开花期旗叶硝酸还原酶活性不仅随着施氮量的增加而提高,也对除垄覆沟播外的其它覆盖处理有显著正效应,其中全膜穴播与秸秆覆盖处理较农户减氮分别提高了4.2%和5.8%。     

土壤地力和长期施肥对潮土区小麦和玉米产量演变趋势的影响

为潮土区合理施肥管理提供依据,对32个长期定位点、24年（1987～2010）不施肥和化肥配施秸秆（农民常规施肥）处理的小麦和玉米产量及其与土壤地力和施肥量间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:潮土区土壤地力对小麦和玉米产量的平均贡献率分别为51.4%和54.0%,变异系数分别为39.0%和41.2%。不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量每年分别下降4.1 kg/hm2和96.6 kg/hm2;常规施肥处理的小麦和玉米每年分别增产61.5 kg/hm2和26.8 kg/hm2。施化肥量与作物增产量（常规施肥产量－不施肥产量）呈显著正相关。通过通径分析进一步证明,施氮量对小麦产量具有显著直接作用。同时,磷肥对提高小麦和玉米的产量具有重要作用。总之,在农民习惯耕作施肥管理水平下,潮土区不施肥处理的产量下降缓慢（含品种对产量的贡献）,常规施肥区产量表现出缓慢增加的趋势。     

Choice of nitrogen fertilizer affects grain yield and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of wheat cultivars

Abstract

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is low in cereals especially in wheat. Different wheat cultivars may vary in NUE due to inherited biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) potential. In this study, three wheat cultivars (Punjab-2011, ARRI-2011 and Millat-2011) were fertilized at the rate of 140?kg ha^?1 with three N sources [nitrophos (NP), urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN)]. The soil nitrate (NO₃^?)-N contents were significantly enhanced coupled with simultaneous decrease in ammonium (NH₄⁺)-N contents in the rhizosphere of cultivar Punjab-2011, fertilized with NP; however, cultivar Millat-2011 receiving urea behaved in contrast. Wheat cultivar Punjab-2011 fertilized with NP had the highest grain yield and agronomic NUE than other treatments due to significant increase in chlorophyl contents, allometric and yield parameters. The highest net benefit was recorded from the cultivar Punjab-2011 fertilized with CAN. In conclusion, use of NP in Punjab-2011 enhanced the grain yield and agronomic NUE.     

Cattle manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application effects on soil hydraulic properties and maize yield of two soils of Murewa district,Zimbabwe

This study set out to determine the effects of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer application on the hydraulic properties and maize yield of a clay and sandy soil in a smallholder farming area of Zimbabwe. Four fields classified as homefields (HF: more fertile and closer to homesteads) and outfields (OF: less fertile and further from the homesteads) were selected on clay and sandy soil. They were subjected to four treatments, control (no fertility amendment), 5, 15 and 25 t/ha cattle manure + 100 kg/ha N (as ammonium nitrate) for 7 years. A two‐way randomized complete block design was used with fertility and field type as the two factors. Clay soil hydraulic properties, which included density of macropores with a diameter >300 μm, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, steady‐state infiltration rate, moisture retention under low suction and maize grain yield, were significantly improved (P < 0.05) by fertility management compared with the control and were generally comparable between the HF and OF. Fertility management significantly improved maize grain yield on sandy soils but did not enhance hydraulic parameters, thereby indicating poor responsiveness in structural build‐up. On the other hand, significantly different hydraulic parameters between the sandy soil HF and OF suggested effects of other factors not related to soil fertility and field type treatments. We therefore concluded that application of a high rate (25 t/ha) of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer is beneficial for fertility restoration to the degraded OFs with associated comparable hydraulic properties on HFs and OFs on clay soil, unlike on sandy soil.     

灌溉量与减氮配施有机肥模式对温室黄瓜及土壤的影响

为探究设施农业中不同灌溉量与施肥模式对土壤理化特性、作物产量、品质、水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）及氮肥偏生产力（nitrogen partial productivity,NPP）的影响。该研究通过对温室黄瓜设置充分（W1）与亏缺（W2）灌溉下不同比例减氮（N1：275 kg/hm²、N2：220 kg/hm²、N3：165 kg/hm²）配施腐熟羊粪有机肥（O1：12 t/hm²、O2：8 t/hm²）处理试验,分析充分与亏缺灌溉下不同减氮配施有机肥处理对土壤理化特性、黄瓜品质、产量、WUE及NPP的影响。结果表明,在相同灌溉条件下,减施氮肥和配施有机肥均能有效改善土壤结构,O1N3处理较其他处理土壤容重平均降低5.8%,孔隙度平均增加7.7%,三相组成优化,大粒径水稳性团聚体含量平均提高25.4%,0～30 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量平均降低21.8%。同时,配施有机肥能提高温室黄瓜WUE和NPP,在相同灌溉和氮肥条件下,O1较O2水平黄瓜WUE和NPP分别平均提高14.5%和15.7%。综合对比分析不同指标得出W1O2N2处理表现最佳,黄瓜可溶性葡萄糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C（VC）含量及产量较W1O1N1处理无显著差异（P>0.05）,同时能有效改善土壤环境,减少肥料用量,保证生产经济效益。研究结果对于设施农业科学水肥管理及绿色高效生产具有重要的参考意义。     

黄土高原旱地不同施肥对土壤肥力与产量的影响

Long-term fertility experiments have become an important tool for investigating the sustainability of cropping systems. Therefore, a long-term (18-year) fertilization experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China, to ascertain the effect of the long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manure on wheat yield and soil fertility in the Loess Plateau, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management. The experiment consisted of nine fertilizer treatments with three replicates arranged in a completely randomized design: 1) CK (no fertilizer); 2) N (N 120 kg ha-1); 3) P (P 26.2 kg ha-1); 4) NP (N 120, P 26.2 kg ha-1-2); 5) M (manure 75 t ha-1); 6) NM (N 120 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 7) PM (P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 8) NPM (N 120 , P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); and 9) fallow (no fertilizer, no crop). N fertilizer was applied in the form of urea and P was applied as calcium super phosphate. The results showed that precipitation had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Manure (M), NP, PM, NM, and NPM treatments significantly increased (P < 0.05) average yield. In the NP, PM, NM and NPM treatments, the percentage increases in yield due to fertilization were highest in normal years, and lowest in the drought years. Long-term P application enhanced soil available P markedly, and manure applications contributed more to soil fertility than chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizers applied together with manure distinctly improved soil fertility. The results also showed that the soil nutrient concentration changed mainly in the 0--60 cm layers and fertilization and planting only slightly affected soil nutrients below the 100 cm layers.     

有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌肥对玉米产量与复垦土壤磷素有效性的影响

复垦土壤贫瘠,磷素含量极低,严重影响作物的生长发育。研究化肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌对玉米产量和复垦土壤磷素形态以及酶活性的影响,为加速培肥矿区复垦土壤提供技术支持和理论依据。该研究在山西省晋中市采煤塌陷区进行了2a的定位培肥试验,共设置7个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）、化肥配施荧光假单胞菌（CFB）、单施有机肥（M）、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌（MB）、化肥配施有机肥（MCF）、化肥有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌（MCFB）。采集各处理土壤样品测定相关指标,并通过相关性分析和结构方程模型来探究各形态磷与有效磷以及土壤磷酸酶之间的关系。结果表明：1）在整个试验周期（2021—2022年）,与CK相比,不同施肥处理均能显著提高玉米产量以及各形态磷素。其中,以MB处理下的玉米产量、有效磷、磷活化系数、不稳定态磷以及部分不稳定态磷含量最高,与CK处理相比,玉米产量显著提高2.4倍,有效磷含量、磷活化系数值、不稳定态磷含量、部分不稳定态磷含量分别显著提高4.5倍、4.67倍、0.98倍、1.16倍。2）与CK处理相比,化肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌能够显著提高土壤微生物量磷以及酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,配施荧光假单胞菌后,微生物量磷水平和碱性磷酸酶活性均以MB较M处理提升效果最佳,分别显著提高27.08%和9.56%。3）结合相关性分析以及结构方程模型,随着荧光假单胞菌和化肥有机肥的施入,在提高不稳定态磷素含量的同时也提高有效磷的供应能力,促进磷素在农田生态系统中的循环转化,产生积极的正向影响。化肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌能够一定程度上影响复垦土壤玉米产量及产量性状、各形态磷素及有效性和微生物活性,对复垦土壤脆弱的农田生态系统产生积极影响。