Intensive fishing has not forced dietary change in the South American fur seal Arctophoca (=Arctocephalus) australis off Río de la Plata and adjoining areas

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Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the north-western Adriatic Sea: Spatial distribution and effects of trawling

1. Many species and populations of odontocetes have modified their behaviour to take advantage of feeding opportunities provided by fishing activities, with depredation of fishing gear being the most common type of adaptation.
2. The northern Adriatic Sea has been identified as an important marine mammal area because of a regular occurrence of common bottlenose dolphins. Boat surveys were conducted within a 3,000 km² sector of the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Veneto, Italy, between April and October 2018–2019. Based on 76 days at sea, 10,711 km of navigation, and 81 h 26 min of dolphin tracking, this study contributes novel quantitative information on dolphin spatial distribution, and on their occurrence in the wake of beam trawlers, otter trawlers, and midwater pair trawlers.
3. A combined generalized additive model and generalized estimation equation framework indicated that trawling—along with other physiographic, biological and anthropogenic variables—influenced dolphin distribution. In days of trawling, the chance of encountering dolphins increased by ~4.5 times (95% confidence interval 1.8–11.0) near active beam trawlers, by ~16.0 times (7.1–36.0) near otter trawlers, and by ~28.9 times (12.0–69.6) near midwater pair trawlers.
4. Spatial modelling was used to create maps of predicted distribution, suggesting differences in habitat use between trawling and no-trawling days. Spatial modelling for all days identified a dolphin distribution hotspot of 832 km², situated off the Po river delta.
5. Evidence contributed by this study can be used to inform management action within one of the world's areas most heavily impacted by fishing and other human encroachment. Such management action would help enforce the European Union's Habitats Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive, while also informing EU's Maritime Spatial Planning.

     

Updated abundance estimates for common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting West Bay,Texas

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Behavioural strategy of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in response to different kinds of boats in the waters of Lampedusa Island (Italy)

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Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance and distribution patterns in St Andrew Bay,Florida, USA

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Fine‐scale population structure and connectivity of bottlenose dolphins,Tursiops truncatus,in European waters and implications for conservation

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台州南部近岸海域春秋季主要鱼类生态位及其种间联结性

根据2016年秋季(10月)和2017年春季(4月)台州南部近岸海域的渔业资源调查资料,将2次调查中分别出现的优势种及重要种定义为主要鱼类,并采用相对重要性指数、生态位测定、方差比率、卡方检验、Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验等方法分析主要鱼类间的生态位和种间关系。结果显示,秋季主要鱼类8种,春季11种,2季共有主要鱼类5种。秋季主要鱼类的生态位宽度值与生态位重叠值总体上略高于春季,秋季广生态位种(Bi≥2.40)、中生态位种(1.60≤Bi<2.40)和窄生态位种(Bi<1.60)依次有4种、3种和1种,春季则依次有4种、5种和2种;秋季生态位重叠显著(Oik≥0.6)的种对数占总种对数的32.14%,春季则仅占12.73%。秋季,总体联结性分析结果显示主要鱼类间总体上呈显著负关联,卡方检验、Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验显示群落中正负关联比依次为1.50、1.33和2.11,其检验显著率依次约为0%、17.86%和10.71%。春季,总体联结性分析结果结果显示主要鱼类间总体上呈不显著负关联,卡方检验、Pearson相关检验和Spea...     

山东半岛南部近岸海域夏季游泳动物的组成特征

根据2008年8月在山东半岛南部近岸海域进行的底拖网调查资料,对该海域游泳动物组成特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,在该海域共捕获游泳动物54种,平均相对资源量为129.9 kg/h。以生物量为单位计算群落多样性,Shannon-Wiener种类多样性指数H′平均为1.43,Margalrf种类丰富度指数D平均为1.18,Pielou种类均匀度指数J′平均为0.63。优势种为鳀和戴氏赤虾,重要种为方氏锦鳚、日本蟳、小黄鱼、矛尾虾虎鱼、口虾蛄和枪乌贼。通过聚类分析表明该海域游泳动物群落结构存在一定程度的空间异质性,主要包括3组,引起组间平均相异性贡献的分歧种主要包括戴氏赤虾、方氏锦鳚、矛尾虾虎鱼、日本蟳、双斑蟳、枪乌贼和口虾蛄等。山东半岛南部近岸海域渔业资源呈现出小型化和低质化的趋势。     

Identifying key habitats for the conservation of Chilean dolphins in the fjords of southern Chile

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Long-term stability in core habitat of an endangered population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Implications for spatial management

1. A small population of approximately 68 bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, resident in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand, is subject to physiologically challenging conditions, and is exposed to anthropogenic pressure from tourism.
2. A voluntary Code of Management incorporating dolphin protection zones (DPZs), in which tour boat access is limited, was established in 2008.
3. Kernel density estimation (KDE) was used to quantify dolphin habitat use over a 13-year period in order to describe seasonal variation in habitat use and consistency of habitat use over a decadal period, and to provide quantitative estimates of the extent of overlap between DPZs and core areas (50% volume contour) of habitat use.
4. Habitat use varied seasonally, with the inner fjord area used more frequently in warmer months, and with a shift in use to the outer fjord in colder months. Patterns in habitat use were highly consistent over the 13-year duration of the study.
5. The spatial overlap between the area of core dolphin habitat and DPZs was low (<18%) overall, and some DPZs were rarely used during colder periods.
6. Consistency in habitat use through time vindicates spatial management, but low overlap between core habitat and current DPZs suggests that an expansion of the DPZ areas would confer greater protection.

     

Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) interaction with fish farms in the Gulf of Ambracia,western Greece

1. Marine aquaculture, and its fast-growing development, has the potential for wider environmental, ecosystem, and biodiversity impacts. This study assesses the impact of fish farming on a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population within the Gulf of Ambracia (western Greece) between 2007 and 2018. Two different study areas were defined in order to investigate differences on occurrence, abundance, behaviour, and seasonal fluctuations between them: a ‘control area’, in the north-western side of the Gulf; and a ‘fish farm area’, in the south west, where the highest density of fish farm cages is found.
2. A total of 169 daily surveys were dedicated to the control area and 74 days were dedicated to the fish farm area, yielding 104 and 37 sightings, respectively. Both the probability of detecting dolphins (U = 6,763.000, P = 0.002) and the group sizes (U = 578.000, P < 0.001) were smaller around fish farms.
3. Seasonality analyses were restricted to 2007–2008, as this was the period with year-round effort. Results revealed that dolphins were more frequently seen around fish farms in the winter (Kruskal–Wallis test, P = 0.036).
4. From the 40 identified individuals that were re-sighted at least 10 times during the study period, 21 used the fish farm area less than expected according to sampling effort, and 10 of them were never observed in that area (binomial test, P < 0.05).
5. The results revealed an impact of fish farms on the distribution of bottlenose dolphins in the Gulf of Ambracia. This information should be taken into consideration when defining ecosystem-based management measures within the management plan, which is currently in preparation for this Natura 2000 site.

     

大王滩水库水利风景区旅游发展探讨

根据2016年11月—2017年8月大王滩水库4个季度的鱼类资源调查结果,对该水库野生鱼类资源现状、物种组成、优势种和生物多样性等进行研究。共鉴定鱼类34种,隶属于4目9科26属,以鲤科鱼类为主,分别占总物种数和总个体数量的64.71%和48.15%。相对重要性指数(IRI)结果表明优势种有尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)和莫桑比克罗非鱼(O.mossambicus)。各采样点Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)为1.213~2.279,Margalef丰富度指数(D)为1.995~3.412,Pielou均匀度指数(J′)为0.448~0.771,Simpson生态优势度(C)为0.120~0.507,其中S3采样点鱼类物种多样性最高,S1采样点相对较低;夏季鱼类物种多样性最高,冬季最低。Cluster聚类和ANOSIM相似性分析表明,大王滩水库鱼类物种组成时空差异不显著,鱼类种群分布较均匀。对比研究发现,大王滩水库中鱼类资源的种类数量减少及外来物种入侵趋势明显。     

Abundance,distribution and diet of the common dolphin,Delphinus delphis,in the northern Aegean Sea (Greece)

1. The abundance, distribution and diet of the short-beaked common dolphin were investigated as part of the first detailed study on cetacean populations in the North Aegean Sea. Since 2004, the area has been proposed by national and international entities as a marine protected area for common dolphins and other cetacean species owing to its high biodiversity.
2. Abundance and distribution were investigated between 2005 and 2013 through dedicated scientific marine transect surveys, covering 14,701 km, in sea conditions of Beaufort sea state 3 and below. The line-transect sampling method was used to estimate relative abundance, using Distance 6.0 software. Encounter rate for this species in the study area was estimated to be 0.24 groups/100 km (1.5 dolphins/100 km), with a mean group size of 6.88 (SE = 1.90).
3. Common dolphin sightings were analysed for correlations with eight environmental variables (distance from the coast, depth, slope, median salinity, gradient of salinity, median temperature, gradient of temperature and mean current) using generalized additive modelling. Common dolphin sightings were significantly correlated to depth, temperature and salinity.
4. Stomach-content analyses were performed on eight suitable samples from common dolphins stranded in the study area. The trophic level of the species was calculated, indicating that this species is a top predator.
5. This research provides the first estimates for abundance and distribution and the first diet analysis for this Mediterranean Endangered dolphin species in the study area based on a year-round long-term study.

     

Indian Ocean humpback dolphin in the Menai Bay off the south coast of Zanzibar,East Africa is Critically Endangered

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Diet of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) on the River Gradac,Serbia: Predation in a brown trout‐dominated stream

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Food habits of fishes in the mangrove estuary of Urauchi River,Iriomote Island,southern Japan

The food habits of 67 fish species collected from the mangrove estuary of the Urauchi River, Iriomote Island, southern Japan were investigated using gut content analysis. Ontogenetic changes in food preference were recognized in nine species, including mugilids, gerreids, mullids, gobiids and tetraodontids. In most cases, juveniles of these species fed mostly on small crustaceans (e.g. calanoid and cyclopoid copepods and gammaridean amphipods) or detritus. With their subsequent growth, larger prey items (e.g. crabs and polychaetes) became dominant. A cluster analysis based on dietary overlaps showed that the mangrove fish assemblage comprised eight trophic groups (zooplankton, small benthic crustacean, large benthic crustacean, polychaete, fish, detritus, plant and insect feeders). Of these, large and small benthic crustacean feeders, which consumed mainly crabs and gammaridean amphipods, respectively, were the most abundantly represented in terms of species, whereas polychaete and insect feeders were each represented by only two species.     

山东半岛南部近岸海域蟹类群落结构特征

根据使用单船底拖网进行2014年8月和10月、2015年2月和5月4个航次的调查数据,对山东半岛南部近岸海域蟹类种类组成、时空分布、优势种、物种多样性等群落结构特征进行了研究。结果显示,4次调查共捕获蟹类15种,隶属于7科12属,其中三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)是主要经济种类,其余多为小型饵料型蟹类;双斑蟳(C.bimaculata)在4个季节中皆为优势种,三疣梭子蟹在8月和10月航次为优势种,优势种季节更替明显;生物量季节变化明显,春季时较低,在夏季达到峰值,夏季到冬季呈降低趋势;蟹类群落物种多样性指数(H′)变化范围为0.32~0.53,均匀度指数(J′)变化范围为0.23~0.37,丰富度指数(D)变化范围为0.32~0.55,其中物种多样性指数与丰富度指数季节变化明显,均匀度指数季节变化不明显;多元统计分析结果表明,山东半岛南部近岸海域4季节蟹类群落结构均可以划分为西南部海域组、东北部远岸海域组和西北部近岸海域组3个组群,季节间组群站位组成变化明显,群落结构不稳定。研究表明:1)山东半岛南部近岸海域蟹类以小型饵料型蟹类为主,蟹类多样性水平较低,优势种更替明显,蟹类群落不稳定;2)山东半岛南部近岸海域蟹类群落划分较为明显,特征种主要为双斑蟳、泥脚隆背蟹(Carcinoplax vestita)等小型饵料型蟹类。     

Scarring patterns of whale sharks,Rhincodon typus,at a provisioning site in the Philippines

1. Shark-based tourism continues to be a rapidly growing industry, and thus understanding the impacts of such activities is essential to mitigate the potential negative effects on the target species. The consequences of provisioning on whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are not fully understood, although changes to the local environment, ecology, behaviour, and site visitation patterns have been highlighted. Here, the scarring patterns of whale sharks were investigated at a provisioning site in Oslob, Cebu, Philippines, as an indicator of the physical impacts of tourism activities on individual sharks. Photographic identification was used to attribute scars to individual animals (n = 152) between March 31, 2012 and January 31, 2015.
2. Scars were categorized by type and body location, and were compared with non-provisioned aggregations in Australia, Mozambique, and Seychelles. Oslob whale sharks were more scarred than other studied populations, with 94.7% (n = 144) having at least one scar, and with 90.8% (n = 138) having more than one scar. Scarring incidence was found to be significantly higher in sharks that regularly visited the provisioning site, and analysis of scarring over time in highly resident sharks showed that all individuals gained scars through periods of consistent re-sightings. A significantly higher incidence of minor scar types was found, most commonly on the dorsal side of the animal, probably resulting from sustained proximity to boats and ropes throughout the provisioning activities. The consequences of interactions with propeller boats were observed, despite a ban on their use in the provisioning site, highlighting the risk to the species beyond the study site.
3. We recommend the strict enforcement of a minimum distance between boats and sharks, a zero-contact policy during interactions, the expansion of the provisioning site, and the implementation of a no-boat-access zone around the perimeter of the provisioning site to mitigate potential collisions.

     

Prevalence of a fish pathogen, Listonella anguillarum, in the intestinal tract of fish collected off the coast of Japan

This study evaluates the influence of temperature manipulation on circulating levels of sex steroids and gonadal maturation in F1 generation Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis breeders kept under either continuous light (LL) or natural photoperiod (NP). Under LL, progressive water temperature reduction during early winter [treatment MT (modified temperature)] significantly elevated [compared with exposure to LL and constant temperature (CT)] plasma steroid levels in females (January–February) and males (January) and proportion of females initiating maturation (January), suggesting a modulatory role of decreasing temperature in the early phases of sole gonadal recrudescence. Under NP, treatment MT did not stimulate female gonadal maturation despite the significantly higher plasma testosterone levels (February) compared with exposure to NP and CT, which may indicate that females at early‐intermediate phases of ovarian development, the predominant stages of maturation at early winter, were less responsive to the treatment. Conversely, treatment MT significantly enhanced male androgen production from January onwards, together with an increase in proportions of running individuals (March), indicating that males were also responsive to this treatment at mid‐late phases of testicular development. Our data further support the strong influence of water temperature on the overall control of gonadal maturation in Senegalese sole.