不同保墒耕作措施对小麦、玉米耗水特征及周年水分利用的影响

为探明土壤结构改良与保墒耕作措施对小麦、玉米周年水分利用的作用机制。采用田间试验,研究了常规耕作、秸秆还田、保水剂、有机肥、免耕、深松、深松+秸秆覆盖等措施对小麦、玉米生长过程中的耗水特征、光合特征及周年水分利用的影响。结果表明:深松+秸秆覆盖在小麦生育期内储水量较高。从小麦播种-返青期,深松+秸秆覆盖处理的耗水量最低。而在返青-拔节期,该处理最大,而其在孕穗-抽穗期的耗水量却最低。在拔节-孕穗期,保水剂处理的耗水量最大,而在抽穗-灌浆期,其耗水量最小。在灌浆-收获期,秸秆还田和保水剂处理的耗水量较其他处理低。在玉米整个生育期内,保水剂和免耕处理的耗水量较其他处理低。不同措施改善了小麦和玉米的光合生理特征,促进了小麦、玉米产量和水分利用率的提高。各处理中,以免耕处理的小麦产量和水分生产效率最高,分布较常规耕作提高了18.3%和20.0%。以秸秆还田处理的玉米产量和水分生产效率最高,分别较常规耕作提高了21.6%和23.8%。而深松处理的小麦-玉米复合产量最高,其次为免耕处理,其分别较常规耕作处理增产14.9%和14.3%。而深松+秸秆覆盖处理和免耕处理的总水分生产效率较其他处理高,分别较常规耕作处理提高了18.5%和18.1%。说明深松和免耕处理更利于小麦、玉米周年节水增产。     

半湿润区免耕覆盖对土壤水分、温度及作物产量的影响

以半湿润区冬小麦－夏玉米一年两熟种植制度为研究对象,设置传统耕作(T0)、免耕无秸秆覆盖(T1)和免耕秸秆覆盖(T2)3个处理,研究不同耕作和秸秆覆盖方式对土壤水分、土壤温度和作物生长的影响及其在不同作物季节的功能差异。结果表明冬小麦季免耕覆盖(T2)和不覆盖(T1)处理0-60 cm土壤含水量都高于传统耕作(T0)处理,但免耕处理T1和T2只在表层土壤含水量存在显著差异,说明秸秆覆盖对表层土壤保水效果明显。免耕覆盖降低了土壤表层温度(T2相似文献   

长期间作及免耕对土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响

针对西北绿洲灌区长期传统覆膜耕作造成土壤结构的稳定性下降、地膜残留过多和土壤质量下降等问题,研究覆膜免耕与禾豆间作种植模式对土壤物理性质和作物产量的影响,以期为试区优化耕作方式和作物种植模式提供理论支撑。田间试验于2013—2020年在河西绿洲灌区进行,设置传统耕作覆膜(CT)、覆膜免耕(NT) 2种耕作措施;单作豌豆(P)、单作玉米(M)、玉米间作豌豆(M//P) 3种种植模式,2019年和2020年玉米收获后测定土壤物理性状和作物产量等相关指标。结果表明：（1）0～30 cm土层≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、土壤容重和土壤总孔隙度在NT与CT处理间存显著差异,NT较CT≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量提高2.02%～7.76%、MWD提高19.4%～26.0%、土壤容重降低1.31%～1.57%、总孔隙度增加1.97%～2.28%;(2)NT处理下,不同种植模式间存在显著差异,M//P分别较P和M处理水稳性大团聚体含量增加12.60%～20.11%和7.05%～11.55%,MWD分别较P和M处理增加9.61%～12.44%和4.01%～8.01%,土壤...     

免耕轮作对内蒙古地区农田贮水特性和作物产量的影响

2005—2011年,在内蒙古清水河县进行了免耕留高茬覆盖(NHS)、免耕留低茬覆盖(NLS)、免耕留高茬(NH)、免耕留低茬(NL)和常规耕作(T)5种耕作方式与3种轮作模式(燕麦-大豆-玉米、大豆-玉米-燕麦和玉米-燕麦-大豆)对土壤贮水特性和作物产量影响的研究。结果表明,不同免耕轮作处理中以免耕留茬覆盖结合燕麦-大豆-玉米轮作模式对土壤贮水量的提高程度最大,增幅为常规耕作的35.66%~41.63%。不同免耕轮作模式均能提高作物水分利用效率和作物产量,且作物产量高低与降雨量的变化趋势一致。第一个轮作周期后NHS、NLS、NH和NL分别较T作物水分利用效率增加43.77%、31.45%、26.74%和13.91%,作物产量增加29.68%、27.69%、18.05%和15.66%。第二个轮作周期内由于干旱比较严重,免耕方式结合燕麦-大豆-玉米模式效果较轮作第一个周期有所下降,但NHS、NLS、NH和NL仍分别较T作物水分利用效率增加29.83%、20.51%、6.18%和3.15%,作物产量增加17.52%、13.60%、4.33%和1.95%。因此,在土壤水分基本来源于自然降水的内蒙古旱作区,免耕轮作能够提高土壤蓄水保墒能力,增加作物产量,尤其以免耕秸秆覆盖结合燕麦-大豆-玉米模式效果最佳。     

保护性耕作对潮土物理性质的影响

为了研究保护性耕作对土壤物理性质的影响,以黄淮海平原典型潮土区小麦—玉米轮作系统的长期定位试验为基础,探讨不同耕作方式与秸秆还田处理下土壤容重、饱和导水率、紧实度、含水量的变化。结果表明,0~20 cm土层,土壤容重、土壤紧实度随着翻耕频率的减少而增加,每两年翻耕一次(CNTW2T)和每四年翻耕一次(CNTW4T)的土壤紧实度比长期免耕分别降低了40%、17%,土壤紧实度与土层深度呈显著正相关;保护性耕作改变土壤导水性能,随着免耕年限的增加,土壤饱和导水率显著降低;少免耕土壤含水量比传统翻耕高0.77%~3.01%。秸秆覆盖能显著降低土壤紧实度,改良土壤压实状况,提高土壤饱和导水率,减少土壤水分蒸发,从而改善土壤保水能力。免耕有利于土壤蓄水保墒,但长期免耕易导致土壤压实,不利于作物生长,少耕(CNTW2T、CNTW4T)既可改善土壤导水、保水性能,又可减少土壤压实,因此在黄淮海平原实施少耕与秸秆还田相结合的保护性耕作有利于改良土壤物理性质,提高土壤保水能力。     

轮耕对豫南雨养区夏玉米叶片衰老代谢及产量的影响

为了寻求豫南雨养区适宜的土壤耕作制度,秸秆处理方式设连续4年秸秆覆盖还田与秸秆清除2个处理,土壤耕作方式设4年间隔深松、4年免耕、3年深松+1年免耕和3年免耕+1年深松4个处理,共8个处理组合,研究秸秆处理和基本土壤耕作方式对夏玉米生育后期叶片衰老代谢及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖还田和连续3年深松基础上免耕、连续3年免耕基础上深松处理,可以提高玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性,降低MDA含量,延缓衰老进程,提高花后干物质生产量、经济系数和籽粒产量。秸秆覆盖还田比不盖还田产量平均提高10.68%;3年深松后1年免耕比4年深松平均增产2.60%;3年免耕后1年深松比4年免耕增产4.21%;秸秆覆盖还田结合3年深松后1年免耕比4年免耕秸秆不还田增产23.32%。多因素方差分析表明,秸秆处理方式和耕作方式及其两者的互作对产量都有显著影响。     

耕作方式对烟地土壤养分流失及烟叶产质量的影响

为减少植烟地水土养分流失和实现烟叶产质量最大化,试验研究常规耕作、免耕、免耕+稻草覆盖3种耕作方式对深丘山地烤烟土壤水土流失、养分流失和烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明：与常规耕作比较,免耕和免耕+稻草覆盖均能减少水土流失,径流量分别减少9.54%,26.01%;不同耕作方式养分流失量不同,全氮和全磷流失特征表现为常规耕作＞免耕＞免耕+稻草覆盖;与常规耕作比较,免耕和免耕+稻草覆盖的全氮流失量分别减少13.68%、39.59%,全磷流失量分别减少9.72%、27.57%。免耕栽培能提高烟叶产量、产值和化学成分协调性,并以免耕+稻草覆盖效益最好,增加收益5822.85元/hm²。研究表明,免耕、免耕+稻草覆盖对减少地表径流作用明显,是遏制土壤养分流失的有效途径;免耕+稻草覆盖增产增值明显,具有推广应用价值。     

免耕不同处理对土壤养分、土壤酶活性及燕麦产量的影响

通过设置免耕高留茬高覆盖、免耕低留茬高覆盖、免耕高留茬低覆盖、免耕低留茬低覆盖和常规耕作5个处理,研究旱作免耕不同留茬覆盖处理对燕麦田土壤养分、土壤酶活性及燕麦产量的影响,以期为当地燕麦生产实施免耕技术提供理论依据。结果表明,免耕留茬覆盖各处理均能显著提高土壤耕层中有机质、全量养分及速效养分含量;随燕麦生育时期的推进,土壤酶活性呈先升后降的变化趋势,免耕留茬覆盖能显著提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,其活性大小均表现为：免耕留茬覆盖处理显著高于常规耕作,免耕高覆盖处理显著高于低覆盖,免耕高留茬高于低留茬;免耕留茬覆盖处理对提高燕麦产量作用显著,其中免耕高留茬高覆盖产量最高,为2 111.4kg/hm ²,较常规耕作增产18.6%,其产量表现为：高留茬高覆盖>低留茬高覆盖>高留茬低覆盖>低留茬低覆盖>常规耕作。     

Responses of soil properties,root growth and crop yield to tillage and crop residue management in a wheat–maize cropping system on the North China Plain

Crop residue removal and subsoil compaction are limiting to yield improvement in the North China Plain (NCP). We conducted a field study composed of six consecutive crop growing seasons from 2010 to 2013 in Henan province, China, to determine responses of soil properties, crop root distribution and crop yield to tillage and residue management in a wheat–maize cropping system under irrigated conditions. Tillage practices comprised mouldboard ploughing (MP) to a depth of 15-cm, deep mouldboard ploughing (DMP) to a depth of 30-cm, and chisel ploughing (CP) to a depth of 30-cm. Crop residue management included crop residue retained (CRRet) and crop residue removed (CRRem). The results indicated that yields in DMP and CP increased by 6.0% and 7.3% for wheat and by 8.7% and 9.0% for maize, respectively, relative to MP. The CRRet treatment also increased wheat yield by 6.7% and maize yield by 5.0%. The yield increases under DMP and CP were related to reduced bulk density and soil penetration resistance, increased soil water content, improved total N distribution and improved root density (0–60-cm). Compared with MP, the root mass density under DMP and CP were increased by 43.4% and 42.0% for wheat and by 40.6% and 39.4% for maize, respectively. The yield increases under CRRet were also related to increased soil water content, reduced penetration resistance and increased N status (0–40-cm). Overall, for DMP + CRRet and CP + CRRet, a more favorable soil environment alongside greater root mass density and suitable spatial distribution resulted in higher grain yields of wheat and maize. Thus, compared with conventional shallow tillage practice, DMP or CP with residue application could improve soil quality and agricultural productivity under irrigated areas with loam soil in the NCP.     

不同耕作措施对玉米产量和土壤理化性质的影响

为了研究不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状和玉米产量及经济效益的影响,通过传统翻耕、浅旋根茬还田常规播种和机械灭茬免耕播种3种耕作方式对玉米田土壤水分、土壤速效养分、玉米产量性状及产量和经济效益影响的比较,明确了不同耕作措施对玉米田土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响。结果表明：机械灭茬免耕播种和浅旋根茬还田常规播种的出苗率、不同土层含水量、玉米产量性状、单位产量及总收益均高于传统翻耕,且浅旋根茬还田常规播种和机械灭茬免耕播种的出苗率比传统翻耕高3.3%和7.8%,不同层次土壤含水量、土壤养分的大小顺序均为机械灭茬免耕播种＞浅旋根茬还田常规播种＞传统翻耕,机械灭茬免耕播种和浅旋根茬还田常规播种处理的玉米产量比分别高9.01%和3.23%,纯收入比CK增加4305元/hm²和1965元/hm²,即分别比CK高出36.98%和17.65%。说明机械灭茬免耕播种措施最好,而浅旋根茬还田常规播种耕作方法又优于传统翻耕。     

Decreased foliar nitrogen and crop yield in organic rainfed almond trees during transition from reduced tillage to no-tillage in a dryland farming system

Sustainable farming practices can be beneficial or detrimental to crop production in the short-term, which will strongly determine their appeal to farmers. We evaluated the effects of several sustainable practices on soil properties, plant nutrition and ecophysiology and crop yield in a semiarid agroecosystem. A three-year randomised experiment was conducted in a rainfed almond grove where the initial soil management was reduced tillage. Two alternative treatments were evaluated: reduced tillage plus green manure and no-tillage. The following soil and plant parameters were measured once per year: soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and P_olsen; foliar N, P, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N and crop yield. We found that soil bulk density increased significantly with no-tillage. Leaf δ¹⁵N was positively associated with soil fertility, foliar nutrient concentrations and crop yield across treatments. Leaf δ¹³C, N_foliar and crop yield were strongly positively associated across treatments in every year of the study. Reduced tillage treatments displayed higher leaf δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C, N_foliar and crop yield than the no-tillage treatment, indicating a sharp decrease in the leaf nitrogen status and intrinsic water use efficiency of almond trees during the transition from reduced tillage to no-tillage. In semiarid agroecosystems where soils are prone to compaction, some tillage is required to maintain optimal crop production in rainfed almonds.     

水氮耦合对地膜玉米免耕轮作小麦干物质积累及产量的影响

前茬地膜玉米免耕种植后茬小麦水氮高效利用生产技术是绿洲灌区作物高效生产的新型农田管理技术。为构建该区地膜减量和水氮高效生产技术, 2015—2017年通过3年田间试验, 研究两种耕作方式、2种灌水水平和3个施氮量组合对小麦干物质积累和产量及产量构成的协同效应, 其中耕作方式为覆膜玉米茬免耕直播(NT)和玉米茬传统耕作(CT), 灌水量为传统灌水(I2)和传统灌水减量20% (I1), 施氮量为纯N 225 kg hm ^-2 (N3)、180 kg hm ^-2 (N2)和135 kg hm ^-2 (N1)。结果表明, 耕作方式、灌水水平、施氮量对小麦群体生长速率、干物质积累量均有显著影响。与CT相比, NT显著增大全生育期生长速率, 提高22.0%~28.0%, NT促进小麦地上干物质积累, 提高6.4%~7.4%, 收获期生物产量提高5.4%~15.1%。免耕低灌(NTI1)较传统耕作高灌(CTI2)的生长速率增大7.7%~13.4%, 干物质积累量提高3.1%~5.9%, 收获期生物产量提高8.7%~10.5%。免耕低灌中施氮(NTI1N2)较传统耕作高灌中、高施氮(CTI2N2、CTI2N3) 生长速率分别增大6.9%~20.5%与4.1%~14.0%, 收获期生物产量分别提高7.8%~9.7%与4.8%~10.2%。NT比CT增产10.1%~10.4%, NTI1较CTI2、CTI1分别增产13.0%~14.8%与9.4%~10.1%, NTI1N2比CTI2N2、CTI2N3分别增产3.7%~9.8%与15.2%~22.0%。从产量构成因素分析, NTI1N2提高了单位面积成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重, NTI1N2处理组合更有利于穗数、千粒重的增加。通径分析进一步证明, NTI1N2增产的主要原因是增加了单位面积穗数和千粒重。因此, 在施氮量为180 kg hm ^-2的基础上, 玉米茬地膜再利用免耕技术组装减少20%灌溉量(1920 m ³ hm ^-2)轮作小麦模式是河西灌区小麦高效生产的可行措施。     

河北平原麦玉两熟轮耕模式对土壤特性及作物产量的影响

于2016-2017年冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟生长季,设小麦季深松+玉米季免耕（S-N）、小麦季旋耕+玉米季深松（R-S）和小麦季深松+玉米季深松（S-S）处理,以常规耕作方式小麦季旋耕+玉米季免耕（R-N）为对照,在河北平原中部南和县对不同轮耕模式下土壤理化性状、微生物特性、水热状况、产量及水分利用效率进行研究。结果表明,对比小麦播种前,R-S和S-S处理土壤非毛管孔隙度均有显著上升,0~15和15~30cm土层分别平均提高15.2%和18.0%;R-N处理0~15和15~30cm土层非毛管孔隙度比小麦播前分别下降11.3%和7.3%。单季或两季深松可显著提高农田土壤碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,其中R-S和S-S处理提高最明显。单季深松或两季深松均可显著提高微生物生物量碳和活跃微生物量,0~30cm土层分别平均提高6.3%和20.6%。两季深松土壤呼吸平均提高12.4%,且呼吸速率变幅增大。深松可增大土壤周年温度变幅,提高水分利用效率,两季深松可显著提高周年作物产量达8.62%。深松可改善土壤物理性状,提高作物产量,提高土壤关键酶活性和呼吸速率,扩大土壤温度日变幅,优化土壤微生物环境。     

Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics,energy requirement and crop performance in maize–wheat rotation in rainfed subhumid inceptisols,India

Different tillage systems (conventional, minimum, raised bed and no tillage) and four mulch levels (control, polythene, straw and soil) were compared in maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) production for three years on an experimental field (sandy loam) located at Dry Land Research Sub Station, Dhiansar, Jammu. Each treatment was replicated four times in split plot design. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of tillage and mulch practices on economics, energy requirement, soil physical properties and performance of maize and wheat. Tillage methods significantly affected the soil physical properties as change in soil moisture contents and infiltration rate of soil was recorded. The soil moisture contents in minimum tillage (MT) were maximum (12.4%, 16.6%) in surface soil as compared to conventional tillage (CT) in maize and wheat crops, respectively. Comparing to the CT infiltration rate was (1.16times, 1.21times and 1.11times) higher in minimum tillage (MT), no tillage (NT) and raised bed (RB), respectively in kharif season. Similar results were also found in rabi season. The greatest maize yield of 1865 kg ha^?1 was achieved with CT system while not significantly lower yield was achieved with MT system (1837 kg ha^?1). However, wheat yield was recorded higher in MT as compare to the CT system. Comparing to the energy requirement of different operations, MT required 34.3% less, NT 31.1% less and RB 46.0% less than the CT system. MT system saved 2.5 times energy in tillage operation compared to the CT system. The economic analysis also revealed that the maximum benefits could be obtained from MT (EUR 202.4 ha^?1) followed by RB (EUR 164.2 ha^?1) and NT (EUR 158.3 ha^?1) and lowest in CT (EUR 149.5 ha^?1). Benefit-cost ratio was highest in MT (0.71) and lowest in CT (0.44). Results revealed that mulch significantly affected the soil physical properties and growth of maize. The maximum soil moisture content, infiltration rate and grain yield of maize and wheat recorded higher in mulching practices over no mulch treatment. Polythene mulch and straw mulch were almost equally valuable in maize and wheat sequence. Tillage (minimum) and mulch (polythene and straw) have pronounced effect on soil physical properties (improved infiltration rate and conserve soil water), energy requirement, economics and growth of maize and wheat.     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

不同膜上遮挡措施对旱地玉米土壤理化性状及产量的影响

Aiming at the phenomenon of premature senescence of plants under long-term maize plastic film mulching in rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, adding cooling measures on mulched maize were taken to study the effects of soil temperature change on maize yield formation and analysis the changes of soil physical and chemical properties in topsoil of maize from the perspective of never changing the water conserving function of plastic film, which would provide the theoretical reference for the analysis of the early senescence in the later growth stage of ordinary plastic film maize. This experiment design using Shaandan 609 (SD 609) as tested materials, based on a 2-year field experiment, compared with the effects of three modes, ordinary plastic film mulch + black sunshade net (A), ordinary plastic film mulch + straw (B) and ordinary plastic film mulch (C) on soil temperature, soil nutrients, dry matter mass accumulation yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency in yield. The results were as follows: (1) Adding coverings on plastic film mulching (black sunshade net, straw) can effectively decrease the soil temperature and compactness, especially early stage of maize growth. (2) Compared with the control treatment C, cooling treatment A and treatment B significantly increased the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and total potassium in the later stage of maize growth, and the average partial fertilizer productivity increased by 7.24% and 6.97%, respectively. (3) Cooling treatments can delay the attenuation of green leaf area in the later stage of maize growth, improve the accumulation rate of dry matter and increase the kernel weight of maize. Compared with treatment C, the 2-year average maize yields of cooling treatment A and treatment B were increased by 6.39% and 5.93% and the average water use efficiency by 8.17% and 7.67%, respectively. In rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, properly reducing the temperature under the film of mulched maize are helpful to improve soil physical and chemical properties, promote the accumulation of dry matter and the formation of yield and improve the high utilization efficiency of fertilizer and water.     

耕作和秸秆还田方式对玉米产量及钾素积累转运的影响

通过探究秸秆还田方式对玉米产量及钾素积累转运的影响,为制定玉米秸秆还田配套的合理耕作方式提供参考。以玉米品种合众11为试验材料,在东北农业大学向阳试验基地进行了两年田间小区定位试验,采用土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的方法,设置免耕+秸秆还田、免耕+秸秆不还田、旋耕+秸秆还田、旋耕+秸秆不还田、翻耕+秸秆还田、翻耕+秸秆不还田6个处理,测定并分析玉米产量及相关因子、钾积累量、钾转运量及利用效率。与免耕相比,翻耕和旋耕的玉米产量、钾积累量及利用效率均显著提高。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田处理显著提高了玉米产量、钾积累量。耕作方式与秸秆还田对各指标存在显著交互作用。与免耕+秸秆不还田处理相比,翻耕+秸秆还田和旋耕+秸秆还田显著提高产量和钾积累量与利用效率。在6种耕作模式中,翻耕+秸秆还田处理的产量和钾素积累量最高,2016年产量翻耕+秸秆还田较免耕不还田提高了32.19%,2017年提高了23.30%。钾素积累量2016年抽雄期、成熟期翻耕+秸秆还田较免耕不还田分别提高了19.86%、14.15%,2017年抽雄期、成熟期翻耕+秸秆还田较免耕不还田分别提高了40.75%、20.03%,且与免耕+秸秆不还田存在显著性差异,表明翻耕结合秸秆还田有利于产量和钾素积累利用的提高。因此,在本试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上翻耕是适宜的耕作方式。     

冬小麦垄作交替隔沟灌溉的研究现状与展望

垄作在作物基部培土,能促进根系生长,提高抗倒伏能力。垄作交替隔沟灌溉栽培技术因具有提高水肥利用效率,增加光能截获量,抑制病害危害等优势被广泛运用于水稻、玉米、大豆、棉花等农作物生产过程中。在综述了大量理论的基础上,筛选出冬小麦合理的高产节水垄作灌溉模式,探讨垄作冬小麦交替沟灌的增产调优节水效应及其机理,研究在其与玉米连作的农田周年耗水特性及其节水机制等未来探索方向,并对其今后的研究进行展望。垄作的目标是实现适宜作物生长的土壤条件,高效节水,提高作物产量。小麦垄作措施是一种结合秸秆免耕和传统耕作方式的可持续性的栽培技术。研究出适合河南省北部地区两年三作的长期农业地区的小麦-玉米垄作栽培技术。     

Intercropping maize and wheat with conservation agriculture principles improves water harvesting and reduces carbon emissions in dry areas

In arid and populated areas or countries, water shortage and heavy carbon emissions are threatening agricultural sustainability with food security severely, and becoming a major issue. It is unclear whether improved farming systems can be developed to tackle those issues through a sustainable agriculture. Here three farming practices that have proven to be essential and successful, which were: (a) crop intensification through strip intercropping, (b) water harvesting through conservation tillage; and (c) carbon sequestration through improved crop residue management options, were integrated in one cropping system. We hypothesize that the integrated system allows the increase of crop yields with improved water use efficiency, while reducing carbon emissions from farming. The hypothesis was tested in field experiments at Hexi Corridor (37°96′N, 102°64′E) in northwest China. We found that the integrated system increased soil moisture (mm) by 7.4% before sowing, 10.3% during the wheat–maize co-growth period, 8.3% after wheat harvest, and 9.2% after maize harvest, compared to the conventional sole cropping systems. The wheat/maize intercrops increased net primary production by 68% and net ecosystem production by 72%; and when combined with straw mulching on the soil surface, it decreased carbon emissions by 16%, compared to the monoculture maize without mulch. The wheat/maize intercrops used more water but increased grain yields by 142% over the monoculture wheat and by 23% over the monoculture maize, thus, enhancing water use efficiency by an average of 26%. We conclude that integrating strip intercropping, conservation tillage as well as straw mulching in one cropping system can significantly boost crop yields, improve the use efficiency of the limited water resources in arid areas, while, lowering the carbon emissions from farming. The integrated system may be considered in the development of strategies for alleviating food security issues currently experienced in the environment-damaged and water-shortage areas.     

覆膜方式对坡耕地春玉米产量、土壤水分和养分的影响

为了探讨覆膜对宁南山区坡耕地春玉米栽培的可行性,寻求合适的覆膜方式。在宁南山区坡耕地条件下,通过田间小区试验研究了裸地平作(CK)、垄沟不覆膜(NM)、垄沟全覆膜(WM)和垄沟半覆膜(HM)4个不同覆膜方式对春玉米产量、土壤水分和养分含量的影响。结果表明,相对于CK处理,WM和HM处理能显著提高春玉米产量,分别提高了65.4%和62.5%。WM和HM处理也能增加0~80 cm土壤含水量和储水能力,提高土壤氮磷钾速效养分含量,较好地维持土地生产力。综合考虑春玉米产量、土壤储水保水能力和土壤肥力维持等因素,在宁南山区坡耕地春玉米植种中,垄沟全覆膜和垄沟半覆膜都是较好的覆膜栽培措施。